Jump to content

Shopping center

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromShopping arcade)
"Shopping centre" and "Shopping arcade" redirect here. For specific types of shopping centers, seeShopping mall,Neighborhood shopping center,Strip mall,Retail park,Power center,Lifestyle centerandFestival marketplace.

The interior of theToronto Eaton CentreinToronto, Ontario, Canada,a 201,320-square-metre (2,167,000 sq ft)[1]super-regional shopping mall
Interior of theGalerie VivienneinParis,by Francois Jean Delannoy, 1823-1826[2]

Ashopping center(American English),shopping centre(Commonwealth English), also called ashopping complex,shopping arcade,shopping plazaorgalleria,is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof.[3]

The first known collections of retailers under one roof arepublic markets,dating back to ancient times, and Middle Eastern covered markets,bazaarsandsouqs.In Paris, about 150covered passageswere built between the late 18th century and 1850, and a wealth ofshopping arcadeswere built across Europe in the 19th century. In the United States, the widespread use of the automobile in the 1920s led to the first shopping centers of a few dozen shops that included parking for cars. Starting in 1946, larger, open air centers anchored bydepartment storeswere built (sometimes as a collection of adjacent retail properties with different owners), then enclosedshopping mallsstarting withVictor Gruen'sSouthdale CenternearMinneapolisin 1956.

Ashopping mallis a type of shopping center, a North American term originally meaning a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s began to be used as a generic term for large shopping centers anchored by department stores, especially enclosed centers.[4][5][page needed]Many malls in theUnited Statesare currently in severe decline ( "dead malls") or have closed. Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features,[6]addedbig-box storesas anchor tenants, or are specialized formats:power centers,lifestyle centers,factory outletcenters, andfestival marketplaces.[7]Smaller types of shopping centers in North America includeneighborhood shopping centers,and even smaller,strip malls.Pedestrian malls (shopping streets) in the United Stateshave been less common and less successful than in Europe.[4][5][page needed]In Canada,underground passagesinMontrealandTorontolink large adjacent downtown retail spaces.

In theUnited KingdomandEuropeshopping malls/centers continue to grow and thrive.[8]In the region distinction is made between shopping centers (shops under one roof), shopping precincts (pedestrianized zonesof a town or city where many retail stores are located),[9]theHigh Street(street – pedestrianized or not – with a high concentration of retail shops),[10]andretail parks(usually out of the city centre, 5000 sq.m. or larger and anchored bybig-box storesor supermarkets, rather than department stores).[11]

Types

[edit]

Most English-speakers follow a mix of the United Kingdom's and United States's naming conventions.

In the U.K. a "centre for shopping" is commonly the centre for a settlement. More recent shopping dedicated areas outside the main centre are known as "shopping centres" (with understanding of the synonym shopping mall) "shopping villages" or "retail parks".

According to author Richard Longstreth, before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applied to any group of adjacent retail businesses. A city's downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, the term "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, a place sharing comprehensive design planning, including layout, signs, exterior lighting, and parking; and shared business planning that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix.[12]

TheInternational Council of Shopping Centersclassifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:[7][13][14][15]

Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/centre, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Net Leasable Area,AP=Asia-Pacific, EU=Europe, Can=Canada, US=United States of America
*does not apply to Europe

