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SimCity

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the video game series. For particular games, seeSimCity(1989 video game)andSimCity(2013 video game).For the album by Susumu Hirasawa, seeSim City(album).
Not to be confused withSin City.

SimCity
SimCityseries logo (2012–14)
Genre(s)Construction and management simulation,city-building
Developer(s)Maxis,Tilted Mill,Aspyr Media,Full Fat,Infogrames,Nintendo EAD,Babaroga,HAL Laboratory,Track Twenty
Publisher(s)Electronic Arts,Broderbund,Maxis,Nintendo,Superior Software,Acornsoft,Infogrames,Zoo Digital Publishing
Creator(s)Will Wright
Platform(s)Windows,Linux,Mac,Wii,PlayStation,Nintendo 64,Nintendo 64DD,Nintendo DS,Saturn,PlayStation 3,Palm OS,Archimedes,Acorn Electron,Amiga,CDTV,Amstrad CPC,Atari ST,BBC Micro,Commodore 64,DESQview,MS-DOS,EPOC32,FM Towns,iOS,Android,PC-98,Game Boy Advance,OLPC XO-1,OS/2,NeWS,Browser,Super NES,Tk,Unix,X11TCL,ZX Spectrum
First releaseSimCity
February 2, 1989
Latest releaseSimCity: BuildIt
December 16, 2014
Spin-offsSimFarm,Sim City: The Card Game,SimCopter,Streets of SimCity,SimsVille,The Sims

SimCityis anopen-endedcity-buildingvideo game franchise originally designed byWill Wright.The first game in the series,SimCity,was published byMaxisin 1989 and was followed by several sequels and many other spin-offSimtitles,including 2000'sThe Sims,which itself became abest-selling computer gameand franchise.[1]Maxis developed the series independently until 1997, and continued under the ownership of Electronic Arts until 2003. EA commissioned various spinoffs from other companies during the 2000s, focusing on console and mobile releases. A2013 EA-Maxis rebootwas subject to what has been described as "one of the most disastrous launches in history", which may have triggered the 2015 shutdown of Maxis Emeryville and the end of the franchise.[2][3]

Gameplay

[edit]

SimCitytitles are real-time management and construction simulators. Across most titles, the player (acting as mayor) is given a blank map to begin and must expand the city with the budget provided. As the city matures, the player may be able to add government and other special buildings (such as a mayor's house orcourthouse), depending on how large the city is. Proper management of the city requires citizens to be provided with basic utilities (electricity, water and sometimes waste management) along with public services such as health, education, safety, parks and leisure facilities. These are provided by building relevant buildings or infrastructure, with each building covering a circular "range" in its vicinity. Inadequate funding of these services can lead to strikes or even urban decline.

The primary source of income is taxation, though some income can be generated by legalizing gambling or placing certain "special" buildings such as military bases or prisons. The player may make deals with neighboring cities to sell or buy services, as long as a connection is made to the neighbor for that service, such as electricity cables. The player may have to deal with disasters, such as fires and tornadoes, or fictional crises such as monster attacks.SimCitytitles are predominantly single-player games, with a few exceptions, including the "Network Edition" ofSimCity 2000,the Unix port of the originalSimCity,andSimCity(2013).[4]SimCity 4provided a limited form of multiplayer gaming with the ability to share regional maps and cities with other players, allowing players to collaborate, but not to interact in real-time gameplay.[5][6][7]

Depending on the title, there may scenarios with city performance-related goals and time limits in which to complete them.

Development history

[edit]
Release timeline
1989SimCity
1990
1991
1992
1993SimCity 2000
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999SimCity 3000
2000SimCity 64
2001
2002
2003SimCity 4
SimCity 4: Rush Hour
2004
2005
2006
2007SimCity DS
SimCity Societies
2008SimCity DS 2
SimCity Creator
2009
2010SimCity Deluxe
2011
2012SimCity Social
2013SimCity
SimCity: Cities of Tomorrow
2014SimCity: BuildIt

Under independent development (1985–1997)

[edit]
Main article:SimCity (1989 video game)
The black-and-white version ofSimCityon the Mac. Most other releases were in color, but had a similar interface.

