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Sindh

Coordinates:26°21′N68°51′E/ 26.350°N 68.850°E/26.350; 68.850
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Not to be confused withSind Province (1936–1955).

Sindh
  • سندھ
  • سنڌ‎
Province
Province of Sindh
Flag of Sindh
Flag
Official seal of Sindh
Seal
Nickname(s):
Mehran (Gateway), Bab-ul-Islam (Gateway of Islam)
Location of Sindh in Pakistan
Location of Sindh in Pakistan
Coordinates:26°21′N68°51′E/ 26.350°N 68.850°E/26.350; 68.850
CountryPakistan
Established1 July 1970
Before wasPart ofWest Pakistan
Capital
and largest city		Karachi
Government
• TypeSelf-governing provincesubject to thefederal government
• BodyGovernment of Sindh
•GovernorKamran Tessori
•Chief MinisterMurad Ali Shah
•Chief SecretaryDr Fakhre Alam (BPS-22 PAS)
•LegislatureProvincial Assembly
•High CourtSindh High Court
Area
• Total140,914 km2(54,407 sq mi)
• Rank3rd
Population
(2023 census)[1]
• Total55,696,147
• Rank2nd
• Density395/km2(1,020/sq mi)
DemonymSindhi
GDP (nominal)
•Total$86 billion (2nd)[a]
•Per Capita$1,997 (3rd)
GDP (PPP)
•Total$345 billion (2nd)[a]
•Per Capita$7,209 (3rd)
Time zoneUTC+05:00(PKT)
ISO 3166 codePK-SD
Languages
Notable sports teamsSindh cricket team
Karachi Kings
Karachi United
Hyderabad Hawks
Karachi Dolphins
Karachi Zebras
HDI(2021)0.517 Increase[4]
Low
Literacy rate(2020)61.8%
Seats in National Assembly75
Seats in Provincial Assembly168[5]
Divisions7
Districts30
Tehsils138
Union Councils1108[6]
Websitesindh.gov.pk
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This article containsSindhi text,written from right to left with some letters joined.Without properrendering support,you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead ofSindhi script.
This article containsUrdu text.Without properrendering support,you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead ofUrdu script.

Sindh(/ˈsɪnd/SIND;Sindhi:سِنْڌ‎;Urdu:سِنْدھ,pronounced[sɪndʱə];abbr.SD,historically romanized asSind) is aprovinceofPakistan.Located in thesoutheastern regionof the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and thesecond-largest province by populationafterPunjab.It is bordered by thePakistani provincesofBalochistanto the west and north-west andPunjabto the north. It shares anInternational borderwith theIndian statesofGujaratandRajasthanto the east; it is also bounded by theArabian Seato the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly ofalluvial plainsflanking theIndus River,theThar Desert of Sindhin the eastern portion of the province along theinternational border with India,and theKirthar Mountainsin the western portion of the province.

Theeconomy of Sindhis the second-largest in Pakistan after theprovince of Punjab;its provincial capital ofKarachiis themost populous city in the countryas well as its main financial hub. Sindh is home to a large portion ofPakistan's industrial sectorand contains two of the country's busiest commercial seaports:Port Qasimand thePort of Karachi.The remainder of Sindh consists of anagriculture-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and vegetables for other parts of the country.[7][8][9]

Sindh is sometimes referred to as theBab-ul Islam(transl. 'Gateway ofIslam'), as it was one of the first regions of theIndian subcontinentto fall underIslamic rule.[10][11]The province is well known for itsdistinct culture,which is strongly influenced bySufist Islam,an important marker of Sindhi identity for bothHindusandMuslims.[12]Sindh is prominent for its history during theBronze Ageunder theIndus Valley civilization,and is home to twoUNESCO-designatedWorld Heritage Sites:theMakli NecropolisandMohenjo-daro.[13]

Etymology

TheGreekswho conquered Sindh in 325 BCE under the command ofAlexander the Greatreferred to theIndus RiverasIndós,hence the modernIndus.The ancientIraniansreferred to everything east of the river Indus ashind.[14][15]The wordSindhis aPersianderivative of theSanskrittermSindhu,meaning "river," a reference to theIndus River.[16]