Type United StatesUS GLAft2 United StatesUS GLAm2 European UnionEU GLA m2 European UnionEU GLA ft2 CanadaCan GLA ft2 CanadaCan GLA m2 ASEANAP NLA ft2 ASEANAP NLA m2 # anchors* Typical anchors
Large general-purpose centers(US/AP)/ traditional shopping centres(EU/Can)
Mega-mall(AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1,500,000+ 140,000+ 3+ Department stores,supermarkets,hypermarkets,multicinemas,major entertainment/​leisure
Super-regionalmall/center
EU: Very large SC 		800,000+ 74,000+ 80,000+ 860,000+ 800,000+ 74,000+ 800,000–​1,499,999 74,000–​139,999 3+ Regular/discount department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/​leisure
Regionalmall/center
EU: Large SC 		400,000–​800,000 37,000–​74,000 40,000–​79,999 430,000–​859,999 300,000–​799,999 28,000–​73,999 500,000–​800,000 46,000–​74,000 2+
Small & medium general-purpose centers(US/AP)/ traditional shopping centres(EU/Can)
Sub-regional SC(AP)
Europe: Medium SC 		n/a n/a 20,000–​39,999 220,000–​429,999 n/a n/a 200,000–​500,000 19,000–​46,000 0–​3 Supermarket, hypermarket, small/discount department stores
Small comparison-based SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000–​19,999 54,000–​219,999 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Apparel, home furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc.
Small convenience-based SC (EU) n/a n/a 5,000–​19,999 54,000–​219,999 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc.
Community shopping center 125,000–​400,000 11,600–​37,000 n/a n/a 100,000–​400,000 9,300–​37,000 n/a n/a 2+ Discount store,supermarket,drugstore,category killer.

a.k.a. largeneighborhood shopping centerin US, Can

Neighborhood shopping center 30,000–​125,000 2,800–​11,600 n/a n/a 40,000–​99,000 3,700–​9,200 20,000–​200,000 1,900–​19,000 1+ (US/Can)
0–​2 (AP) 		Supermarket,in Asia also hypermarket
Convenience center
US/Can also "Strip mall" 		<30,000 <2,800 n/a n/a 10,000–​39,000 930–​3,600 n/a n/a 0–​1 Convenience storeanchor or anchorless
Type United StatesUS GLAft2 United StatesUS GLAm2 European UnionEU GLA m2 European UnionEU GLA ft2 CanadaCan GLA ft2 CanadaCan GLA m2 ASEANAP NLA ft2 ASEANAP NLA m2 # anchors* Typical anchors
Specialized shopping centers
Power center
EU: a.k.a. "Retail park" 		250,000–​600,000 23,000–​56,000 S:5,000–​9,999
M:10,000–​19,999
L:20,000+ 		S:54,000–​109,999
M:110,000–​219,999
L:220,000+ 		100,000–​1,000,000 9,300–​93,000 >50,000 >4,600 3+ (US/Can)
n/a (AP) 		Category killers,warehouse clubs,large discount stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these.
Lifestyle center(US) 150,000–​500,000 14,000–​46,000 n/a n/a 150,000–​500,000 14,000–​46,000 n/a n/a 0–​2 Large-format upscale specialty stores
Outlet mall/center 50,000–​400,000 4,600–​37,000 5,000+ 54,000+ 50,000–​400,000 4,600–​37,000 "no max. size" "no max. size" n/a Manufacturers' and retailoutlet stores
Theme/Festival(US)
(Festival marketplace) 		80,000–​250,000 7,400–​23,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment
Leisure/entertainment centre(AP)
Leisure-based SC (EU) 		n/a n/a 5,000+ 54,000+ n/a n/a <500,000 <46,000 N/A Entertainment and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors,fast fashion,electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored by a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at transport hubs.
Specialty SC(AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a <500,000 <46,000 0 Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.)
Single category SC(AP)
Non-leisure-based themed SC (EU) 		n/a n/a 5,000+ 54,000+ n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or fashion, e.g. information technology, homewares/​furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme.
Major transportation hub SC(AP) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a >50,000 >4,600 n/a Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail
Limited-purpose property
Airport retail 75,000–​300,000 7,000–​28,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 Speciality retail and restaurants
Shopping centre hybrids(Canada only)
Hybrid SC(Can) n/a n/a n/a n/a 250,000+ 23,000+ n/a n/a varies Has characteristics of two or more shopping center types e.g. convenience + regional

General-purpose

[edit]

Multiregional

[edit]
Bailian Xijiao Shopping MallinShanghai,at 109,000 square metres (1,170,000 sq ft)[16]a super-regional shopping mall[14]
Main article:City centre

A superregional-scale center is commonly called a city centre. According to theInternational Council of Shopping Centersit is over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area. These have three or more anchors, mass and variedmerchanttrade and serves as the dominant venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.[17]

Note that ICSC defines indoor centers above 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2) net leasable area in Asia-Pacific asmega-malls.[14]

Regional

[edit]
Further information:Town centreandShopping mall

A regional-scale shopping centre (commonly known as atown centre) is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2)gross leasable areawith at least twoanchor storesand offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these tend to have higher-end stores (department stores) that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable. Regional centres have tourist attractions, education and hospitality areas.[17]

Indoor centres are commonly calledShopping Mallsin the U.S. orShopping CentresinCommonwealth English.

