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Skip bombing

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U.S.A-20 Havocof the 89th Squadron, 3rd Attack Group, at the moment it clears a Japanese merchant ship Taiei Maru following a successful skip bombing attack. Wewak, New Guinea, March 1944

Skip bombingwas a low-levelbombingtechnique independently developed by several of the combatant nations inWorld War II,notably Italy, Australia, Britain, Soviet Union and the United States. It allows an aircraft to attack shipping by skipping the bomb across the waterlike a stone.Dropped at very low altitudes, the bomb never rises more than about 5 metres (16 ft) above the surface of the water, ensuring that it will hit the side of the ship as long as it is aimed correctly.

As the technique required the aircraft to fly at very low altitudes directly at the ship, it made shooting down the aircraft easier as well. In the immediate pre-war era, there was considerable effort to develop newbombsightsthat would allow the aircraft to remain at higher altitudes. The most notable was theUS Navy'sNorden bombsight,which was fitted to most Navy aircraft. In practice, these proved largely useless, and the skip-bombing technique was soon introduced operationally.

After Pearl Harbor (December 1941), it was used prominently againstImperial Japanese Navywarshipsandtransportsby Major William Benn of the 63rd Squadron, 43rd Bomb Group (Heavy),Fifth Air Force,United States Army Air Forcesin theSouthwest Pacific area theaterduringWorld War II.GeneralGeorge Kenneyhas been credited with being the first American to use skip bombing with the U.S. Army Air Forces.[1][2]

Skip bombing was most famously used inOperation Chastiseknown as the Dambuster raid. This used specially designed barrel shaped bouncing bombs that used backspin to skip along the water and destroy the dams.

Technique

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The bombing aircraft flew at very lowaltitudes(200–250 ft (61–76 m)) atspeedsfrom 200–250 mph (320–400 km/h; 170–220 kn). They would release a "stick" of two to fourbombs,usually 500 lb (230 kg) or 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs preferably equipped with four- to five-second time delayfuzes.The bombs would "skip" over the surface of the water in a manner similar tostone skippingand either bounce into the side of the ship and detonate, submerge and explode next to the ship, or bounce over the target and miss. Unlike theUpkeeporHighballdevices, this technique used standard bomb types, although only bombs with a generally hemispherical nose—as all regular American World War II general purpose aircraft bombs had—would bounce off the water surface properly.

A similar technique wasmast-height bombing,in which bombers would approach the target at low altitude, 200 to 500 feet (61 to 152 m), at about 265 to 275 miles per hour (426 to 443 km/h), and then drop down to mast height, 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) at about 600 yards (550 m) from the target. They would release their bombs at around 300 yards (270 m), aiming directly at the side of the ship. In practice, the techniques were often combined: a bomber would drop two bombs, skipping the first and launching the second at mast height.[3]The Battle of the Bismarck Seawould demonstrate the effectiveness of these low-level attacks on ships.[4]Practice missions were carried out against theSSPruth,a liner that had run aground in 1923.[5]

Aircraft

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Various aircraft types were used for skip-bombing attacks, includingB-17 Flying Fortressheavy bombers,B-25 Mitchellmedium bombers,andA-20 Havocattack bombers.These were supported by heavily armedRoyal Australian Air ForceBristol Beaufighters,which would suppress Japaneseantiaircraftfire with theirmachine gunsandcannon.The Soviets usedlend-leasedA-20 Havocs andP-40 Tomahawksas well asIl-2 Sturmoviks(also used for air defence suppression). Skip bombers were often used by aviation of theSovietNorthern Fleetin combination withtorpedo bombers(usually the same A-20aircraft,skip bombers and torpedo bombers operated in pairs). Skip bombers were called "topmachtoviks" (топмачтовики) in Russian, because they were flying "at the level ofshipmasttops ".

