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Shiva Ayyadurai

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Shiva Ayyadurai
Ayyadurai in 2012
Born
Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva

(1963-12-02)December 2, 1963(age 60)
Bombay,India
EducationMassachusetts Institute of Technology(BS,MS,MEng,PhD)
Political partyIndependent(before 2020, 2023–present)
Other political
affiliations		Republican(2020–2023)
PartnerFran Drescher(2014–2016)
Scientific career
FieldsSystems biology
Computer science
Scientific visualization
Doctoral advisorForbes Dewey
Other academic advisorsRobert S. Langer
Websitevashiva.com

V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai(bornVellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva[1]on December 2, 1963) is an Indian-Americanengineer,politician,entrepreneur,andanti-vaccineactivist. He has become known for promotingconspiracy theories,pseudoscience,and unfounded medical claims.[2]Ayyadurai holds four degrees from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), including aPhDinbiological engineering,and is aFulbrightgrant recipient.[3]

In a 2011 article published byTime,Ayyadurai claimed to have invented email, as a teenager; in August 1982, he registered the copyright on an email application he had written. Historians strongly dispute this account because email was already in use in the early 1970s. Ayyadurai suedGawker MediaandTechdirtfor defamation for disputing his account of inventing email; both lawsuits were settled out of court. Ayyadurai and Techdirt agreed to Techdirt's articles remaining online with a link to Ayyadurai's rebuttal on his own website.[4]Ayyadurai also attracted attention for two reports: the first questioning the working conditions of India's largest scientific agency; the second questioning the safety ofgenetically modified food,such assoybeans.During theCOVID-19 pandemic,Ayyadurai became known for a social mediaCOVID-19 disinformationcampaign, spreading conspiracy theories about the cause of COVID-19, promotingunfounded COVID-19 treatments,and campaigning to fireAnthony Faucifor allegedly being adeep stateactor.

Ayyadurai garnered 3.39% of the vote as anindependent candidatein the2018 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts,and ran for theRepublican Partyin the2020 U.S. Senate election in Massachusettsbut lost to Kevin O'Connor in the primary.[5]After the election, he promoted claims ofelection fraudthat were shown to be false by fact checkers.[6]

Early life and education

Shiva Ayyadurai was born Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva in 1963, in Bombay (nowMumbai), India.[1][7][8]He grew up in the Muhavur village inRajapalayam,Tamil Nadu.[9][10]At the age of seven, he left with his family to live in the United States.[11]

In 1978, as a 14-year-old high school student, Ayyadurai attended a summer program at theCourant Institute of Mathematical SciencesofNew York University(NYU) to studycomputer programming.While a student atLivingston High Schoolin New Jersey, Ayyadurai volunteered at theUniversity of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey(UMDNJ) where his mother worked.[12]While there, he set up an electronic messaging system for 100 users at the medical school.[13][14]In 1982, he registered thecopyrightfor thesource codeof theFORTRANprogramhe called EMAIL, making it illegal to copy the code without permission,[12][15]and for the program's user documentation.[15]

Ayyadurai'sundergraduate degreefrom MIT was inelectrical engineeringandcomputer science;he took amaster's degreein visual studies from theMIT Media Laboratoryonscientific visualization;concurrently, he completed another master's degree in mechanical engineering, also from MIT; and in 2007, he obtained a PhD in biological engineering from MIT insystems biology,with histhesisfocusing on modeling the whole cell by integrating molecular pathway models.[16][17][18]In 2007, he was awarded a Fulbright U.S. Student Program grant to study the integration ofSiddha,a system oftraditional medicinedeveloped inSouth India,with modern systems biology.[19][16]

Career

Millennium Cybernetics

In 1994, Ayyadurai founded a company called Millennium Cybernetics, which producesemail managementsoftware originally called Xiva and now called EchoMail.[1]The software analyzes incoming email messages to organizations before either replying automatically or forwarding it to the most relevant department. By 2001, customers includedKmart,American Express,andCalvin Klein,as well as more than thirtyU.S. senatorsto help handle constituent email. EchoMail competed with more establishedcustomer relationship managementsoftware that had an email component.[1][20]