Community

[edit]
A community shopping centre inKlaukkala,Uusimaa,Finland

Community-scale shopping centres are commonly calledMain Streets,High Streetsortown squaresin wider centres or in English-speaking Europe asretail parksfor certain centres. These offer a wider range of goods and has two anchor supermarkets or discount department stores. They may also follow a parallel configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m2) and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km).[7][11]

Local

[edit]
Aneighborhood shopping centercatering toVietnamese AmericansinLittle Saigon, Philadelphia
Further information:Neighborhood shopping centerandsupermarket

Local-scale shopping centres usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 13,900 m2), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (5 km) radius. They typically have asupermarketas an anchor or a largeconvenience shopand commonly serve large villages or as secondary centres to towns.[7]

Car-dependent centres in the U.K. and Europe, if larger than 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) can be termed a smallretail park,while in the U.S. and some other countries it is known as aneighborhood shopping center.[11]

Convenience

[edit]
Astrip mallinCornelius, Oregon
Further information:Strip mallandconvenience store

Convenience-scale centers, independent of other centers are known as strip malls or as shopping parades. These centers are less than 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of gross leasable space and commonly serve villages or as parts of larger centers commonly called small squares, plazas or indoor markets. They are also called strip centers or convenience centers.[7]Strip Malls, despite the name, are not considered "malls" in North America.

Sector-focused

[edit]

Power centers and retail parks

[edit]
Main articles:Power center (retail)andRetail park

Power centers,in North America, are open-air single-level shopping centers that almost exclusively feature severalbig-box retailersas their anchors (although newer urban power centers have adopted enclosed and/or vertical formats while retaining the strong big-box emphasis). They usually have a retail area of 250,000 to 600,000 square feet (23,000 to 56,000 m2) and a primary trade area of 5 to 10 miles (8 to 16 km).[7]

Aretail park,in the United Kingdom and Europe, is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom, and some (but not all) other European countries. In Europe, any shopping center with mostly "retail warehouse units" (UK terminology; in the US the term is "big-box stores"/superstores), 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger is a retail park, according to the leading real estate company Cushman & Wakefield.[11]This would be considered in North America either a power center or aneighborhood shopping center,depending on the size.

Lifestyle center

[edit]
Main article:Lifestyle center
Lifestyle centerlocated inWoodbury, Minnesota

Alifestyle center(American English), orlifestyle centre(Commonwealth English), is a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of ashopping mallwithleisureamenities oriented towards upscale consumers.[18]


Theme/festival center

[edit]
Main article:Festival marketplace
Terminal 21,a 40,000-square-metre (430,000 sq ft)[19]shopping centre in Bangkok. Each floor has a theme of a different major world city.

Theme or festival centershave distinct unifying themes that are followed by their individual shops as well as their architecture. They are usually located in urban areas and cater to tourists. They typically feature a retail area of 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m2).[7]

Outlet centre

[edit]
Main article:Outlet store

Anoutlet centre(or outlet mall in North America) is a type of shopping centre in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet centres are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet centre,Vanity Fair,located inReading, Pennsylvania,did not open until 1974.Belz Enterprisesopened the first enclosed factory outlet center in 1979, inLakeland, Tennessee,a suburb ofMemphis.[20]

Shopping precinct / Pedestrian mall

[edit]
See also:Pedestrian zoneandPedestrian malls in the United States
A pedestrian area inKontula,Helsinki,Finland

A shopping precinct (U.K. term) orpedestrian mall(U.S. term) is an area of city centre streets which have been pedestrianized, where there is a concentration of "high streetshops "such as department stores, clothing and home furnishings stores, and so forth.[9]They may be part of a larger city-centrepedestrian zone,as isStrøgetinCopenhagen, Denmark.In the U.S. chiefly in the 1960s, some cities converted a main shopping street (usually several blocks of one street only) to pedestrian zones known at the time as shopping malls (i.e. the original meaning of "mall": a "promenade" ), but now referred to aspedestrian malls.

