Anthropometry
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Computer_Workstation_Variables_cleanup.png/240px-Computer_Workstation_Variables_cleanup.png)
Anthropometry(/ænθrəˈpɒmɪtrɪ/,fromAncient Greekἄνθρωπος(ánthrōpos)'human' andμέτρον(métron)'measure') refers to the measurement of the human individual. An early tool ofphysical anthropology,it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation, inpaleoanthropologyand in various attempts to correlate physical with racial and psychological traits. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape.[citation needed]Since commonly used methods and approaches in analysing living standards were not helpful enough, the anthropometric history became very useful for historians in answering questions that interested them.[1]
Today, anthropometry plays an important role inindustrial design,clothingdesign,ergonomicsand architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (e.g. therise in obesity) and require regular updating of anthropometricdata collections.
History
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Galton_at_Bertillon%27s_%281893%29.jpg/180px-Galton_at_Bertillon%27s_%281893%29.jpg)
The history of anthropometry includes and spans various concepts, bothscientificandpseudoscientific,such ascraniometry,paleoanthropology,biological anthropology,phrenology,physiognomy,forensics,criminology,phylogeography,human origins,and cranio-facial description, as well as correlations between various anthropometrics andpersonal identity,mental typology,personality,cranial vaultandbrain size,and other factors.
At various times in history, applications of anthropometry have ranged from accuratescientific descriptionandepidemiological analysisto rationales foreugenicsand overtlyracistsocial movements.[citation needed]One of its misuses was the discreditedpseudoscience,phrenology.
Individual variation
[edit]Auxologic
[edit]Auxologic is a broad term covering the study of all aspects ofhumanphysicalgrowth.
Height
[edit]Human heightvaries greatly between individuals and across populations for a variety of complex biological, genetic, and environmental factors, among others. Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is also subject to considerable error instatistical sampling.
The average height in genetically and environmentallyhomogeneouspopulationsis often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average) within such a population is sometimes due togigantismordwarfism,which are caused by specificgenesorendocrineabnormalities.[2]It is important to note that a great degree of variation occurs between even the most 'common' bodies (66% of the population),[3]and as such no person can be considered 'average'.
In the most extreme population comparisons, for example, the averagefemaleheight inBoliviais 142.2 cm (4 ft 8.0 in) while the averagemaleheight in theDinaric Alpsis 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in), an average difference of 43.4 cm (1 ft 5.1 in). Similarly, theshortestandtallestof individuals,Chandra Bahadur DangiandRobert Wadlow,have ranged from 53–272 cm (1 ft 9 in – 8 ft 11 in), respectively.[4][5]
The age range where most females stop growing is 15–18 years and the age range where most males stop growing is 18–21 years.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Weight
[edit]Human weightvaries extensively both individually and across populations, with the most extreme documented examples of adults beingLucia Zaratewho weighed 2.1 kg (4.7 lb), andJon Brower Minnochwho weighed 640 kg (1,400 lb), and with population extremes ranging from 49.6 kg (109.3 lb) inBangladeshto 87.4 kg (192.7 lb) inMicronesia.[13][14]
Organs
[edit]Adultbrain sizevaries from 974.9 cm3(59.49 cu in) to 1,498.1 cm3(91.42 cu in) in females and 1,052.9 cm3(64.25 cu in) to 1,498.5 cm3(91.44 cu in) in males, with the average being 1,130 cm3(69 cu in) and 1,260 cm3(77 cu in), respectively.[15][16]The rightcerebral hemisphereis typically larger than the left, whereas thecerebellar hemispheresare typically of more similar size.
Size of the humanstomachvaries significantly in adults, with one study showing volumes ranging from 520 cm3(32 cu in) to 1,536 cm3(93.7 cu in) and weights ranging from 77 grams (2.7 oz) to 453 grams (16.0 oz).[17]
Maleandfemale genitaliaexhibit considerable individual variation, withpenis sizediffering substantially[18][19]andvaginal sizediffering significantly in healthy adults.[20]
Aesthetic
[edit]Human beautyandphysical attractivenesshave been preoccupations throughout history which often intersect with anthropometric standards.Cosmetology,facial symmetry,andwaist–hip ratioare three such examples where measurements are commonly thought to be fundamental.
Evolutionary science
[edit]Anthropometric studies today are conducted to investigate the evolutionary significance of differences in body proportion between populations whose ancestors lived in different environments. Human populations exhibit climatic variation patterns similar to those of other large-bodied mammals, followingBergmann's rule,which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to be larger than ones in warm climates, andAllen's rule,which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to have shorter, stubbier limbs than those in warm climates.
On a microevolutionary level, anthropologists use anthropometric variation to reconstruct small-scale population history. For instance, John Relethford's studies of early 20th-century anthropometric data from Ireland show that the geographical patterning of body proportions still exhibits traces of the invasions by the English and Norse centuries ago.