CSIR India

In 2009, Ayyadurai was hired by India'sCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR), India's largest science agency, by its director general,Samir K. Brahmachari.CSIR was mandated to create a new company, CSIR Tech, that would establish businesses using the research conducted by the country's many publicly owned laboratories. Ayyadurai reported that he had spent months trying to create a business plan for CSIR Tech, but received no response from Brahmachari. Ayyadurai then distributed a draft plan, which was not authorized by CSIR, to the agency's scientists that requested feedback and criticized management. His job offer was subsequently withdrawn five months after the position was offered.[11][21]

Brahmachari said that "the offer was withdrawn as [Ayyadurai] did not accept theterms and conditionsand demanded unreasonable compensation. "In its report,The New York Timessaid that "going public with such accusations is highly unusual. Mr. Ayyadurai circulated his paper not just to the agency's scientists but to journalists, and wrote about his situation toPrime MinisterManmohan Singh."In that letter, Ayyadurai said his report was intended to explore institutional barriers to CSIR's entrepreneurial mandate. He said that CSIR scientists reported that" they work in amedieval,feudalenvironment "that required a" major overhaul ". The letter was co-authored by a colleague, Deepak Sardana.Pushpa Bhargava,founding director of the CSIR's Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, endorsed the letter, calling Ayyadurai's sacking the worst of many cases he had seen of "vindictiveness in the CSIR" and accused CSIR administration of being "impervious to healthy and fair criticism". The incident was seen as an example of the difficulty some Indianexpatriateprofessionals may encounter returning home after growing accustomed to the more direct management style of the U.S.[11][21]

Genetically modified food

In 2015, Ayyadurai published a paper that applied systems biology, which usesmathematical modeling,to predict the chemical composition of genetically modified (GM) soybeans, and whether or not they weresubstantially equivalentto unmodified soybeans.[22]The paper claimed that GM soybeans have lower levels of theantioxidantglutathioneand higher levels ofcarcinogenicformaldehyde,making the modified soybean substantially different, contrary to previous safety assessments.[23]Shortly after publication, Ayyadurai embarked on a speaking tour of the U.S. At theNational Press Club,he said that genetic modification had "fundamentally modified the metabolic system of the soy", disrupting the "beautiful way of detoxifying [formaldehyde]" present in non-GM soy.[24]

TheEuropean Food Safety Agencyevaluated the paper and determined that "the author's conclusions are not supported" due to the lack of information on the input into the model, the fact that the model was not validated and because no measurements of soybeans were made to establish whether GM soy actually contained elevated levels of formaldehyde.[25]Plant scientistKevin Foltanoted that there was "no evidence ever published... that shows a difference in formaldehyde between GM and non-GM varieties".[26]Ayyadurai later cited the study as evidence of a lack of safety standards for GM foods and betMonsantoa $10 million building if they could prove that they were safe. Monsanto did not take up the challenge but stated that GM food did indeed undergo safety assessments that "are more rigorous and thorough than assessments of any other food crop in history".[27]In 2016, Ayyadurai promised to donate $10 million toHillary Clinton'spresidential campaignif she could disprove his research.[28]

Politics and election misinformation

On March 17, 2017, Ayyadurai filed as aRepublicancandidate in the2018 United States Senate election in Massachusetts,running against incumbentElizabeth Warren.[29][30]He ran as an independent and placed third with 3.4% of the votes.[31][32]

Ayyadurai said that Senator Warren was at the top of a U.S. "neo–castesystem "composed of" academics, career politicians and lawyer/lobbyists ", a" spineless clan "who never expect to be challenged. He said he would take a science and engineering perspective on problem solving, focusing on immigration, education and innovation. He called for secure borders and an end tosanctuary cities,support for more choices inpublic education,and for more scrutiny of "pay-to-play"science research.[33]Ayyadurai has accused Warren of voting in favor of theFarmer Assurance Provisionand against a GM labeling bill sponsored by SenatorBernie SandersofVermont.[34]However, the Act was reportedly passed to avoid agovernment shutdown,[35]and Warren petitioned theFood and Drug Administrationfor "regulations to ensure that the labeling of GMO products is fair, standardized and transparent."[36]