Development of the originalSimCitybegan in 1985 undergame designerWill Wright,and the game was published in 1989.[8]Wright was inspired by a map creation feature of the gameRaid on Bungeling Baythat led him to discover that he enjoyed creating maps more than playing the actual game.[9]While developingSimCity,Wright cultivated a love of the intricacies and theories of urban planning[10]and acknowledged the influence ofJay Wright Forrester's bookUrban Dynamics.[11][12]In addition, Wright was inspired by reading "The Seventh Sally", a short story byStanisław LemfromThe Cyberiad,published in the collectionThe Mind's I,in which an engineer encounters a deposed tyrant, and creates a miniature city with artificial citizens for the tyrant to oppress.[13]

The first version of the game was developed for theCommodore 64under the working titleMicropolis.[14][15]The game represented an unusual paradigm in computer gaming, in that it could neither be won nor lost; as a result,game publishersdid not believe it was possible to market and sell such a game successfully.Broderbunddeclined to publish the title when Wright proposed it, and he pitched it to a range of major game publishers without success. Founder Jeff Braun of then-tinyMaxisagreed to publishSimCityas one of two initial games for the company. Wright and Braun returned to Broderbund to formally clear the rights to the game in 1988, whenSimCitywas near completion. Broderbund executives Gary Carlston andDon Daglowsaw that the title was infectious and fun, and signed Maxis to a distribution deal for both of its initial games. With that, four years after initial development,SimCitywas released for theAmigaandMacintoshplatforms, followed by theIBM PCandCommodore 64later in 1989.[14]

SimCitywas released in 1990 on theZX Spectrum48K and 128K by Infogrames. TheSNESportwas very similar to the original edition but had some unique features, including Reward buildings, a Mario statue and possible attacks by a giantBowser.[citation needed]

The unexpected and enduring success of the originalSimCity,combined with other "Sim"titles' relative lack of success at the time, motivated thedevelopmentof a sequel.SimCity 2000released in 1993[16]with anisometricview instead of overhead. Underground layers were introduced for water pipes and subways, along with many new buildings, more elaborate financial controls and many other improvements.[17]

Continued releases under Electronic Arts (1997–2003)

[edit]

Maxis was purchased by Electronic Arts in 1997, and the company would gain control of theSimCitybrand. Will Wright continued to work at the company, moving on to work onThe Sims,with development on futureSimCitytitles being led by other Maxis staff such as Christine McGavran. The next title,SimCity 3000was released in 1999. It introduced many features, including waste management, agriculture, business deals and expanded inter-city relations. The game maintained the pseudo-isometricdimetric perspectiveof its predecessor, though the landscape became more complex and colorful.[6]

The Japanese exclusiveSimCity 64was released in 2000 and featured the ability to view the city at night, pedestrian level free-roaming, and individual road vehicles and pedestrians (which could only be seen while in the free-roaming mode). Cities in the game were also presented in3Dhybrid graphics, a first for the franchise.[citation needed]

SimCity 4was released on January 14, 2003. Among various changes, cities were now located in regions, which were divided into individual segments. Each region represents the metropolitan area of a city, while individual segment maps represented districts.[18]The zoning system was updated, and buildings were classified into several wealth levels, types, and building size stages, which were affected by the region's population and condition.Urban decayand gentrification were simulated with buildings deteriorating or improving accordingly. Residents and neighborhoods were transferrable betweenSimCity 4andThe Sims 2.[19]

Societiesand portable spinoffs (2007–2011)

[edit]

After the release ofSimCity 4,EA hadTilted Mill Entertainmentdevelop the next major title in the franchise, rather than Maxis. The group developedSimCity Societies(2007), which was significantly different from prior games, owing to a small-scale social engineering focus and less detailed simulation. Rather than placing zones, buildings were constructed individually for example, similar toMonte Cristo's gameCity Life.Six "social energies", called societal values, allowed players to learn about the characteristics of the citizens.[20]Cities behaviour responded to the energies the players chose and the reward system fromSimCity 2000returned.[21]The game was met with mixed reviews.[22][23]Wright, at the time developingSpore,later commented on the move away from Maxis: "I didn't have anything to do with that decision. Honestly, I didn't even playSocieties.I read some of the reviews of it, though. "[24]