Southworthsuggests that the nameSindhuis in turn derived fromCintu,aDravidianword fordate palm,a tree commonly found in Sindh.[17][18]

The previous spellingSind(from the Perso-Arabicسند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in theSindh Assembly.[19]

History

Main article:History of Sindh

Ancient era

Mohenjo-daro
The"Priest King"sculpture is carved fromsteatite.
ThePashupati seal
TheDancing Girlof Mohenjo-daro
Excavated ruins of the Great Bath atMohenjo-daro

Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of theIndus Valley Civilization.There are remnants of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that ofMohenjo Daro.Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilization, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems.[20][21]It was one of the world's earliest majorcities,contemporaneous with the civilizations ofancient Egypt,Mesopotamia,Minoan Crete,andCaral-Supe.Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated aUNESCOWorld Heritage Sitein 1980.[22]The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.[23]A gradualdryingof the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation.[24]Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.[b]

During theBronze Age,the territory of Sindh was known asSindhu-Sauvīra,covering the lowerIndusValley,[25]with its southern border being theIndian Oceanand its northern border being thePañjābaroundMultān.[26]The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaevalArohṛand the modern-dayRohṛī.[26][27][28]TheAchaemenidsconquered the region and established the satrapy ofHindush.The territory may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and centralIndusbasin (present day Sindh and the southernPunjabregions of Pakistan).[29]Alternatively, some authors consider thatHindushmay have been located in thePunjabarea.[30]These areas remained under Persian control until theinvasion by Alexander.[31]

Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab for few years and appointed his generalPeithonas governor. He constructed a harbour at the city ofPatalain Sindh.[32][33]Chandragupta Mauryafought Alexander's successor in the east,Seleucus I Nicator,when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of theIndus Riverand offered a marriage, including a portion ofBactria,while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.[34]

Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 180 BCE, the region came under theIndo-Greeks,followed by theIndo Scythians,who ruled with their capital atMinnagara.[35]Later on,Sasanianrulers from the reign ofShapur Iclaimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions, known asHind.[36][37]

The localRai dynastyemerged from Sindh and reigned for a period of 144 years, concurrent with theHunainvasions of North India.[38]Arorwas noted to be the capital.[38][39]TheBrahmin dynasty of Sindhsucceeded theRai dynasty.[40][41][42][43]Most of the information about its existence comes from theChach Nama,a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty.[44]After the empire's fall in 712, though the empire had ended, its dynasty's members administered parts of Sindh under the Umayyad Caliphate'sCaliphal province of Sind.[45]

Medieval era

Main article:Sindh Sultanate

After the death of the Islamic prophetMuhammad,the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyondPersia.[46]The connection between the Sindh andIslamwas established by the initial Muslim invasions during theRashidun Caliphate.Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attackedMakranin the year 649 CE, was an early partisan ofAli ibn Abu Talib.[47]During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism[48]and some even participated in theBattle of Cameland died fighting forAli.[47]Under the Umayyads (661–750 CE), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.[49]The first clash with the Hindu kings of Sindh took place in 636 (15 A.H.) under CaliphUmar ibn al-Khattabwith the governor of Bahrain,Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas,dispatching naval expeditions againstThaneandBharuchandDebal.[50]Al-Baladhuristates they were victorious at Debal but doesn't mention the results of other two raids. However, theChach Namastates that the raid of Debal was defeated and its governor killed the leader of the raids.[51]These raids were thought to be triggered by a later pirate attack on Umayyad ships.[52]Baladhuri adds that this stopped any more incursions until the reign ofUthman.[53]

In 712,Mohammed Bin Qasimdefeated theBrahmin dynastyandannexed it to the Umayyad Caliphate.This marked the beginning of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. TheHabbari dynastyruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independentemiratefrom 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from theAbbasid Caliphatein 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph inBaghdad.[54][55]The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated bySultanMahmud Ghaznaviin 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to theGhaznavid Empire,thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.[56][57]