In August 2017, Ayyadurai spoke at theBoston Free Speech rally,a gathering which drew large counter-protests and whose speaker line-up includedright-wing extremists.[37][38]Ayyadurai later disputed how the event was characterized, tweeting that the "establishment" wanted to block attendance and media coverage and sought a "Race Warto divide us ".[39][40]In April 2018, the city ofCambridgethreatened Ayyadurai with dailyfinesfor an alleged zoning code violation if he did not remove a banner on his campaign bus. The banner featured his campaign slogan, "Only a real Indian can defeat a fake Indian", together with a digitally altered image depicting Warren in aNative Americanheaddress, a reference to her claim to be of partCherokeedescent.[41]The city reversed its position the following month and Ayyadurai, in turn, dropped a lawsuit alleging that his free speech rights had been violated.[42]During the campaign, Ayyadurai appeared on a livestream withMatthew Colligan,awhite supremacistknown for his participation in the2017 Unite the Right rally.Colligan requested that Ayyadurai bless a small statue ofKek,the green frog that came to prominence as a symbol of thealt-rightduring the2016 United States presidential election.Ayyadurai obliged and described Colligan as "one of our greatest supporters".[43][44][45]Ayyadurai also sold pins promoting his campaign that featured a brown-skinned variant of the "Groyper",the namesake and mascot forwhite nationalistgroupGroyperswhich Colligan is affiliated with.[46]Ayyadurai also tweeted on one occasion (and separately retweeted another tweet including) the hashtag "#WWG1WGA", a slogan associated with theQAnonconspiracy theory.[47][48]

Ayyadurai ran unsuccessfully for theRepublicannomination in the2020 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts.[49][50]By August 2020, Ayyadurai's campaign had spent $1.4 million, including $1.05 million of Ayyadurai's own funds.[51]After Kevin J. O'Conner won 158,590 votes to Ayyadurai's 104,782, Ayyadurai alleged that over one million ballots had been destroyed and that the state had committed election fraud. He alleged that ballot images had to be preserved for 22 months and were now missing. However, MIT political science professorCharles Stewartstated that federal law only requires that physical ballots be stored. Harvard law professor Nicholas Stephanopoulos disputed Ayyadurai's allegation of fraud and a spokesperson for the state accused him of spreading misinformation. Fact checkers atReutersand theAssociated Presslabelled the allegations as false.[52][6]On February 1, 2021, Ayyadurai was suspended fromTwitter.[53]On February 3, he filed a lawsuit againstMassachusettspoliticianWilliam Galvinand other Massachusetts election officials, alleging that they were responsible for Twitter's suspending him. On August 10, Ayyadurai dropped the lawsuit[54][55][56]along with an October 2020 suit against Galvin.[57][58]

Mike Lindell introduces Ayyadurai at Lindell's "Cyber Symposium"

Ayyadurai has continued to spread misinformation since about the 2020 presidential election. AtMike Lindell's Cyber Symposiumin August 2021, he claimed there were "serious issues" in the election process involving voting machines able to "multiply a vote by a factor" and that states were illegally not "saving ballot images."[59]In fact, not all states are legally required to store ballot images.[60]In August 2021, he was hired by the Arizona Senate—as part of the controversial2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit—to "review signatures on the envelopes of 1.9 million early ballots sent to [Maricopa] county".[61]In late September, he remotely attended the Arizona state senate presentation of the review's findings where he questioned the validity of some signatures on mail ballot envelopes, and criticized and gave a presentation filled with misrepresentations about the county's signature verification process.[62][63]

He announced a run for the2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial electionin December 2021, but never filed for the primary.[64]

He is running in the2024 United States presidential electionas an independent.[65]Ayyadurai, who is not anatural-born citizenof the United States, is constitutionally ineligible to serve as president.

COVID-19 misinformation

During theCOVID-19 pandemic,Ayyadurai usedsocial mediato spread variousconspiracy theoriesandmisinformationabout the pandemic. In January 2020, he claimed that COVID-19 was patented by thePirbright Institute,but the patent he referenced relates toavian coronavirus,which infects birds, notSARS-CoV-2,the virus responsible for the pandemic.[66]Ayyadurai defined COVID-19 as "an overactive dysfunctional immune system that overreacts and that's what causes damage to the body", and claimed that vitamin C could be used to treat it.[67]

He alleged that COVID-19 was spread by the "deep state"and accusedAnthony Fauci,director of theNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,of being a "Deep State Plant". Ayyadurai called for Fauci to be fired[68]and his supporters lobbied for Fauci to be replaced by Ayyadurai.[69]

