Soko G-4 Super Galeb
| G-4 Super Galeb | |
|---|---|
 Serbian Air Force G-4 Super Galeb | |
| General information | |
| Type | Militarytrainer aircraft |
| National origin | Yugoslavia |
| Manufacturer | SOKO |
| Designer | |
| Status | In service |
| Primary users | Serbian Air Force |
| Number built | 85[1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1984–1991 |
| Introduction date | 1983 |
| First flight | 17 July 1978 |
TheSoko G-4 Super Galeb(fromSerbian:галеб,lit. 'seagull'), also referred to asN-62,is aYugoslavsingle-engine, advancedjet trainerand lightground-attack aircraftdesigned by theAeronautical Technical InstituteatŽarkovoand manufactured by theSOKOaircraft factory inMostar.
The Super Galeb was developed during the 1970s as a successor to, and replacement of, theSoko G-2 Galebthen in service with theYugoslav Air Force(Serbian:Ratno vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana – RV i PVO;Croatian:Ratno zrakoplovstvo i protuzračna obrana – RZ i PZO). On 17 July 1978, themaiden flightwas performed by a development aircraft, designatedG-4 PPP;during 1983, the firstG-4made its first flight. Quantity production of the type commenced in 1984; the assembly line operated up until thebreakup of Yugoslaviain 1991. A total of 85 aircraft were built, most of which went into service with the Yugoslav Air Force, although six G-4s were exported toMyanmar.
During theYugoslav Wars,RV i PVO G-4s carried out ground-attack sorties, a total of four were recorded as having been lost to enemy air defences. During 1992, the remaining aircraft were relocated to Serbia and Montenegro where they entered service with the Air Force of the newly formedFR Yugoslavia.A single G-4 was left over for theRepublika Srpska Air Force.TheSerbian Air Forcehas become the largest operator of the type, having acquired further Super Galebs from other ex-Yugoslavian republics. It intends to upgrade and operate its G-4s through to the 2030s.
Development
[edit]The G-4 Super Galeb was developed during the 1970s as a replacement forYugoslav Air Force's existing fleet of theG-2 Galeb,a straight-wingedjet traineraircraft that had been developed during the late 1950s. Prior to 1999, the Galeb was the most commonly used trainer operated by the Yugoslav Air Force. According to aviation periodicalFlight International,the Super Galeb showed unmistakable lineage from the earlier G-2, sharing the sameBritish-sourcedRolls-Royce Viperturbojetengine, albeit uprated for greater performance.[2]However, aviation historian Christopher Chant notes that: "the Super Galeb bears no more relation to the G-2 Galeb than an identity of role, being an altogether more advanced aircraft.[3]
The first of two prototypes had been reportedly completed by early 1978. Following completion of the initial ground testing phase, the Super Galeb'smaiden flightwas conducted on 17 July 1978. It was followed by the first flight of one of the six pre-production aircraft on 17 December 1980. These pre-production aircraft, along with the first prototype, were designatedG-4 PPP;they possessed fixedtailplaneswith insetelevatorsand noanhedral.[4]Unlike the G-2 Galeb, both thewingandtail surfacesareswepton the Super Galeb, while avionics to enable flight even under adverse weather conditions and at night have been integrated.[2]
In contrast to the development aircraft, production Super Galebs, along with the second prototype, were designatedG-4;in terms of design, they differed by featured an all-moving anhedral tailplane as well as being equipped with comprehensive avionics improvements.[4]Production aircraft use a gravity-based refuelling system, while the earlier development aircraft had been furnished with a pressurised refuelling system; this was slightly slower to refuel but was both simpler and cheaper.[2]In addition to its training mission, the G-4 was also suited for light attack operations.[2]
During 1983, the G-4 made its first flight, by which point it had been ordered in large numbers for the Yugoslav Air Force. Beyond the domestic market, it also competed internationally against jet trainers such as theItalianAermacchi MB-339,theCzechoslovakianAero L-39 Albatros,and theSpanishCASA C-101;Flight International observes that, while the G-4 offered less performance than theFranco-GermanDassault/Dornier Alpha Jet,it was substantially cheaper to procure.[2]
