Snowmelt
Inhydrology,snowmeltissurface runoffproduced from meltingsnow.It can also be used to describe the period or season during which such runoff is produced. Water produced by snowmelt is an important part of the annualwater cyclein many parts of the world, in some cases contributing high fractions of the annual runoff in a watershed. Predicting snowmelt runoff from adrainage basinmay be a part of designing water control projects. Rapid snowmelt can causeflooding.If the snowmelt is then frozen, very dangerous conditions and accidents can occur, introducing the need forsaltto melt theice.
Energy fluxes related to snowmelt
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There are several energy fluxes involved in the melting of snow.[2]These fluxes can act in opposing directions, that is either delivering heat to or removing heat from thesnowpack.Ground heat flux is the energy delivered to the snowpack from the soil below by conduction. Radiation inputs to the snowpack include netshortwave(solar radiation including visible and ultraviolet light) and longwave (infrared) radiation. Net shortwave radiation is the difference in energy received from the sun and that reflected by the snowpack because of the snowpackalbedo.Longwave radiation is received by the snowpack from many sources, including ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor present in all levels of the atmosphere. Longwave radiation is also emitted by the snowpack in the form near-Black-body radiation,where snow has an emissivity between 0.97 and 1.0.[3]Generally the net longwave radiation term is negative, meaning a net loss of energy from the snowpack. Latent temperature flux is the energy removed from or delivered to the snowpack which accompanies the mass transfers ofevaporation,sublimation,orcondensation.Sensible heat flux is the heat flux due toconvectionbetween the air and snowpack.
Thaw circles around tree trunks
[edit]Treetrunksabsorbingsunlightbecome warmer than theairand cause earlier melting of snow around them. The snow does not melt slower gradually with distance from the trunk, but creates a wall surrounding snow-free ground around it rather. According to some of sources,North Americanspringephermalplants likespring beauty(Claytonia caroliniana),trout lily(Erythronium americanum) andred trillium(Trillium erectum L.) benefit from such thaw circle. They can emerge earlier inside these circles, what gives them more time before development of treecanopyfoliagecutting off significant portion of the light. They perform nearly all of their yearlyphotosynthesisduring this period.[4]
Evergreentrees tend to produce larger thaw circles thandeciduoustrees. This involves largely a different mechanism and spring ephemeral plants don't occur there.[4]
The snow melts earlier in forest also for example on microtopographic mounds (small elevations) or in wet places like edges ofcreeksor inseeps.These microsites affect distribution of manyherbstoo.[4]
Historical cases
[edit]In northern Alaska, the melt-date has advanced by 8 days since the mid-1960s. Decreased snowfall in winter followed by warmer spring conditions seems to be the cause for the advance.[5] In Europe, the 2012 heat wave has especially been anomalous at higher altitudes. For the first time on record, some of the highest Alpine peaks in Europe were snow-free. Although it would seem that the two were related, the question of how much of this is due to climate change firmly remains a center of debate.[6]
Increased water runoff due to snowmelt was a cause of many famous floods. One well-known example is theRed River Floodof 1997, when theRed River of the Northin theRed River Valleyof theUnited StatesandCanadaflooded. Flooding in the Red River Valley is augmented by the fact that the river flows north throughWinnipeg, Manitobaand intoLake Winnipeg.As snow inMinnesota,North Dakota,andSouth Dakotabegins to melt and flow into the Red River, the presence of downstream ice can act as a dam and force upstream water to rise. Colder temperatures downstream can also potentially lead to freezing of water as it flows north, thus augmenting the ice dam problem. Some areas inBritish Columbiaare also prone to snowmelt flooding as well.[7]
Scholarly conversation
[edit]The date of annual melt is of great interest as a potential indicator of climate change. In order to determine whether the earlier disappearance of spring snow cover in northern Alaska is related to global warming versus an appearance of a more natural, continual cycle of the climate, further study and monitoring is necessary.[8]
Large year-to-year variability complicates the picture and furthers the debate. Inter-annual variability of springtime snow pack comes largely from variability of winter month precipitation which is in turn related to the variability of key patterns of atmospheric circulation.
A study of the mountains in the western United States show a region wide decline in spring snow-pack since the mid-1900s, dominated by loss at low elevations where winter temperatures are near freezing. These losses are an indication of increased temperatures which lead to snow loss via some combination of increased regularity of rain versus snow and increased melting during winter months. These natural variations make it challenging to quantify trends with confidence, to deduce observed changes to predict future climate, or to clearly detect changes in snow-pack due to human impact on warming trends.[9]
See also
[edit]Gallery
[edit]- Dustaccelerates snow melt in theSan Juan Mountains
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2005 (Less dust) -
2006 (More dust) -
2008 (Less dust) -
2009 (More dust)
References
[edit]- ^Ray, Claiborne C. (April 12, 2011)."When Trees Unfreeze".The New York Times, the New York Edition:D2.RetrievedDecember 11,2017.
- ^Gray, D.M., Male, D. H. (1981).Handbook of Snow: Principles, Processes, Management, and Use.Pergamon Press.ISBN978-1-932846-06-5.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Kondratyev, K. Ya.(1969). "Radiation in the Atmosphere".Inter. Geophys. Ser.12.
- ^abcVellend, Mark; Young, Amanda B.; Letendre, Gabriel; Rivest, Sébastien (November 15, 2017)."Thaw circles around tree trunks provide spring ephemeral plants with a big head start on the growing season"(PDF).Ecology.98(12). Ecological Society of America: 3224–3226.Bibcode:2017Ecol...98.3224V.doi:10.1002/ecy.2024.PMID29141104.RetrievedDecember 11,2017.
- ^Stone, Robert (2002)."Earlier Spring Snowmelt in Northern Alaska as an Indicator of Climate Change".Journal of Geophysical Research.107(4089): ACL 10-1-ACL 10-13.Bibcode:2002JGRD..107.4089S.doi:10.1029/2000jd000286.
- ^Burt, Christopher."Unprecedented Snow Melt and Heat in the European Alps".Weather Underground blog.Weather Underground. Archived fromthe originalon 2019-03-24.Retrieved4 October2012.
- ^"Flooding Events in Canada - British Columbia".Environment and Climate Change Canada.Environment Canada.Retrieved12 March2017.
- ^Hoffman, David."Earth System Research Laboratory".Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Summary Report No. 24.U.S. Department of Commerce.Retrieved4 October2012.
- ^Minder, Justin (2009)."The Sensitivity of Mountain Snowpack Accumulation to Climate Warming".Journal of Climate.23(10): 2634–650.doi:10.1175/2009jcli3263.1.S2CID17326866.
