The structures housed the remains of complete family groups, although they were probably limited to nobility. Many of the tombs have been dynamited bygrave robbers,while others were left unfinished.[1]
Veneration of the deadand kinship were integral parts of Aymara culture, and the huge chullpas or "chupa" at Sillustani were built to house the Aymara elite of the immediate pre-Inca and Inca period. The word was used in the 19th century and comes from theDictionary of Ludovico Bertonio(1612). Bertonio referred to the basket burials of the semi-nomadic pastoralists as "chulpas" and actually referred to stone towers asuta amaya"houses of the soul". However, the term "chullpa" remains used today for the towers.[citation needed]
Many of the chullpas at Sillustani show pre-Inca characteristics that were later redressed with Inca stone blocks. Similar chullpas are found throughout the entire south Central Andes with the above ground burial styles going back at least to the mature Tiwanaku period (c. 500–950).[2]The insides of the tombs were built to hold entire groups of people, most likely extended families of the Aymara elite. Corpses were not intentionally mummified, but in the dry environment created by the closed tomb, they survived for centuries. Most mummy bundles indicate burial in afetal position.Some of the tombs also have various animal shapes carved into the stone. The only openings to the buildings face east, where it was believed theSunwas reborn by Mother Earth each day.[3]
Whilechullpasare not unique to Sillustani and are found across theAltiplano,this site is considered the best and most preserved example of them. A large ramp on one of the chullpas demonstrates how stones would have been stacked upon the walls during construction. Father Cobo saw Inca builders using a similar ramp in the construction of the Cusco Cathedral.[4]
Chullpa from Inca epoch
Chullpas from the Tiwanaku epoch
Inside of a chullpa
Stone with carvings at the entrance