In March 2020, Ayyadurai published an open letter to then-U.S. PresidentDonald Trump,writing that a national lockdown was unnecessary and advocated thatlarge doses of vitaminscould prevent and cure COVID-19.[70]In April 2020,PoliticoandVanity Fairreported thatQAnonsupporter DeAnna Lorraine recommended that Ayyadurai be included in COVID-19 discussions at Donald Trump'sWhite House.[71][72]

EMAIL invention controversy

Ayyadurai is notable for his widely disputed claim of being the "inventor ofemail".[73]His claim is based on an electronic mailsoftwarecalled EMAIL, an implementation of interoffice email system, which he wrote as a 14-year-old student atLivingston High School,New Jerseyin 1979.[15][74][note 1]Initial reports that repeated Ayyadurai's assertion—from organizations such asThe Washington Postand theSmithsonian Institution—were followed by public retractions.[15][75]These corrections were triggered by objections from historians andARPANETpioneers who cited the fact thehistory of emaildated back to the early 1970s.[12]Ayyadurai started a campaign in 2011 in which he rebranded himself as the "Inventor of Email"; according to a paper published inInformation & Culture,he "provoked a dramatic succession of exaggerated claims, credulous reporters, retractions, and accusations that a cabal of industry insiders and corruptWikipedia editorsare colluding to hide the truth. "[76]: 151 

A November 2011TimeTechland interview by Doug Aamoth, entitled "The Man Who Invented Email", argued that EMAIL represented the birth of email "as we currently know it". In that interview, Ayyadurai recalled that Les Michelson, the former particle scientist atBrookhaven National Labswho assigned Ayyadurai the project, had the idea of creating an electronic mail system that uses the header conventions of a hardcopy memorandum. Ayyadurai recalled Michelson as saying: "Your job is to convert that into an electronic format. Nobody's done that before."[77]

In February 2012, the SmithsonianNational Museum of American Historyannounced that Ayyadurai had donated "a trove of documents and code" related to EMAIL. Initially, the museum—inaccurately—cited the program as one of the first to include the now common "subject and body fields, inboxes, outboxes, cc, bcc, attachments, and others. He based these elements directly off of the interoffice mail memos the doctors had been using for years, in hopes of convincing people to actually use the newfangled technology."[78]

Ayyadurai's claims drew editorial clarifications and corrections, as well as criticism from industry observers. In a followup to its acquisition announcement, the Smithsonian stated that it was not claiming that Ayyadurai had invented email, but rather that the materials were historically notable for other reasons related to trends in computer education and the role of computers in medicine.[15]The Smithsonian statement distinguished Ayyadurai's achievement by noting that historians in the field, "have largely focused on the use of large networked computers, especially those linked to the ARPANET in the early 1970s". The statement observed that Ayyadurai's approach instead "focused on communications between linked computer terminals in an ordinary office situation".[15]The Washington Postalso followed up with a correction of errors in its earlier report on the Smithsonian acquisition, stating that it incorrectly referred to Ayyadurai as the inventor of electronic messaging; the 'bcc', 'cc', 'to' and 'from' fields existed previously; Ayyadurai had not been honored as the "inventor of email".[75]

Writing forGizmodo,Sam Biddleargued that email was developed a decade before EMAIL, beginning withRay Tomlinson's sending the first text letter between twoARPANET-connected computers in 1971.[79]Biddle quoted Tomlinson: "[We] had most of the headers needed to deliver the message (to:, cc:, etc.) as well as identifying the sender (from:) and when the message was sent (date:) and what the message was about." Biddle allowed for the possibility that Ayyadurai may have coined the term "EMAIL" and used the header terms without being aware of earlier work, but maintained that the historical record isn't definitive on either point. Biddle wrote that "laying claim to the name of a product that's the generic term for a universal technology gives you acres of weasel room. But creating a type of airplane named AIRPLANE doesn't make youWilbur Wright."[80]