Design
[edit]
The SOKO G-4 Super Galeb is a jet trainer and light attack aircraft.[2]Its size allows the type to be applied to both basic and advanced flight syllabuses. Aesthetically, the Super Galeb resembles theHawker Siddeley Hawk,a contemporary British jet trainer.[2]In terms of the G-4's basic configuration, it is a low wingmonoplanedesign with slightlytaperedwings.[4]The aircraft is 12.25 metres (40.2 ft) long and 4.3 metres (14 ft) high, with a wingspan of 9.88 metres (32.4 ft).[4]It weighs 3,250 kilograms (7,170 lb) when empty and can carry 1,882 kilograms (4,149 lb) of fuel.[4]The aircraft is fitted with a short nose cone, rounded fuselage, conventionalempennage,semi-circular air intakes, verticaltailfin,rudder,ailerons,horizontal stabilisersand fuel tanks at the square tips.[4]
The two crew, typically student and instructor, are seated in atandemconfiguration under individual side-opening canopies.[2]Both positions are provided withMartin-Baker-sourcedejection seats;the rear seat is slightly elevated to render better all-round visibility and aid in the supervision of a student pilot sitting in the front. The crew are provided with avionics that enable poor-weather flying; the forward position is provided with aradio altimeterandgyro-gunsight.[2]For combat missions, the Super Galeb can be outfitted with a centreline-mountedgun podcontaining a twin-barrel23mmGryazev-Shipunov GSh-23Lcannon with up to 200 rounds. In addition, fourhard pointsare installed beneath the wings, the inboard pair having a 770-pound (350 kg) capacity while the outboard have a 550-pound (250 kg) capacity; these can carry a variety of Western and Eastern European armaments and equipment; the inboard pylons are plumbed for 70 gallon external fuel tanks, a locally developedreconnaissancepod was also under development at one stage.[2]
The G-4 is powered by a singleBritish-sourcesRolls-Royce Viperturbojetengine.[2]Since its introduction, the aircraft's performance has been considerably improved by the adoption of the more powerfulRolls-Royce Viper 632-46engine.[4]For further performance, attachment points forjet-assisted take-off(JATO)rocketsare present underneath the fuselage.[2]To shorten landing distances, adrogue parachutecan be deployed. Direct access to the engine is achieved via the removal of the rear fuselage forward of the fin.[2]
Operational history
[edit]
During the early 1990s, Yugoslavia embarked upon an upgrade programme for its G-4 fleet. Reportedly, this programme primarily revolved around the integration of newair-to-airandair-to-ground missiles,as well as an improved aiming capability, adjustments to raise engine reliability, and enhanced electronics.[5]
The G-4 Super Galeb performed numerous combat missions during theYugoslav Wars.In total, three G-4s were reportedly shot down, all pilots of which ejecting safely.[citation needed]As a result of the Yugoslav Wars, the nation of Yugoslavia broke up into multiple smaller nations; several of which possessed aircraft from the former republic's inventory.[6]
During theNATO bombing of Yugoslavia,seven G-4s of theLeteće zvezdeaerobatics team were destroyed atGolubovci Air Base,heavily contributing to the team disbanding during 1999. Since then, a group of Serbian aviation enthusiasts have assembled a new display team, but have equipped it with olderSoko G-2 Galebsthat had been previously withdrawn during the 1980s.[7]
Since 2008, theSerbian Air Force,the largest operator of the type, has proposed a comprehensive upgrade of their remaining G-4Ms. Intended to be re-designatedG4-MD,the envisioned upgrade programme, which largely revolves around new avionics for improved navigation, greater ease of control, and integrate new combat systems, is reportedly set to extend the type's service life through to the 2030s.[8]Serbia has been able to acquire additional G-4s from other former Yugoslavian republics, often bybartering,to expand its operational fleet.[9][10]
Variants
[edit]
- G-4:85 aircraft produced and deployed Advanced jet trainer and light ground-attack aircraft.