Shopping arcade

[edit]
Cleveland ArcadeinCleveland, Ohio

Ashopping arcadeis a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floorloggia.Many early shopping arcades such as theBurlington Arcadein London, theGalleria Vittorio Emanuele IIin Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still functioning as shopping centres, while many others have been demolished.

InRussia,centuries-old shopping centres the size of regional malls still operate, consisting of multiple arcades. They developed from previous so-called "trading rows", which were essentially markets where traders could obtain space to sell their goods.Great Gostiny DvorinSaint Petersburgin its present buildings dates back to the 1760s.[21]With a total area of 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2),[22]GUMin Moscow, opened in its present buildings in the 1890s.[23]

In historical buildings

[edit]
The Stadsfeestzaal(nl),an exhibition palace-turned-shopping centre inAntwerp, Belgium

Historic and/or monumental buildings are sometimes converted into shopping centers, often forming part of a larger city center shopping district that otherwise consists mostly of on-street stores. Examples are the former main post office of Amsterdam, nowMagna Plaza;theStadsfeestzaal[nl]inAntwerp,Belgium, a former exhibition "palace"; the formerSearswarehouse, nowPonce City MarketinAtlanta;the formerEmporium-Capwelldepartment store inSan Francisco,nowSan Francisco Centre;Georgetown ParkinWashington, D.C.,and theAbasto de Buenos Aires,formerly the city's wholesale produce market.

History

[edit]
TheCole's Book Arcade,an early Victorian arcade ca.1883 - ca. 1903 inMelbourne

Shopping centers are not a recent innovation. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes fromancient Rome,inforumswhere shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers isTrajan's Marketin Rome located in Trajan's Forum. Trajan's Market was probably built around 100–110 AD byApollodorus of Damascus,and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center.[24]TheGrand BazaarofIstanbulwas built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-centuryAl-Hamidiyah SouqinDamascus,Syria,might also be considered as precursors to the present-day large shopping centers.[25]Isfahan'sGrand Bazaar,which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, coveredTehran's Grand Bazaaralso has a lengthy history. The oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be theChester Rows.Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage and accommodation for traders on various levels. Different rows specialized in different goods, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'.[26]

Gostiny DvorinSt. Petersburg,which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m2(570,000 sq ft).

TheMarché des Enfants RougesinParisopened in 1628 and still runs today. TheOxford Covered MarketinOxford,England opened in 1774 and still runs today.

ThePassage du Cairewas opened in Paris in 1798.[27]TheBurlington Arcadein London was opened in 1819. The ArcadeinProvidence, Rhode Islandintroduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828 and is arguably the oldest "shopping center" in the country.[28]TheGalleria Vittorio Emanuele IIinMilan,Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including theCleveland Arcade,andMoscow'sGUM,which opened in 1890. When theCleveland Arcadeopened in 1890, it was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. Two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example ofVictorian architecture.Sydney'sQueen Victoria Markets Building,opened in 1898, was also an ambitious architectural project.

Shopping Centers built before the 20th century;

Modern shopping center milestones

[edit]
Year Name Location Milestone
1798 Passage du Caire Paris First Parisshopping arcade
1828 Westminster Arcade[29] Providence,RI, US First shopping arcade in the U.S.
1907 Roland Park Shopping Center Baltimore,MD, US First suburban shopping center of any size (six shops)
1913[30] Nugents St, Louis, MO,US First downtown department store to open a suburban branch
1916 Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois) Lake Forest, IL,nearChicago,US First neighborhood shopping center*
1923 Country Club Plaza Kansas City, MO,US First regional shopping center*
1928 Bank Block Grandview Heights, OH,nearColumbus,US First shopping center with more than 1 major chain supermarket
1930** Suburban Square Ardmore, PA,nearPhiladelphia,US First shopping center with a department store
1947 Broadway-Crenshaw Center Los Angeles,CA, US First regional shopping center* with department store(s)
1954 Valley Fair Mall Appleton,WI nearGreen Bay,US First enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades
1956 Southdale Center Edina,MN nearMinneapolis,US Second enclosed shopping center/mall other than arcades
1986 West Edmonton Mall Edmonton,Canada Largest mall in the world 1986–2004
1992 Mall of America Bloomington, MNnearMinneapolis,US Largest mall in the U.S. since 1992
2005 South China Mall Dongguan, China Largest mall in the world since 2005