Thomas Haigh, a historian of information technology at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,wrote that "Ayyadurai is, to the best of my knowledge, the only person to have claimed for him or herself the title 'inventor of email'." Haigh argued that while EMAIL was impressive for a teenager's work, it contained no features that were not present on previous electronic mail systems and had no obvious influence on later systems. "The most striking thing about Ayyadurai's claim to have invented electronic mail is how late it comes. Somehow it took him thirty years to alert the world to [his] greatest achievement".[81]Haigh wrote that by 1980, "electronic mail had been in use at MIT for 15 years, Xerox had built a modern, mouse-driven graphical email system for office communication, Compuserve was selling email access to the public, and email had for many years been the most popular application on what was soon to become the Internet."[82]: 27 Haigh wrote that Ayyadurai had created "infographic"outlines for his view of history and published the assembled documents under variousdomain namesthat he had registered to support his claim.[82]: 26–27 Through his infographics, wrote Haigh, Ayyadurai presented his claims that he "designed and deployed the first version of electronic [mail] system" in 1980, although electronic mail as anexecutable programwas used under the name "Electronic Mail System" before.[82]: 27 

David Crocker, a member of the ARPANET research community, writing in thePost,said, "The reports incorrectly credited [EMAIL's] author, a 14-year-old in the late 1970s, as the 'inventor' of email, long after it had become an established service on the ARPANET."[83]Another computer historian, Marc Weber, a curator at theComputer History Museum,said that by 1978, "nearly all the features we're familiar with today had appeared on one system or another over the previous dozen years", includingemoticons,mailing lists,andspam mail.[84]

After the controversy unfolded, MIT disassociated itself from Ayyadurai's EMAIL Lab and funding was dropped. MIT also revoked Ayyadurai's contract to lecture at the bioengineering department.[84]

Ayyadurai characterized the earlier work of Tomlinson,Tom Van Vleckand others astext messaging,rather than an electronic version of an interoffice mail system.[77][84]Responding to his critics on his personal website,[80][84]Ayyadurai described EMAIL as "the first of its kind—a fully integrated, database-driven, electronic translation of the interoffice paper mail system derived from the ordinary office situation." He maintained that EMAIL was the first electronic mail system to integrate an easy-to-useuser interface,aword processor,arelational database,and a modular inter-communications protocol "integrated together in one single and holistic platform to ensure high-reliability and user-friendliness network-wide."[85]Ayyadurai presented apress releaseon his webpage asserting that his undergraduate professorNoam Chomsky,of MIT's Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, also supported his claims.[74][14]

According to various historians, Ayyadurai honed his claims appeal to those with particular political leanings by arguing that his achievements are overlooked due to "racism,anti-immigrant prejudice,historians in the pay of big business, and a belief that only elite and well-funded institutions can create innovations. "[76]: 152 In March 2016, Ayyadurai complained aboutRaytheon,where Tomlinson worked on ARPANET. After Tomlinson's death, Ayyadurai toldThe Hinduthat he believed that news outlets retracted their stories about him because, "Raytheon advertises in publications like theHuffington PostandCNN"and that if he were" a white guy and had a copyright for email, I would have my photo on every stamp in the world. "[86]The day after Tomlinson's death, Ayyadurai tweeted: "I'm the low-caste, dark-skinned, Indian, who DID invent #email. Not Raytheon, who profits for war & death. Their mascot Tomlinson dies a liar".[87]

Gawker

In May 2016, Ayyadurai filed suit againstGawker Mediafor $35 million, alleging that their websiteGawkerpublished "false anddefamatorystatements ", causing" substantial damage to Dr. Ayyadurai's personal and professional reputation and career. "The filing also named writer Sam Biddle, executive editor John Cook, and Gawker founder and CEONick Denton.Gawker Media responded that, "These claims to have invented email have been repeatedly debunked by the Smithsonian Institute [sic], Gizmodo, theWashington Postand others. "[88][89]

In November 2016, the by-then-bankrupt Gawker Mediasettledthe lawsuit with Ayyadurai for $750,000 as part of a broader settlement with wrestlerHulk Hoganand journalist Ashley Terrill, all of whom were represented by attorneyCharles Harder.[90]In a statement, Ayyadurai said that "history will reflect that this settlement is a victory for truth".[91]Biddle denounced the settlement and said he fully stood by his reporting.[92][93]Denton wrote that "we expected to prevail" in the Ayyadurai and Terrill lawsuits, "but all-out legal war with" billionairePeter Thiel,who financially backed Harder, was untenable in terms of cost, time and human toll.[94]

Katie Hafner,the author of several books on Internet history—including one on the development of ARPANET email—said, "This situation is both bizarre and appalling in that here we are simply trying to get the record straight, and [Ayyadurai has] managed to make money off claims that appear to be misleading."[95]