- G-4Š:5 aircraft produced Unarmed jet trainer.
- G-4T:3 aircraft produced Dedicatedtarget tugmodel.
- G-4M:Based on six G-4s, Upgraded avionics and hardpoints, missile rail added to wingtips. Avionics include a Zrak ENP-MG4HUDincorporating a Rudi Cajavec ENS-MG4 electronic sight, a gyro platform, multi function displays, and an optional chaff/flare dispensers. The inner hardpoints are rated at 500 kg, while the outer ones are rated at 350 kg, giving a maximum disposable load of 1,800 kg. Normal takeoff weight is 4,971 kg as a trainer, with a maximum takeoff weight of 6,400 kg in the attacker configuration, the maximum speed in "clean" configuration is 865 km/h at 10,000 m and 900 km/h at 4,000 m, with a ferry range of 2,900 km with drop tanks; range of 1,800 km with standard fuel, reduced to 1,200 km with cannon pack, four BL755 cluster bombs and two AAMs, maximum rate of climb at sea level of 1,800 m per minute, and a service ceiling of 12,500 m.[11]
- G-4MD:A modernized version of the 15 G-4 Super Galebs in service with the Serbian Air Force. The remaining 9 remain as they are.Further development ofG-4Mupgrade including:LCDflight screens,HOTAS,HUD,integrated mission computers, distance measuring equipment, GPS-based navigation systems, identification friend or foe, navcomm units, mission records, and VHF omni-range and instrument landing systems. Integration of guided weapons, countermeasures and targeting systems is also scheduled as part of the upgrade.[8]
Operators
[edit]
Serbia:Serbian Air Forceoperates 25 G-4 aircraft as of 2022[12]
Myanmar:Air Forceoperates three G-4 aircraft as of 2022[13]
Former operators
[edit]
Bosnia and Herzegovina:Air Forceinherited 1 G-4 aircraft from Republika Srpska.[14]At one point, Bosnia was considering its sale to neighbouring Serbia.[15]
Montenegro:Air ForceInherited 17 aircraft. Four of these were used, but have subsequently been put up for sale. By 2012, six aircraft were transferred to Serbia whilst seven were reportedly sold to a private operator.[16][9]
Yugoslavia:Air Forceoperated 77 G-4 aircraft.[citation needed]
Aircraft on display
[edit]- Serbia
- Museum of Aviation (Belgrade)inBelgrade– four Soko G-4 Super Galeb on display[17]
Specifications (G-4M)
[edit]Data fromJane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94,[18]A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware[19]
General characteristics
- Crew:2
- Length:12.25 m (40 ft 2 in)
- Wingspan:9.88 m (32 ft 5 in)
- Height:4.30 m (14 ft 1 in)
- Wing area:19.5 m2(210 sq ft)
- Aspect ratio:5.01
- Empty weight:3,250 kg (7,165 lb)
- Gross weight:4,760 kg (10,494 lb)
- Max takeoff weight:6,330 kg (13,955 lb)
- Fuel capacity:1,882 kg (maximum internal and external fuel)
- Powerplant:1 ×Rolls-Royce Viper 632-46turbojet,17.8 kN (4,000 lbf) thrust
Performance
- Maximum speed:920 km/h (491 mph, 565 kn) clean at 6,000 m (13,000 ft)
- Cruise speed:550 km/h (340 mph, 300 kn) at 6,000m
- Stall speed:180 km/h (97 mph, 112 kn) (flaps and undercarriage down)
- Never exceed speed:921 km/h (572 mph, 497 kn) 0.9M at 11,000 m
- Range:1,900 km (1,200 mi, 1,000 nmi) Internal fuel
- Combat range:1,300 km (810 mi, 700 nmi) with cannon pack and four BL755 cluster bombs (combat radius 485 km)
- Ferry range:2,500 km (1,553 mi, 1,349 nmi) maximum internal and external fuel
- Service ceiling:12,850 m (42,160 ft) Service ceiling (Altitude at which maximum climb rate reduces to 100 ft/min)
- g limits:-4.2 to +8
- Rate of climb:31 m/s (6,100 ft/min)
- Time to altitude:6 minutes to 8,000m
Armament
- 1xGSh-23L23 mmcannon in ventralgun pod.