SimCity DS,a heavily modified version ofSimCity 3000,was released that year. The game made use of the handheld's dual screen to display additional interfaces at once. System specific features were prominent, such as the microphone, which was used to blow out fires, and the touch screen, which was used to control the interface.[25]A2008 sequelintroduced a challenge mode in which players guided their city through different historical periods.[26]For instance, the player could create a medieval city, or a pre-historic city.[27]

On January 10, 2008, thesource codeof the original game was released under thefree softwareGPL 3license.[28]The release of the source code was related to the donation ofSimCitysoftware to theOne Laptop Per Childlaptop, as one of the principles of the OLPC laptop is the use of free and open source software. The open source version was calledMicropolis,since EA retained the trademarkSimCity.

SimCity Creatorfor theWiiwas announced on February 12, 2008.[29]The title featured the ability to directly draw roads and train tracks on the ground using the pointer function of theWii Remote,as well as several customizable themes for the city's buildings.[26]It was released worldwide in September 2008.[26][30]

The late 2000s and early 2010s also saw several games re-released for mobile devices. This includedSimCity 3000(2008),SimCity Deluxe(2010), andSimCity 4for Blackberry playbook (2011).[citation needed]

Reboot (2012–2014)

[edit]

SimCity's sixth major release was announced on March 5, 2012, for Windows and Mac OS X by Maxis at the "game changers" event.[31]TitledSimCity,it was a dramatic departure from previousSimCitygames, featuring full 3D graphics, online multiplayer gameplay, the new Glassbox engine, as well as many other feature and gameplay changes. Director Ocean Quigley discussed issues that occurred during the development of the title, which stemmed from two conflicting visions coming from EA and Maxis. EA wanted to emphasize multiplayer, collaborative gameplay, with some of the simulation work conducted on remote servers, in part to combat piracy. In contrast, Maxis wanted to focus on graphical improvements with the new title. Quigley described the resultant title as a poor compromise between these two objectives- with only shallow multiplayer features, and a small city size limit- one quarter of the land area of previous titles in the franchise.[2][32]

The game was released for Windows on March 5, 2013, and on Mac in August.[33][34][35]Mediumwould later refer to the release as "one of the most disastrous launches in history".[2]The game required a constant internet connection even during single-player activity, and server outages caused connection errors for many users. Multiplayer elements were "shallow at best", with departing players leaving abandoned cities behind in public regions. Users were unable to save their game- with the servers instead intended to handle this- and so when users were disconnected they would often lose hours of progress.[36]The game was also plagued by numerous bugs, which persisted long after launch.[37]

The title was heavily criticized in user reviews, and developer plans for post-launch updates were scrapped.[2]EA announced that they would offer a free game from their library to all those who boughtSimCityas compensation for the problems, and they concurred that the way the launch had been set up was "dumb".[38]As a result of this problem,Amazontemporarily stopped selling the game in the week after release.[39]The always-online requirement, even in single play, was highly criticised, particularly after gamers determined that the internet connection requirement could be easily removed.[40]An offline mode was subsequently made available by EA in March 2014, and a mobile port entitledSimCity: BuildItwas released later that year.[41][42][43]

It has been suggested that the poor performance ofSimCitywas responsible for the 2015 closure of Maxis' Emeryville studios, and the end of the franchise.[44][45]

Spin-offs

[edit]
Main article:List of Sim video games

During the 1990s a large number of games were developed under the "Sim" nomenclature started by Maxis in 1989. This list includes only spin-offs that directly relate toSimCity.

Sim City: The Card Game(1995)

[edit]

Sim City: The Card Gameis an out-of-printcollectible card gamebased on the video gameSimCity.[46]It was released in 1995 byMayfair Games.Several city expansions followed, adding location and politician cards from various cities including:Chicago,Washington,New York City,andAtlanta.ATorontoexpansion was planned but never released.[47]Allen Varney ofThe Duelistsaid it offers "fine solitaire play" and that the game eventually offered stand-alone city sets.[48]

SimTown(1995)

[edit]
Main article:SimTown

SimTownis a 1995 video game published byMaxis,much likeSimCitybut on a smaller scale.[49]SimTownallows the player to construct a town consisting of streets, houses, businesses and parks and control the people in it.SimTownwas targeted more towards children.[citation needed]