Techdirt

In January 2017, Ayyadurai, again represented by Harder, filed a $15 million libel lawsuit on similar grounds againstTechdirtfounder Mike Masnick and two other parties for a series of articles published beginning in September 2014.[96][97][98][99]In February, Masnick, represented by the firm Prince Lobel, filed twomotions to dismiss.One motion argued that the articles were constitutionally protected opinion and written about apublic figurewithoutactual malice.The second motion asked for dismissal underCalifornia's anti-SLAPP lawthat compensates defendants for some legal expenses.[100][101][102][103]

In September 2017, United States District JudgeF. Dennis Saylordismissed the defamation claims against Techdirt, but declined to strike the complaint under the anti-SLAPP law. In his ruling, Saylor wrote that definitions of "email" vary widely. Therefore, "whether plaintiff's claim to have invented e-mail is 'fake' depends upon the operative definition of 'e-mail.' Because the definition does not have a single, objectively correct answer, the claim is incapable of being proved true or false."[104][105]

The two parties filed cross-appealswith theU.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuitbut settled out of court in May 2019, with each side agreeing to pay their own legal costs and Techdirt's articles to remain online with an added link to a rebuttal on Ayyadurai's website.[106][107]

Personal life

Beginning in 2014, Ayyadurai was romantically connected with actressFran Drescher.On September 7, 2014, Ayyadurai and Drescher participated in a ceremony at Drescher's beach house. Both tweeted that they had gotten married,[108][109]and the event was widely reported as such.[110][111][112]Ayyadurai later said it was not "a formal wedding or marriage", but a celebration of their "friendship in a spiritual ceremony with close friends and her family".[113][114]The couple split up in September 2016.[115]

Books

  • V. A. Shiva (1997).The Internet Publicity Guide: How to Maximize Your Marketing and Promotion in Cyberspace.New York: Allworth Press.ISBN978-1880559604.
  • V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai (2017).All-American Indian: This Fight Is Your Fight—The Battle to Save America from the Elites Who Think They Know Better.General Interactive, LLC.ISBN978-0998504926.