Notes: *based on current ICSC shopping center type definitions, **center opened in 1926 without department store, which was added in 1930

United States

[edit]

Early 20th century centers in the U.S.

[edit]
Shops atCountry Club Plaza,opened 1923, one of the first planned shopping centers

Early examples of "stores under one roof" include the nine-buildingshopping arcadeDayton ArcadeinDayton, Ohio(1902–1904), primarily built to rehouse thepublic food marketsin more sanitary conditions, but which added retail clothing and household goods stores.[31]TheLake View Store,opened July 1916, was a collection of stores under one roof aimed at the workers in the company town ofMorgan Park,inDuluth, Minnesota.

Before the 1920s–1930s, the term "shopping center" in the U.S. was loosely applies to a collection of retail businesses. A city's Downtown might be called a "shopping center". By the 1940s, "shopping center" implied — if not always a single owner — at least, comprehensive planning in the design and business plan, a place built according to an overall program that covered the target market, types of stores and store mix, signs, exterior lighting, and parking.[32]

In the mid-20th century, with the rise of thesuburbandautomobileculture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away fromdowntown.[33]Early shopping centers designed for the automobile includeMarket Square,Lake Forest, Illinois(1916), andCountry Club Plaza,Kansas City, Missouri,55 acres (220,000 m2), opened 1923.[34]

The Bank Block inGrandview Heights, Ohio(1928) was an earlystrip mallorneighborhood centerof 30 shops built along Grandview Avenue, with parking in the back for 400 cars. Uniquely for the time, it had multiple national grocery store tenantsKroger,Piggly Wiggly,and theA&PTea Company.[35]ThePark and Shop(1930) inCleveland Park, Washington, D.C.was an earlystrip mallorneighborhood centerwith parking in the front. It was anchored byPiggly Wigglyand built in an L shape.[36]

Other notable, large early centers with strips of independent stores, adjacent parking lots, but no department store anchors, includeHighland Park Village(1931) inDallas;andRiver Oaks Shopping Center(1937) inHouston.

Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term "mall"

[edit]
Lincoln Road MallinMiami Beach,opened 1965, lined with shops, outdoor restaurant seating, fountains and sculptures

In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct" ). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included theKalamazoo Mall(the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" inToledo,Lincoln Road MallinMiami Beach,Santa Monica Mall(1965), and malls inFort Worthand in Canada's capital,Ottawa.[37][38][39]Thedowntown Urbana, Illinois mall,converted from a city street, was enclosed, designed byVictor Gruen.[40]

Mall as synonym for some types of shopping centers
[edit]

AlthoughBergen Mall(opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to be used generically for large suburban shopping centers.[4][page needed]

The term "mall" for regional enclosed shopping centers is not used in the U.K.[41]

The term "mall" is used for those types of centers in some markets beyond North America such asIndia[42]and theUnited Arab Emirates.[43]In other developing countries such asNamibiaandZambia,"Mall" is found in the names of many small centers that qualify asneighborhood shopping centersorstrip mallsaccording to the ICSC.[44]

Open-air centers in the U.S.