SimCopter(1996)

[edit]
Main article:SimCopter

SimCopterputs the player in the role of a helicopter pilot.[49]There are two modes of play: free mode and career mode. The free mode lets the player import and fly through importedSimCity 2000cities or any of the 30 cities supplied with the game. However, user cities sometimes need to be designed withSimCopterin mind, and most of the time the player must increase the number of police stations, fire stations, and hospitals to allow for speedier dispatches. The second mode—the heart of the game—is the career mode. This puts the player in the shoes of a pilot doing various jobs around the city. The game is notable for being the debut of theSimlishlanguage.[citation needed]

The game gained controversy when a designer namedJacques Servininserted sprites of shirtless "himbos"(male bimbos) inSpeedotrunks who hugged and kissed each other and appeared in great numbers from time to time.[50]Theeaster eggwas caught shortly after release and removed from future copies of the game.

Streets of SimCity(1997)

[edit]
Main article:Streets of SimCity

Streets of SimCityis a 1997racingandvehicular combatcomputer game published byMaxis.One of the game's main attractions was the ability to explore any cities created inSimCity 2000by car in a cinematic style. The game, likeSimCopter,is in full3Dand the player's vehicle can be controlled using a keyboard, a joystick, or a gamepad. Another notable feature is the game's network mode, in which players can play deathmatches with up to seven other individuals. It is one of the few games in the Maxis series thatWill Wrightdid not work on, and the last Maxis game to be developed and released without supervision byElectronic Arts[51](which acquired Maxis in 1997 and "assisted" development of Maxis games thereafter).

The Simsfranchise (2000–present)

[edit]
Main article:The Sims

Originating as a spinoff,The Simsquickly evolved into one of the most successful video game franchises of all time. Early releases retained a level of interconnectivity withSimCity,such as the ability to transfer neighborhoods fromSimCity 4toThe Sims 2.A crossover title,SimsVille,was earmarked for 2001 and would have allowed the player to build the city, as well as make sims and play them. The game was cancelled so that Maxis could focus on futureSimsexpansions, and development forThe Sims 2.[citation needed]

SimCityEDU (2013)

[edit]

SimCityEDU: Pollution Challenge! is an educational version of SimCity designed by GlassLab.[52]

Reception

[edit]
Aggregate review scores
As of September 14, 2021.
Game GameRankings Metacritic
SimCity (1989) (SNES) 77[53] —
SimCity 2000 (PC) 72[53] —
SimCity 3000 (PC) 83[53] (PC) 77[54]
SimCity 4 (PC) 85[53] (PC) 84[55]
SimCity Societies (PC) 72[53] (PC) 63[56]
SimCity (2013) (PC) 63[53] (PC) 64[57]

The first two games were well received and sold well during the 1990s, with the franchise achieving a total of 5 million sales by 1999.[58]SimCity 2000in particular was among the highest selling games of the 1990s, and in 2018 was featured at #86 ofIGN's top 100 video games of all time.[59][60]SimCity 4(2003) marked the high point in the franchise'sGameRankingsscore at 85. The 2013 reboot was very poorly received, withGreen Man Gamingcomparing its effect on the franchise to thedestruction of the city of Pompeii.[61]

The cities presented in the franchise have been criticised for being unrealistic—for example, lacking parking and cycle lanes.SimCitygames are also built on the premise that simply adding police stations reduces crime nearby, whichmay not be the case.[62]

Legacy

[edit]

The franchise has been credited with inspiring a generation of urban planners, transport officials, and local government figures, who experienced the games at a younger age and took on those careers in later life.[63][64]Various editions of the game have been used in education to simulate urban planning for students in elementary through college classes.[65]

While there were a handful ofcity-building games before 1989,SimCitypopularized the genre and laid the groundwork for many titles inspired by it, includingCities: Skylines(2015), which was greenlit after the poor reception of the reboot.[66]More broadly, the lack of a win condition in favor of open-ended play was a novelty at the time that gave rise to Maxis' "software toys"design concept, which influenced many other titles from the company.[67]

See also

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References

[edit]
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