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  43. ^Kaplan, Juliana; Fisher, Alyssa (July 11, 2018)."These 9 Candidates Have Ties To White Nationalists Or Nazis — And They're All Republicans".The Forward.
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  45. ^Holt, Jared (February 5, 2018)."Massachusetts Senate Candidate Meets Alt-Right Troll And Blesses 'Kek'".Right Wing Watch.
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  47. ^Kaplan, Alex (January 7, 2020)."Here are the QAnon supporters running for Congress in 2020".Media Matters for America.RetrievedAugust 22,2022.
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  53. ^"Twitter account of failed U.S. Senate candidate is suspended".AP NEWS.February 5, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  54. ^"Twitter Account of Failed U.S. Senate Candidate Is Suspended".US News.February 5, 2021.RetrievedAugust 30,2021.
  55. ^Volokh, Eugene (August 11, 2021)."Shiva Ayyadurai Lawsuit Against Massachusetts Officials Dropped".Reason.com.RetrievedAugust 30,2021.
  56. ^Masnick, Mike (August 12, 2021)."Shiva Ayyadurai Drops His Potentially Interesting Lawsuit About Massachusetts Officials Complaining To Twitter About Tweets".Techdirt.RetrievedAugust 30,2021.
  57. ^"Ayyadurai v. Galvin (1:20-cv-11889)".Court Listener.October 20, 2020.RetrievedAugust 30,2021.
  58. ^Masnick, Mike (November 2, 2020)."Shiva Ayyadurai's Lawsuit Against A Massachusetts Official Actually Raises An Interesting 1st Amendment Question About Election Disinformation".Techdirt.RetrievedAugust 30,2021.
  59. ^Ayyadurai, Dr Shiva (August 18, 2021)."Steve Bannon Interviews Dr.SHIVA at Mike Lindell's Cyber Symposium".VASHIVA.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  60. ^"Fact check: Massachusetts election officials have not destroyed ballots or committed election fraud".Reuters.October 2, 2020.RetrievedOctober 6,2021.
  61. ^Anglen, Robert; Fifield, Jen (September 3, 2021)."Senate hires conspiracy theorist and anti-vaccine activist for further review of ballots".The Arizona Republic.RetrievedOctober 17,2021.
  62. ^Beckett, Lois; Greve, Joan E (October 25, 2021)."Biden will make 'case-by-case' decision on executive privilege over Capitol riot records – as it happened".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on October 19, 2021.RetrievedOctober 20,2021.
  63. ^Healy, Jack; Wines, Michael; Corasaniti, Nick (September 24, 2021)."Republican Review of Arizona Vote Fails to Show Stolen Election".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedSeptember 25,2021.
  64. ^Kuznitz, Alison (December 3, 2021)."Shiva Ayyadurai, an MIT lecturer who's spoken out against COVID vaccines, is running for governor".Masslive.Archivedfrom the original on December 3, 2021.RetrievedDecember 4,2021.
  65. ^"Nikki Haley To Shiva Ayyadurai: The 4 Indian-Americans To Enter 2024 US Presidential Election Race".India.com.August 3, 2023.RetrievedNovember 15,2023.
  66. ^Funke, Daniel; Kertscher, Tom (January 24, 2020)."Fact-checking hoaxes and conspiracies about the coronavirus".PolitiFact.RetrievedApril 8,2020.
  67. ^Broderick, Ryan (April 15, 2020)."A YouTube Video Accusing Dr. Anthony Fauci Of Being Part Of The Deep State Has Been Viewed Over 6 Million Times In A Week".Buzzfeed News.RetrievedJune 22,2020.
  68. ^Goforth, Claire (April 6, 2020)."Why Dr. Fauci has become conspiracy theorists' coronavirus scapegoat".The Daily Dot.RetrievedApril 8,2020.
  69. ^Merlan, Anna (April 22, 2020)."The Coronavirus Truthers Don't Believe in Public Health".Vice.RetrievedApril 23,2020.
  70. ^Smith, Charlie (April 5, 2020)."Republican Senate hopeful Shiva Ayyadurai calls for firing of U.S. pandemic-control czar Dr. Anthony Fauci".The Georgia Straight.RetrievedApril 8,2020.
  71. ^Nguyen, Tina (April 13, 2020)."How a pair of anti-vaccine activists sparked a #FireFauci furor".POLITICO.RetrievedApril 15,2020.
  72. ^Levin, Bess (April 14, 2020)."Of Course the Anthony Fauci Attackers Are Anti-Vaxxer Conspiracy Theorists".vanityfair.com.RetrievedApril 15,2020.
  73. ^Rajan, Nadangopal."The inventor of email is still alive, insists India-born scientist".The Indian Express.RetrievedJuly 5,2018.'CORRECTION: THE INVENTOR OF EMAIL IS STILL ALIVE,' screams an e-mail not from the deceased Ray Tomlinson, but Dr VA Shiva Ayyadurai.
  74. ^abJackson, Joab (June 12, 2012)."Noam Chomsky disputes email history".Computerworld/IDGNS. Archived fromthe originalon November 6, 2018.RetrievedNovember 9,2016.
  75. ^abKolawole, Emi (February 17, 2012)."Smithsonian acquires documents from inventor of 'EMAIL' program".The Washington Post.RetrievedJune 11,2012.incorrectly referred to V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai as the inventor of electronic messaging
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  78. ^Stromberg, Joseph (February 22, 2012)."A Piece of Email History Comes to the American History Museum".Smithsonian Institution.RetrievedJune 11,2012.
  79. ^i.e. the firstnetworkemail using the "@" syntax; email between users on the same mainframe was already common.
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  86. ^"Not everybody loves Raymond".The Hindu.March 7, 2016.
  87. ^Ayyadurai, VA Shiva."Tweet from @va_shiva, March 6, 2016".
  88. ^Harris, David L. (May 10, 2016)."Cambridge man who claims he invented email sues Gawker for $35M - Boston Business Journal".Boston Business Journal.RetrievedMay 16,2016.
  89. ^Shiva Ayyadurai v. Gawker Media, et al.., Complaint(D. Mass, filed May 10, 2016)
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  108. ^Drescher, Fran [@frandrescher] (September 7, 2014)."Surprise!!!!! We got married!"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.
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  1. ^Some sources claim 1978, the year Ayyadurai was introduced to computing and programming throughNew York University's Courant Institute summer program.[15]

External links

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