TheSoomra dynastywas a local Sindhi Muslim dynasty that ruled between early 11th century and the 14th century.[58][59][60]Later chroniclers likeAli ibn al-Athir(c. late 12th c.) andIbn Khaldun(c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.[61]The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this power vacuum.[61][62]TheGhuridsandGhaznavidscontinued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomrus.[61]The precise delineations are not yet known but Sommrus were probably centered in lower Sindh.[61]Some of them were adherents ofIsma'ilism.[62]One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted toIltutmish,theSultan of Delhi,and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.[63]

Makli Necropolis
TheMakli NecropolisatThattais one of the largest funerary sites in the world.[64]

TheSammasoverthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and established theSindh Sultanate.The last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor ofGujarat,under the protection ofMuhammad bin Tughluq,thesultan of Delhi.[65][66][67]Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan,Firuz Shah Tughlaqattacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements fromDelhihe later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.[68]Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned byIbn Battuta.[68]The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of theIndo-Islamic architecturalstyle. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on theMakli Hill.[69]It has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including theMakli Necropolisof its royals in Thatta.[70][71]They were later overthrown by the TurkicArghunsin the late 15th century.[72][73]

Modern era

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into theMughal EmpirebyAkbar,himself born in theRajputana kingdominUmerkotin Sindh.[74][75]Mughal rule from their provincial capital ofThattawas to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenousKalhora dynastyholding power, consolidating their rule from their capital ofKhudabad,before shifting toHyderabadfrom 1768 onwards.[76][77][78]

TheTalpurssucceeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established.[79]One ruled lower Sindh from the city ofHyderabad,another ruled over upper Sindh from the city ofKhairpur,a third ruled around the eastern city ofMirpur Khas,and a fourth was based inTando Muhammad Khan.They were ethnicallyBaloch,[80]and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to theDurrani Empireand were forced to pay tribute to them.[81][82]

They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by theBritishat theBattle of MianiandBattle of Dubbo.[83]The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as theprincely state of Khairpur,[80]whose ruler elected to join the newDominion of Pakistanin October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated intoWest Pakistanin 1955.

British Raj

See also:Sind Province (1936–55)
Sindh became part of theBombay Presidencyin 1909.

TheBritishconquered Sindh in 1843. GeneralCharles Napieris said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely"Peccavi"– or"I have sinned"(Latin).[84]The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.[85]The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into theBombay Presidency.Distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.[85]

Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful Bombay's business interests.[85]Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement.[86]A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline in their following.[87]The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh.[88]Sindh came to be at the forefront of theKhilafat Movement.[89]

Although Sindh had a cleaner record of communal harmony than other parts of India, the province's Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified 'Hindu' with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the separation of Sindh from Bombay.[85]Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strongSuficulture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,[90]both the Muslim landed elite,waderas,and the Hindu commercial elements,banias,collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who were economically exploited.[91]Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.[88][92][93]

In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues.[94]Due to British policies, much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.[95]Religious tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims.[94]The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah.[96]Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G.M. Syed left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.[86]Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.[97]The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families.[98]Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,[98]the Muslim League's cultivation of support from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province,[99]it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.[100][101]

Partition (1947)

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.[102]

Demographics

Demographic Indicators
Urban population 52.02%
Rural population 47.98%
Population growth rate 2.41%
Gender ratio (male per 100 female) 108.58
Economically active population 22.75% (Old Data)

Population

Population history
YearPop.±%
18912,875,100—
19013,410,223+18.6%
19113,737,223+9.6%
19213,472,508−7.1%
19314,114,253+18.5%
19414,840,795+17.7%
19516,047,748+24.9%
19618,367,065+38.4%
197214,155,909+69.2%
198119,028,666+34.4%
199829,991,161+57.6%
201747,854,510+59.6%
Source:Census in Pakistan,Census of British Raj[103]: 7 [c][d][e][f][g]

Sindh has the second highestHuman Development Indexout of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.[108]The 2017 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 47.9 million.

The major ethnic group of the province is theSindhis,but there is also a significant presence of other groups.Urdu-speakingMuhajirsmake up over 18% of the total population of the province, whilePunjabiare 5.31% andPashtunsrepresent 5.46%.

