Shrine Shinto
Shrine Shintois a form of theShintoreligion.[1]It has two main varieties:State Shinto,a pre-World War II variant, and another centered onShinto shrinesafter World War II, in which ritual rites are the center of belief, conducted by an organization of clergy.[2][1]
Today, the term Shinto usually refers to Shrine Shinto. Shrines throughout Japan serve as places of worship. Until 1945 all Shinto shrines were under the jurisdiction of theInstitute of Divinities,an external department of theHome Ministry.TheShinto Directiveissued by theGHQin December 1945 abolished theInstitute of Divinities,which was reorganized as onereligious corporation,theAssociation of Shinto Shrines.
Shinto shrines and Shinto rituals are performed in accordance with sacred texts such asKojikiandNihon Shoki.TheKannushiare in charge of the rituals, holding positions such as priests, priests-in-charge, and administer the rituals. Themikoof Shinto shrines are not included in the priesthood. AKaguradancer may participate in Shinto rituals, but may not preside over or perform Shinto rituals.
Education
[edit]Two universities and seven technical/vocational schools exclusively offer training programs for the priesthood. The length of study ranges from one to four years. These educational institutions accept students from standalone shrines and from shrines belonging toSect Shinto.[3][4]
These two universities areKokugakuin University,andKogakkan University.[5][6]
Administration
[edit]After World War II, theJinja Honchosupervised the largest number of shrines. But since technically the religious corporation status is a condition for membership, small shrines that do not have a juridical character are not eligible and are not allowed to belong to the Honcho. Fewer than half of juridical shrines, such as inHigashiosaka Cityare not members of the Association.[7]
Several Shinto shrines throughout Japan, such asKamakura-gū,Yasukuni Shrine,Fushimi Inari-taisha,Keta Shrine,Nikko Toshogu,Tomioka Hachiman Shrine,andHinokuma Jinguare not members of theAssociation of Shinto Shrines,but still considered as Shrine Shinto rather thanSect Shinto.
80,000 Shinto shrines were under the jurisdiction ofInstitute of Divinities,consisting of 7,800 managed by the Association of Shinto Shrines and others that became standalone shrines. Outside the Association, 91 shrines belong to Seishin Meiseikai, 78 to Jinja Honkyo, 72 to Jinja Sandonkyo, 60 toHokkaido Shrine Association,23 to Japan Jingu Honcho, and 15 to Japan Shrine Kyodan.[8]
History
[edit]The term Shrine Shinto was created to distinguish it fromdenominational Shintoafter theMeijiera. In 1868, theRestoration Governmentestablished theDepartment of Divinitiesto centralize administration. However, theState Shintopolicy was unsuccessful, so theMinistry of Divinitieswas established and a campaign toproclaim the Great Doctrinebegan.[9]
On January 24, 1882, the Ministry of the Interior issued Ministerial Instruction No. B7, "Jikko-kamikami ha kyōdōshi ni kyōdōshi ni kyōsoku wo kyōsoku wo kyōdōshi no kanryūmono mono to sasaru mono" ( "Shinto Priests are not a religion" ) and declared thatSecular Shrine Theory.As a result "religions" such asdenominational ShintoandBuddhismand Shrine Shinto separated, and declared thatShintowas a national, not religious, ritual.[10]
Although the Religion Bill of 1899 did not includeShintoorChristianity,denominational Shinto began to be referred to as national Shinto toward the end of the Meiji period.
Shinto shrines were included in the Shinto religion, but did not have the same teachings and precepts as Buddhism. They were protected by the government until the end of World War II.
In 1917, the Japanese Christian Church rejectedSecular Shrine Theoryon the grounds that students were forced to worship at shrines. A further complaint was filed that the coercion violated thefreedom of religionspecified in theMeiji Constitution.[11]
State Shintoand Shrine Shinto were named in 1924.[12]Before World War II, Shrine Shinto referred to the rituals, ideology, and organization of shrines, which in modern times have been subject to government control.
Shinto was once to be administered by theBureau of Shinto Affairs,but was eventually separated from Shrine Shinto asSect Shinto,and the Bureau itself made a sect calledShinto Taikyo.The Shinto shrines were then administered by theHome Ministry.Under the influence of theNational Spiritual Mobilization Movement,they were separated from Shinto shrines in 1940, becoming independent.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ab"Basic Terms of Shinto: J".www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp.Retrieved2023-03-10.
- ^Cảnh sơn xuân thụ “Thần đạo” 『 thế giới đại bách khoa sự điển 』 219 hiệt.
- ^“Tông giáo đặc biệt chuyên công”,『 quốc học viện đại học lệnh hòa 2 niên (2020) nhập học thí nghiệm yếu hạng 』2019,p.8(2021.8.30 duyệt lãm ).
- ^Thần chức hậu 継 giả chuyên công: Thần xã hệ giáo đoàn dụng,『 hoàng học quán đại học thụ nghiệm sinh サイトCampus Vew』, xuất nguyện thư loại のダウンロード>AO nhập thí thần chức hậu 継 chuyên công のみ(2021.8.30 duyệt lãm ).
- ^Kogakkan University Faculty of Letters: Kogakkan University official website[1]
- ^S.D.B.Picken "Faith-based schools in Japan: Paradoxes and Pointers". In J.D. Chapman et al. (eds.) "International Handbook of Learning, Teaching and Leading in Faith-Based Schools". New York: Springer. P. 523.
- ^Đại phản phủ thần xã sảnh đệ lục chi bộ đông đại phản thị
- ^『 bình thành 29 niên bản tông giáo niên giam 』 tham chiếu
- ^Văn bộ tỉnh ・ học chế bách niên sử biên tập ủy viên hội “Minh trị sơ kỳ における tông giáo hành chính”,『 học chế bách niên sử 』 ( 1972 niên ) “Biên tập hậu ký”.
- ^Võ điền chính nhất “Thần xã” 『 thế giới đại bách khoa sự điển 』 118 hiệt.
- ^『 nhật bổn キリスト giáo hội 50 niên sử 』62 hiệt.
- ^Gia đằng huyền trí ( lục quân sĩ quan học giáo giáo thụ ・ đông kinh đế quốc đại học thần đạo giảng tọa trợ giáo thụ ) は1924 niên ( đại chính 13 niên ) の trứ thư 『 đông tây tư tưởng bỉ giác nghiên cứu 』 dĩ hàng, この thuyết を triển khai した.
Bibliography
[edit]- Thế giới đại bách khoa sự điển.Vol. 16 quyển.Bình phàm xã.1978 [1972-04-25].