- 2x Inner pylons 350 kg (770 lb) capacity.
- 2x Outer pylons 250 kg (550 lb) capacity.
- 1x Centreline pylon 400 kg (880 lb) capacity (G-4M).
- 2x Wingtip missile rails (G-4M).
Avionics
Standard communication and navigation equipment, plus (fire control and weapons management)FerrantiISIS D-282 gyro sight, and (defensive sensors and systems) Iskra SD-1 RWR; there is also provision for areconnaissancepod with cameras and aninfraredline scanner.
See also
[edit]
- Leteće zvezde(flying stars– aerobatics team)
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Aermacchi MB-339
- Aero L-39 Albatros
- AIDC AT-3
- BAE Systems Hawk
- CASA C-101
- Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet
- FMA IA 63 Pampa
- IAR 99
- Kawasaki T-4
- PZL I-22 Iryda
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^"N-62 Super Galeb G-4".Muzej vazduhoplovstva (Aeronautical museum-Belgrade).
- ^abcdefghijklm"Jugoslavia develops new jet trainer."Flight International,4 June 1983. p. 1647.
- ^Chant 2014, p. 467.
- ^abcdefgMilitary Factory."SOKO G-4 Super Galeb (Super Seagull) Light Attack / Advanced Trainer (1983)".
- ^"Yugoslavia to upgrade Super Caleb G-4."Flight International,16 October 1990. p. 21.
- ^Salinger, Igor."Balkan rebirth."Flight International,3 June 2003.
- ^Bozinovski, Igor (29 June 2007)."Serbia's Stars in aerobatic display".London: Flightglobal.
- ^abSalinger, Igor (11 August 2008)."Serbian air force targets fleet modernisation".Flightglobal.
- ^abSalinger, Igor."PICTURES: Serbia gets Super Galeb trainers from Montenegro."Flight International,27 October 2010.
- ^Salinger, Igor."Montenegro to sell fixed-wing fleet as focus turns to rotorcraft ops."Flight International,1 March 2016.
- ^"Super Galeb M1 znak".Archived fromthe original(JPG)on 17 December 2007.
- ^HoyleFlight International2021,p. 29
- ^HoyleFlight International2021,p. 25
- ^"World Air Forces 2013"(PDF).Flightglobal Insight. 2013.Retrieved26 February2013.
- ^Salinger, Igor."Serbia eyes surplus Bosnian fighters."Flight International,25 September 2008.
- ^"Na prodaju posljednja četiri borbena aviona".Vijesti.27 October 2012.Retrieved31 October2012.
- ^"Museum of the Yugoslav Air Force".Aviation Museum.
- ^Lambert 1993,pp. 587–589.
- ^Chant 2014, p. 466.
Bibliography
[edit]- Chant, Christopher.A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware.Routledge, 2014.ISBN1134646682.
- Gunston, Bill (2001).The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes: The Development and Specifications of All Active Military Aircraft.MetroBooks.ISBN978-1-58663-207-6.
- Gunston, Bill (1995).The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes: The Development and Specifications of All Active Military Aircraft.MetroBooks.
- Gunston, Bill (1987).The Encyclopedia of World Air Power(Revised ed.). Crescent Books.
- Hoyle, Craig (2021)."World Air Forces 2022".Flight International.Retrieved12 December2021.
- Lambert, Mark (1993).Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1993–94.Jane's Information Group.ISBN978-0-7106-1066-9.
External links
[edit]
- Aerosvet Magazine; (Entry from the International Directory of Design)
- G-4 Super Galeb No.23405