[edit]

The suburban shopping center concept evolved further with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores. The first was a center inArdmore, Pennsylvanialater namedSuburban Square,when the Philadelphia department storeStrawbridge & Clothieropened a four-story, 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2)[45]branch there on May 12, 1930.[46][47]A much larger example would be the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2)Broadway-Crenshaw Centerin Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a five-storyBroadwayand aMay Company California.[48]

Two of the largest shopping centers at the time were both in theSan Fernando Valley,a suburban area ofLos Angeles.They each consisted of one core open-air center and surrounding retail properties with various other owners, which would later hasten their decline as there wasn't a single owner, but rather a merchants' association, which was unable to react quickly to competition in later decades.[49]Valley Plazaopened August 12, 1951. In the mid-1950s, it claimed to be the largest shopping center on theWest Coast of the United Statesand the third-largest in the country.[50]The first part of thePanorama City Shopping Centeropened as on October 10, 1955,[51]and would grow until the mid-1960s, it claimed to be the first shopping center with four major department store anchors,[52]even though the "center" was in fact a marketing association for multiple adjacent properties.

Northland CenternearDetroit,built 1954, was the first of 4 centers thatVictor Gruenbuilt forHudson's(Eastland Center,Southland Center,andWestland Centerwere the others) At launch, Northland Center was the world's largest shopping center.[53]

Enclosed "malls" in the U.S.

[edit]

The enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was theValley Fair Shopping CenterinAppleton, Wisconsin,[54]which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened inLuleå,in northernSweden(architect:Ralph Erskine) and was namedShopping;the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.[55]

The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrantVictor Gruen.[56][57][58]This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designedSouthdale Center,which opened in theTwin Citiessuburb ofEdina, Minnesota,United States in October 1956.[57][58]For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" byMalcolm Gladwell.[59]

The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey'sBergen Mall.The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Aside fromSouthdale Center,significant early enclosed shopping malls wereHarundale Mall(1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,[60]Big Town Mall(1959) in Mesquite, Texas,Chris-Town Mall(1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, andRandhurst Center(1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.

Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[61][62]

Over the next five decades, the United States embarked on a wild shopping center construction spree. American commercial real estate developers built far more shopping centers and malls than could be justified by the country's population, retail sales, oranyother economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.[63]By the time shopping mall operatorUnibail-Rodamco-Westfielddecided to get out of the United States in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).[64]

Decline of the mall in the U.S.

[edit]
See also:Shopping mall § Decline of shopping malls,Dead mall,andRetail apocalypse

Since the 1990s, the shopping mall has been in decline because of competition from discount stores and other shopping center formats, from e-commerce and most recently from closures and economic effects of theCOVID-19 pandemic.

History of shopping centres outside the U.S.

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

Don Mills Convenience Centre (nowShops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, inToronto, Ontario.The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed forEaton'sby John Graham, Jr. as an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking which opened in downtownLondon, Ontario,on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as Citi Plaza.[65]

In the 1970s in Canada, the Ontario government created the Ontario Downtown Renewal Programme, which helped finance the building of several downtown malls across Ontario such asEaton Centre.The program was created to reverse the tide of small business leaving downtowns for larger sites surrounding the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all-time low under 0.1 percent.[66]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In theUK,Chrisp Street Marketwas the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain was built inBirmingham'scity centre.Known as Bull Ring Centre (nowBull Ring, Birmingham), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. A notable example is theHalton LeaShopping Centre (originally known as Shopping City) in Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as the centre point for thenew town's development. Another early example is theBrent Cross Centre,Britain's first out-of-town shopping centre and located on the northern outskirts ofLondon,which was opened in March 1976. In the current era, shopping centres are found commonly all across the country.

Australia

[edit]

Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centrestarted trading to the public in 1957, inBrisbane, Australia.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Canadian Shopping Centre Study"(PDF).Retail Council of Canada.December 2016.RetrievedJanuary 18,2017.
  2. ^Gössel, Peter; Leuthäuser, Gabriele (2022).Architecture in the 20th Century.TASCHEN. p. 22.ISBN978-3-8365-7090-9.
  3. ^"Shopping centre", Oxford Learners Dictionary
  4. ^abcHoward, Vicki (2008).The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing.Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-1-138-67508-7.
  5. ^abLongstreth, Richard (2010).The American Department Store Transformed, 1920–1960.Yale University Press.ISBN9780300149388.
  6. ^Petro, Greg (April 5, 2019)."Shopping Malls Aren't Dying – They're Evolving".Forbes.
  7. ^abcdefg"ICSC Shopping Center Definitions: Basic Configurations and Types"(PDF).International Council of Shopping Centers.RetrievedJuly 15,2020.
  8. ^"Research: Shopping Centres Continue To Dominate European Retail Space, But Significant Variations Exist Between Countries".European Council of Shopping Places. April 11, 2023.
  9. ^ab"Shopping precinct", Cambridge Dictionaries
  10. ^"High street", Oxford Dictionaries
  11. ^abcd"European Retail Parks: What's Next".Cusman & Wakefield.Summer 2019.
  12. ^Longstreth, Richard (1997).City Center to Regional Mall.MIT Press. p. 102.ISBN0262122006.
  13. ^"Canada Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed January 8, 2023
  14. ^abc"Asia Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC, accessed July 15, 2020
  15. ^"Europe Shopping-Centre Classification and Typical Characteristics", ICSC
  16. ^"Performance", Zhongcheng Lianhang (formerly Lixin) official website (in Chinese)
  17. ^ab"US Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics"(PDF).International Council of Shopping Centers. August 2015.Archived(PDF)from the original on March 3, 2016.RetrievedNovember 13,2015.
  18. ^Blum, Andrew (April 6, 2005).""The Mall Goes Undercover", Slate.com ".Slate.RetrievedMay 26,2006.
  19. ^Chapman, Nora (December 10, 2011)."Terminal 21 is now opened".CBRE Thailand Property News.RetrievedFebruary 10,2020.
  20. ^University of San Diego webpage.Retrieved June 1, 2007.ArchivedJanuary 31, 2010, at theWayback Machine
  21. ^"Jean Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe", Encyclopedia Britannica
  22. ^"Red Square", Encyclopedia Britannica
  23. ^Pomeratzev, Alexander.Верхние торговые ряды на Красной площади в Москве. 1890–​1893(in Russian). Russian Educational Portal. Archived fromthe originalon March 4, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 9,2023.
  24. ^"shopping in ancient Rome".Mariamilani.com.Archivedfrom the original on October 25, 2012.RetrievedNovember 9,2012.
  25. ^"Ministry of tourism, Syria".Archived fromthe originalon December 15, 2007.RetrievedApril 6,2011.
  26. ^"Archaeology Data Service: myADS"(PDF).archaeologydataservice.ac.uk.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 3, 2015.RetrievedDecember 17,2015.
  27. ^"Passage du Caire".Insecula.com. Archived fromthe originalon October 26, 2004.RetrievedNovember 9,2012.
  28. ^"The Arcade, Providence RI".Brightridge.com. Archived fromthe originalon August 27, 2009.RetrievedJuly 17,2009.
  29. ^"Owner of Providence's historic Arcade to offer units for sale to tenants".Providence Journal. January 3, 2020.RetrievedJuly 19,2020.
  30. ^Longstreth, Richard(1997).City Center to Regional Mall.MIT Press. p. 86.ISBN0262122006.
  31. ^"Arcade", Dayton History Project, retrieved June 27, 2020
  32. ^Longstreth, Richard (1997).City Center to Regional Mall.MIT Press. p. 102.ISBN0262122006.
  33. ^Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade.Cleveland Magazine,August 2009.
  34. ^Moore, Robbie."The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space".The International.Archived fromthe originalon March 13, 2013.RetrievedFebruary 26,2013.
  35. ^"Bank Block", GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS/MARBLE CLIFF HISTORICAL SOCIETY, accessed July 27, 2020