Religion

See also:Sufism in SindhandHinduism in Sindh Province

Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poetShah Abdul Latif Bhittai,having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried onMakli HillnearThatta.[109]The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) – Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.[110]Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.[111]

In 1941, the last census conducted prior to the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 4,840,795 out of which 3,462,015 (71.5%) were Muslims, 1,279,530 (26.4%) were Hindus and the remaining were Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.[103]: 28 [112]

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage ofHindusoverall, accounting for 8.7% of the population, roughly around 4.2 million people,[113]and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2017 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include thescheduled castepopulation, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),[114]and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.[115]Although,Pakistan Hindu Councilclaimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population.[116]Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. TheShri Ramapir Templein Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.[117]Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governingHindu marriages.[118]

Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.[119]

Religion in Sindh (1901−2017)
Religious
group 		1901[107][g] 1911[106][f] 1921[105][e] 1931[104][d] 1941[103]: 28 [c] 1951[120]: 22–26 [h] 1998[121] 2017[122][113]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 2,609,337 76.52% 2,822,756 75.53% 2,562,700 73.8% 3,017,377 73.34% 3,462,015 71.52% 5,535,645 91.53% 27,796,814 91.32% 43,234,107 90.34%
Hinduism 787,683 23.1% 877,313 23.47% 876,629 25.24% 1,055,119 25.65% 1,279,530 26.43% 482,560 7.98% 2,280,842 7.49% 4,176,986 8.73%
Christianity 7,825 0.23% 10,917 0.29% 11,734 0.34% 15,152 0.37% 20,304 0.42% 22,601 0.37% 294,885 0.97% 408,301 0.85%
Zoroastrianism 2,000 0.06% 2,411 0.06% 2,913 0.08% 3,537 0.09% 3,841 0.08% 5,046 0.08% — — — —
Jainism 921 0.03% 1,349 0.04% 1,534 0.04% 1,144 0.03% 3,687 0.08% — — — — — —
Judaism 428 0.01% 595 0.02% 671 0.02% 985 0.02% 1,082 0.02% — — — — — —
Buddhism 0 0% 21 0.001% 41 0.001% 53 0.001% 111 0.002% 670 0.01% — — — —
Sikhism[i] — — 12,339 0.33% 8,036 0.23% 19,172 0.47% 32,627 0.67% — — — — — —
Tribal[i] — — 9,224 0.25% 8,186 0.24% 204 0% 37,598 0.78% — — — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — 43,524 0.14% 21,661 0.05%
Others 2,029 0.06% 298 0.01% 64 0.002% 1,510 0.04% 0 0% 1,226 0.02% 23,828 0.08% 13,455 0.03%
Total Population 3,410,223 100% 3,737,223 100% 3,472,508 100% 4,114,253 100% 4,840,795 100% 6,047,748 100% 30,439,893 100% 47,854,510 100%

Languages

Languages of Sindh (2017)

Sindhi(61.60%)
Urdu(18.20%)
Pashto(5.46%)
Punjabi(5.31%)
Saraiki(2.23%)
Balochi(2.00%)
Hindko(1.58%)
Others (3.62%)

According to the 2017 census, the most widely spoken language in the province isSindhi,the first language of 62% of the population. It is followed byUrdu(18%),Pashto(5.5%),Punjabi(5.3%),Saraiki(2.2%),Balochi(2%) andHindko(1.6).[113][123]

Other minority languages includeKutchi,Gujarati,[124]Aer,Bagri,Bhaya,Brahui,Dhatki,Ghera,Goaria,Gurgula,Jadgali,Jandavra,Jogi,Kabutra,Kachi Koli,Parkari Koli,Wadiyari Koli,Loarki,Marwari,Sansi,andVaghri.[125]

Karachicity is Sindh's most multiethnic city which hosts most of the province's Urdu-speaking population who form a plurality, along many other groups.[126]

Geography and nature

Peninsula of Manora
Sindh ibexinKirthar National Park

Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering theIranian plateauin the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometres (360 mi) from north to south and 442 kilometres (275 mi) (extreme) or 281 kilometres (175 mi) (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by theThar Desertto the east, theKirthar Mountainsto the west and theArabian SeaandRann of Kutchto the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along theIndus River.

Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions:Siro( "upper country" ), aka Upper Sindh, which is aboveSehwan;Vicholo( "middle country" ), or Middle Sindh, from Sehwan toHyderabad;andLāṟu( "sloping, descending country" ), or Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of theIndus Deltabelow Hyderabad.[127]

Flora

Sindhri mangoes is among top 10 mango varieties in the world
Sindhriis among top 10mango varietiesin the world.[128]

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm,Acacia Rupestris(kher), andTecomella undulata(lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, theAcacia nilotica(babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. TheAzadirachta indica(neem) (nim),Zizyphys vulgaris(bir) (ber),Tamarix orientalis(jujuba lai) andCapparis aphylla(kirir) are among the more common trees.

Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange andchikuare the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests ofAvicennia tomentosa(timmer) andCeriops candolleana(chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.[citation needed]

Fauna

Main article:Fauna of Sindh
Indus river dolphin

Among the wild animals, theSindh ibex(sareh),blackbuck,wild sheep (Urialor gadh) andwild bearare found in the western rocky range. Theleopardis now rare and theAsiatic cheetahextinct. ThePirrang(large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing.Deeroccur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do theStriped hyena(charakh),jackal,fox,porcupine,common gray mongooseandhedgehog.The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindhkraitof the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near theBalochistanborder inKirthar Mountains.The rarehoubara bustardfind Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.

Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. TheIndus river dolphinis among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh.Hog deerandwild bearoccur, particularly in the central inundation belt.

Although Sindh has asemi aridclimate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-aridclimate of Sindhthe left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. Thenational parksestablished by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such asWorld Wide Fund for NatureandSindh Wildlife Departmentsupport a huge variety of animals and birds. TheKirthar National Parkin the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km2of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supportsSindh ibex,wild sheep(urial) andblack bearalong with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introducetigersandAsian elephantstoo in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when themonsoonwinds blow onshore from the ocean, giantolive ridleyturtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.

Climate

Main article:Climate of Sindh
Lansdowne Railway Bridge

Sindh lies in atropicaltosubtropicalregion; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46°C(115°F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.

Sindh lies between the twomonsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by theHimalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred onJacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred onHyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred onKarachi). Thethermal equatorpasses through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lowerrainfallthan Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher atGorakh Hilland other peaks inDadu District,temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.

Major cities

Main articles:List of cities in Pakistan by populationandList of cities in Sindh by population
List of major cities in Sindh
Rank City District(s) Population Image
1 Karachi Karachi East
Karachi West
Karachi South
Karachi Central
Malir
Korangi		 21,910,352[129]
2 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,732,693
3 Sukkur Sukkur 499,900
4 Larkana Larkana 490,508
5 Benazirabad[129] Shaheed Benazirabad 279,689
6 Kotri Jamshoro 259,358
7 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 233,916
8 Shikarpur Shikarpur 195,437
Clock Tower Shikarpur
9 Jacobabad Jacobabad 191,076
10 Khairpur Khairpur 183,181
Source: Pakistan Census 2017[130]
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Government

Sindh province

Provincial symbols of Sindh[131][132][133]
Provincial animal Sindh ibex
Provincial bird Black partridge
Provincial tree Neem Tree
Main article:Government of Sindh

TheProvincial Assembly of Sindhis aunicameraland consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh isKarachi.Theprovincial governmentis led byChief Ministerwho is directly elected by thepopular and landslide votes;theGovernorserves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by thePresident of Pakistan.The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy is theChief Secretary Sindh,who is appointed by thePrime Minister of Pakistan.Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved inPakistan's politics.