Advantages and disadvantages

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Skip bombing carried several advantages. Unguided, unpowered bombs are vastly cheaper than torpedoes of equivalent explosive power. Torpedoes take up to several minutes to reach their targets after launch, enough time for an agile ship with an attentive crew to turn and avoid the attack or minimize its damage; skipped bombs, however, reach their targets in seconds. Skip bombing is additionally carried out at high speeds, increasing bombers' chances of surviving anti-aircraft fire as aerial torpedoes of the era were dropped at relatively low speeds.

The main drawback of skip bombing was that it took a great deal of skill to perfect; sometimes the bombs would detonate too soon, or in some cases, sink too deep before its delay-fuzedexplosion.[6]

History

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The first use of low-altitude bombing in WWII properly belongs to the British. On September 4, 1939, 15 BritishBristol Blenheimbombers assaulted a group of German vessels nearWilhelmshaven,Germany. From an altitude of 100 feet (30 m), the aircraft crews dropped their bombs straight onto the decks of the ships—not skipped them up to or into the hulls. These first efforts failed to sink the ships because the bombs had insufficient time to arm before impact. They did, however, demonstrate the precision of a low-altitude attack. The British continued to use low-altitude techniques and eventually began to incorporate skip bombing into their tactics.[7]

Although historically, American skip bombing started with the prewar attack doctrine espoused by GeneralGeorge Kenney,[8]practically, it began on August 26, 1941, when GeneralHenry "Hap" Arnold,Chief of the Army Air Forces (US), heard details of a British skip bombing attack at an Allied conference in England.[9]Upon his return from England, General Arnold charged developmental teams atEglin Army Airfield,Florida with the task of creating an American version of skip bombing.[10]

MajorWilliam Benn,General Kenney's aide, had witnessed some of the testing at Eglin during the summer of 1942. In July of that year, Kenney and Benn conducted their own ad hoc experiment inNadi, Fijion Kenney's way to take command of theFifth Army Air Forcebased in Australia.[11]In late September 1942, Major Benn, then commanding the63d BSof the 43d Bombardment Group, was using a wrecked ship,SSPruth,sitting on a reef outsidePort MoresbyHarbor for skip bombing training.[12][13]

By the time the Eglin Airfield test results were released in December 1942, Benn and the 63d BS,43d BG,Fifth Army Air Force had already put low-altitude and skip bombing into practice. The first time skip bombing was used in action by U.S. pilots was against Japanese warships atRabaulonNew Britainon the night of October 22–23, 1942, whereB-17heavy bombers attacked and destroyed the enemy vessels.[14]With the continuing success against shipping in Rabaul Harbor throughout October and November 1942, both the tactic and the term "skip bombing" had become popular in the Fifth Army Air Force.[15]Another notable use of this technique was during theBattle of the Bismarck Sea,March 2–4, 1943, when aircraft of the U.S.Fifth Air Forceand theRoyal Australian Air Force(RAAF) attacked and largely destroyed aJapanesetroop convoy off the northern coast ofNew Guinea.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^Kuhn, Tom (April 1998)."Ideas That Lift the Air Force".Airman.42(4): 8–9. Archived fromthe originalon July 15, 2006.RetrievedOctober 28,2012.
  2. ^"Biographies: General George Churchill Kenney".United States Air Force.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-07-17.RetrievedOctober 28,2012.
  3. ^Rodman 2005,p. 61
  4. ^Rodman 2005,p. 68
  5. ^McAulay 1991,p. 20
  6. ^Dr. Carlson, Florida Gulf Coast University.
  7. ^Rodman 2005,p. 36
  8. ^Rodman 2005,p. 39
  9. ^Rodman 2005,p. 36
  10. ^Rodman 2005,p. 37
  11. ^Kenney 1949,p. 22
  12. ^Rodman 2005,p. 38
  13. ^Kenney 1949,p. 105
  14. ^Kenney 1949,p. 127
  15. ^Rodman 2005,p. 39

Bibliography

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