  36. ^Jacob Kaplan, "They Paved Paradise and Put Up a Park and Shop",Boundary Stones,WETA(PBS Washington, D.C.), accessed June 27, 2020
  37. ^Raktis, Ted (September 9, 1961)."Shopping Mall Is Beautifier of Cities".Deseret News.
  38. ^"Ottawa Trying Out Shopping Mall Idea".Nanaimo Daily News. May 26, 1960.
  39. ^"Shopping Mall Scheme Gaining Favor in U.S."Calgary Herald. August 26, 1959. p. 1.
  40. ^Shores, Larry (April 25, 1965)."Urbana Offers Model for Muncie's Downtown".Muncie Star-Press.
  41. ^"Shopping Centre/Retail Property Classification Consultation (Draft)".Revo, Formerly 'British Council of Shopping Centres'.RetrievedJuly 15,2020.
  42. ^Sarkar, John (June 18, 2020)."Most mall owners agree to retailers' rental terms".Times of India.
  43. ^"UAE's malls will need a full-scale repurposing".Gulf News. July 14, 2020.
  44. ^List of shopping centres in Namibia,List of shopping centres in Zambia
  45. ^"The Philadelphia Inquirer 04 Dec 1930, page Page 13".The Philadelphia Inquirer.December 4, 1930. p. 13.RetrievedMarch 16,2022– via Newspapers.com.
  46. ^Spector, Robert.Category killers: the retail revolution and its impact on consumer culturep.87 (2005)(ISBN978-1578519606)
  47. ^Feinberg, Samuel.What makes shopping centers tick?(Fairchild Publications 1960)
  48. ^"Broadway's New Crenshaw Store to Open Today".Los Angeles Times.November 21, 1947.
  49. ^"Fall" in "The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Valley Plaza" (archived), Sirinya Tritipeskul for UCLA course "Urban Planning 253: Sprawl", Professor Randy Crane, Fall Quarter 2007
  50. ^Esquivel, Ralph (May 1, 1956)."Survey of Sales Reveals Record by Valley Plaza".Valley Times (North Hollywood, CA).
  51. ^"'Copter Takes Group To Broadway-Valley ".Valley Times. October 10, 1955.
  52. ^Ohrbach's advertisement in Valley News, 1964
  53. ^Hardwick, Jeffrey M. "Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream."University of Pennsylvania Press,2004.
  54. ^"Appleton's Valley Fair Center".Mall Hall of Fame. November 1, 2006.Archivedfrom the original on March 3, 2016.RetrievedOctober 21,2015.
  55. ^"Basic facts – NCSC".NCSC.Nordic Council of Shopping Centers.Archivedfrom the original on August 4, 2017.RetrievedMay 29,2017.
  56. ^Bathroom Reader's Institute (November 1, 2010)."The Mall: A History".Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader.Bathroom Reader's Press. pp.99–101.ISBN978-1-60710-183-3.
  57. ^abHardwick, M. Jeffrey (2015).Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 144.ISBN9780812292992.RetrievedJuly 14,2020.
  58. ^abNewton, Matthew (2017).Shopping Mall.New York: Bloomsbury. p. 5.ISBN9781501314827.RetrievedJuly 14,2020.
  59. ^Gladwell, Malcolm (March 15, 2004)."The Terrazzo Jungle".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2014.
  60. ^Walker, Andrea K. (September 13, 2007)."Malls no more, centers looking to sell lifestyle".The Baltimore Sun.RetrievedAugust 29,2020.
  61. ^Dery, Mark (November 11, 2009)."Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall".The Design Observer Group.Archived fromthe originalon July 24, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 14,2010.
  62. ^Bathroom Reader's Institute (November 1, 2010)."A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III".Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader.Bathroom Reader's Press. p.401.ISBN978-1-60710-183-3.
  63. ^Donnellan, John (2014).Merchandise Buying and Management(4th ed.). New York: Fairchild Books. p. 64.ISBN9781609014902.RetrievedFebruary 27,2023.
  64. ^Pimentel, Joseph (April 11, 2022)."Owner of Westfield malls plans to sell all of their U.S. shopping centers".Spectrum News 1.RetrievedMarch 3,2023.
  65. ^"Celebrate 150 – City of London Ontario Canada".Celebrate150.london.ca. Archived fromthe originalon April 30, 2010.RetrievedAugust 1,2011.
  66. ^McBride, Bill (April 30, 2012)."Q1 2012 GDP Details: Office and Mall Investment falls to record low, Single Family investment increases".Calculated Risk Blog.Archivedfrom the original on May 2, 2015.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toShopping malls.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shopping_center&oldid=1225111049"