In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards theleft-wingand its political culture serves as a dominant place for theleft-wing spectrumin the country.[134]The province's trend towards thePakistan Peoples Party(PPP) and away from thePakistan Muslim League (N)can be seen in nationwidegeneral elections,in which Sindh is a stronghold of the PPP.[134]The PML(N) has a limited support due to itscentre-right agenda.[135]

In metropolitan cities such asKarachiandHyderabad,theMQM(another party of the left with the support ofMuhajirs) has a considerable vote bank and support.[134]Minor leftist parties such as thePeople's Movementalso found support in rural areas of the province.[136]

Divisions

Main article:Divisions of Sindh, Pakistan
Divisions of Sindh

In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.[137]In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.[138][139][140]

In July 2011, following excessiveviolence in the city of Karachiand after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, two new divisions have been added in Sindh, Banbore and Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.[141]

Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts:Karachi East,Karachi West,Karachi Central,Karachi SouthandMalir.Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.[142]In 2020, theKemari Districtwas created after splittingKarachi West District.[143]Currently the Sindh government is planning to divide theTharparkar districtinto Tharparkar and Chhachro district.[144]

Districts

Main article:List of districts of Sindh
Sr. No. District Headquarters Area
(km2) 		Population
(in 2017) 		Density
(people/km2) 		Division
1 Badin Badin 6,470 1,804,516 279 Banbhore
2 Dadu Dadu 8,034 1,550,266 193 Hyderabad
3 Ghotki Ghotki 6,506 1,647,239 253 Sukkur
4 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,022 2,201,079 2,155 Hyderabad
5 Jacobabad Jacobabad 2,771 1,006,297 363 Larkana
6 Jamshoro Jamshoro 11,250 993,142 88 Hyderabad
7 Karachi Central Karachi 62 2,972,639 48,336 Karachi
8 Kashmore(formerly Kandhkot) Kashmore 2,551 1,089,169 427 Larkana
9 Khairpur Khairpur 15,925 2,405,523 151 Sukkur
10 Larkana Larkana 1,906 1,524,391 800 Larkana
11 Matiari Matiari 1,459 769,349 527 Hyderabad
12 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 3,319 1,505,876 454 Mirpur Khas
13 Naushahro Feroze Naushahro Feroze 2,027 1,612,373 369 Shaheed Benazir Abad
14 Shaheed Benazirabad(formerly Nawabshah) Nawabshah 4,618 1,612,847 349 Shaheed Benazir Abad
15 Qambar Shahdadkot Qambar 5,599 1,341,042 240 Larkana
16 Sanghar Sanghar 10,259 2,057,057 200 Shaheed Benazir Abad
17 Shikarpur Shikarpur 2,577 1,231,481 478 Larkana
18 Sukkur Sukkur 5,216 1,487,903 285 Sukkur
19 Tando Allahyar Tando Allahyar 1,573 836,887 532 Hyderabad
20 Tando Muhammad Khan Tando Muhammad Khan 1,814 677,228 373 Hyderabad
21 Tharparkar Mithi 19,808 1,649,661 83 Mirpur Khas
22 Thatta Thatta 7,705 979,817 127 Banbhore
23 Umerkot Umerkot 5,503 1,073,146 195 Mirpur Khas
24 (22) Sujawal Sujawal 8,699 781,967 90 Banbhore
25 (7) Karachi East Karachi 165 2,909,921 17,625 Karachi
26 (7) Karachi South Karachi 85 1,791,751 21,079 Karachi
27 (7) Karachi West Karachi 630 3,914,757 6,212 Karachi
28 (7) Korangi Korangi Town 95 2,457,019 25,918 Karachi
29 (7) Malir Malir Town 2,635 2,008,901 762 Karachi
30 (7) Kemari Karachi N/A Karachi

Lower-level subdivisions

In Sindh,talukasare equivalent to thetehsilsused elsewhere in the country,supervisory tapascorrespond with thekanungo circlesused elsewhere, tapas correspond with thepatwar circlesused in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to themouzasused elsewhere.[145]

Towns and villages

Economy

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province
This section is an excerpt fromEconomy of Sindh.[edit]
A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

Theeconomy of Sindhis the2nd largestof all the provinces inPakistan.Much of Sindh's economy is influenced by theeconomy of Karachi,the largest city and economic capital of the country. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% and 32.7%. Its share in the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance-wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.[146]Since 1972, Sindh's GDP has expanded by 3.6 times.[147]

GDP by province

Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging fromheavy industryand finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along theIndus.Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.

Agriculture plays an important role in Sindh withcotton,rice,wheat,sugar cane,bananas,andmangoesas the most important crops. The largest and finer quality of rice is produced inLarkanodistrict.[148][149]

Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal. The Mari Gas field is the biggest producer of natural gas in the country, with companies likeMari Petroleum.[150]Thar coalfieldalso includes a largelignitedeposit.[150]
Qayoom Abad Bridge Karachi
Navalrai Market Clock Tower Hyderabad
Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus

Education

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi, in the 19th century
National Academy of Performing Arts,Karachi
Year Literacy rate
1972 60.77
1981 37.5%
1998 45.29%
2017 54.57%[151]

The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:[152]

Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment ratio (%)
— 14,839,862 15,600,031 30,439,893 —
Below Primary 1,984,089 3,332,166 5,316,255 100.00
Primary 3,503,691 5,687,771 9,191,462 82.53
Middle 3,073,335 2,369,644 5,442,979 52.33
Matriculation 2,847,769 2,227,684 5,075,453 34.45
Intermediate 1,473,598 1,018,682 2,492,280 17.78
Diploma, Certificate... 1,320,747 552,241 1,872,988 9.59
BA, BSc... degrees 440,743 280,800 721,543 9.07
MA, MSc... degrees 106,847 53,040 159,887 2.91
Other qualifications 89,043 78,003 167,046 0.54

Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:

Culture

Main article:Sindhi culture
Children in a rural area of Sindh, 2012
Sant Nenuram Ashram

The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.[153]

Cultural heritage

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan
The ruins of an ancient mosque atBhambore
Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the age.[154]

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.[155]

Huts in the Thar desert

Tourism

This section is an excerpt fromTourism in Sindh.[edit]
Mazar-e-QuaidinKarachi

Sindhis a province inPakistan.

The province includes a number of important historical sites. TheIndus Valley civilization(IVC) was aBronze Agecivilization(mature period 2600–1900 BCE) which was centred mostly in the Sindh.[156]Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins ofMohenjo-daronear the city ofLarkana.[156]Islamic architecture is quite prominent as well as colonial and post-partition sites. Additionally natural sites, likeManchar Lakehave increasingly been a source ofsustainable tourismin the province.[157]

See also

Notes

  1. ^abSindh's contribution to national economy was 23.7%, or $345 billion (PPP) and $86 billion (nominal) in 2022.[2][3]
  2. ^Brooke (2014),p. 296. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BCE. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this" first urbanisation "in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote):
    (a)Giosan et al. (2012);
    (b)Ponton et al. (2012);
    (c)Rashid et al. (2011);
    (d)Madella & Fuller (2006);
    Compare with the very different interpretations in
    (e)Possehl (2002),pp.237–245
    (f)Staubwasser et al. (2003)
  3. ^ab1941 figure taken fromcensus databy combining the total population of alldistricts(Dadu,Hyderabad,Karachi,Larkana,Nawabshah,Sukkur,Tharparkar,Upper Sind Frontier), and oneprincely state(Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:[103]
  4. ^ab1931 figure taken fromcensus databy combining the total population of alldistricts(Hyderabad,Karachi,Larkana,Nawabshah,Sukkur,Tharparkar,Upper Sind Frontier), and oneprincely state(Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here:[104]
  5. ^ab1921 figure taken fromcensus databy combining the total population of alldistricts(Hyderabad,Karachi,Larkana,Nawabshah,Sukkur,Tharparkar,Upper Sind Frontier), and oneprincely state(Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here:[105]
  6. ^ab1911 figure taken fromcensus databy combining the total population of alldistricts(Hyderabad,Karachi,Larkana,Sukkur,Tharparkar,Upper Sind Frontier), and oneprincely state(Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here:[106]
  7. ^ab1901 figure taken fromcensus databy combining the total population of alldistricts(Karachi,Hyderabad,Shikarpur,Tharparkar,Upper Sind Frontier), and oneprincely state(Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here:[107]
  8. ^IncludingFederal Capital Territory (Karachi)
  9. ^ab1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.

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Bibliography

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