Similarly, anthropometric indices, namely comparison of thehuman staturewas used to illustrate anthropometric trends. This study was conducted byJörg Batenand Sandew Hira and was based on the anthropological founds thathuman heightis predetermined by thequality of the nutrition,which used to be higher in the more developed countries. The research was based on the datasets forSouthern Chinesecontract migrants who were sent toSurinameandIndonesiaand included 13,000 individuals.[21]
Measuring instruments
[edit]3D body scanners
[edit]Today anthropometry can be performed withthree-dimensional scanners.A global collaborative study to examine the uses of three-dimensional scanners for health care was launched in March 2007. The Body Benchmark Study will investigate the use of three-dimensional scanners to calculate volumes and segmental volumes of an individual body scan. The aim is to establish whether theBody Volume Indexhas the potential to be used as a long-term computer-based anthropometric measurement for health care. In 2001 the UK conducted the largest sizing survey to date using scanners. Since then several national surveys have followed in the UK's pioneering steps, notably SizeUSA, SizeMexico, and SizeThailand, the latter still ongoing. SizeUK showed that the nation had become taller and heavier but not as much as expected. Since 1951, when the last women's survey had taken place, the average weight for women had gone up from 62 to 65 kg. However, recent research has shown that posture of the participant significantly influences the measurements taken,[22]the precision of 3D body scanner may or may not be high enough for industry tolerances,[23]and measurements taken may or may not be relevant to all applications (e.g. garment construction).[24]Despite these current limitations, 3D Body Scanning has been suggested as a replacement for body measurement prediction technologies which (despite the great appeal) have yet to be as reliable as real human data.[25]
Baropodographic
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Example_insole_pressure_device.jpg/220px-Example_insole_pressure_device.jpg)
Baropodographic devices fall into two main categories: (i)floor-based,and (ii)in-shoe.The underlying technology is diverse, ranging frompiezoelectric sensorarrays tolight refraction,[26][27][28][29][30]but the ultimate form of the data generated by all modern technologies is either a 2D image or a 2D imagetime seriesof the pressures acting under the plantar surface of the foot. From these data other variables may be calculated (seedata analysis.)
The spatial and temporal resolutions of the images generated by commercial pedobarographic systems range from approximately 3 to 10 mm and 25 to 500 Hz, respectively. Sensor technology limits finer resolution. Such resolutions yield acontact areaof approximately 500 sensors (for a typical adult human foot with surface area of approximately 100 cm2).[31]For a stance phase duration of approximately 0.6 seconds during normal walking,[32]approximately 150,000 pressure values, depending on the hardware specifications, are recorded for each step.
Neuroimaging
[edit]Direct measurements involve examinations of brains from corpses, or more recently, imaging techniques such asMRI,which can be used on living persons. Such measurements are used in research onneuroscience and intelligence.Brain volume data and other craniometric data are used in mainstream science to compare modern-day animal species and to analyze the evolution of the human species in archeology.
Epidemiology and medical anthropology
[edit]Anthropometric measurements also have uses inepidemiologyandmedical anthropology,for example in helping to determine the relationship between various body measurements (height, weight, percentage body fat, etc.) and medical outcomes. Anthropometric measurements are frequently used to diagnosemalnutritionin resource-poor clinical settings.
Forensics and criminology
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fingerprints_taken_by_William_James_Herschel_1859-1860.jpg/300px-Fingerprints_taken_by_William_James_Herschel_1859-1860.jpg)
Forensic anthropologists study the human skeleton in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of a decedent through various skeletal analyses that produce a biological profile. Forensic anthropologists utilize theFordiscprogram to help in the interpretation of craniofacial measurements in regards to ancestry determination.
One part of a biological profile is a person's ancestral affinity.[33]People with significant European or Middle Eastern ancestry generally have little to noprognathism;a relatively long and narrow face; a prominent brow ridge that protrudes forward from the forehead; a narrow, tear-shaped nasal cavity; a "silled" nasal aperture; tower-shaped nasal bones; a triangular-shaped palate; and an angular and sloping eye orbit shape. People with considerable African ancestry typically have a broad and round nasal cavity; no dam or nasal sill; Quonset hut-shaped nasal bones; notable facial projection in the jaw and mouth area (prognathism); a rectangular-shaped palate; and a square or rectangular eye orbit shape. A relatively small prognathism often characterizes people with considerable East Asian ancestry; no nasal sill or dam; an oval-shaped nasal cavity; tent-shaped nasal bones; a horseshoe-shaped palate; and a rounded and non-sloping eye orbit shape.[34]Many of these characteristics are only a matter of frequency among those of particular ancestries: their presence or absence of one or more does not automatically classify an individual into an ancestral group.
Ergonomics
[edit]Ergonomics professionals apply an understanding of human factors to the design of equipment, systems and working methods to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity. This includesphysical ergonomicsin relation to human anatomy, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics;cognitive ergonomicsin relation to perception, memory, reasoning, motor response includinghuman–computer interaction,mental workloads, decision making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress, training, and user experiences; organizational ergonomics in relation to metrics of communication, crew resource management, work design, schedules, teamwork,participation,community, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, and telework; environmental ergonomics in relation to human metrics affected by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, and light; visual ergonomics; and others.[35][36]
Biometrics
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defense.gov_photo_essay_090728-A-2946F-124.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_090728-A-2946F-124.jpg)
Biometrics refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits. Biometrics is used in computer science as a form of identification andaccess control.[37]It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are undersurveillance.Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals.[38]Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics.[39]Subclasses includedermatoglyphicsandsoft biometrics.
United States military research
[edit]The US Military has conducted over 40 anthropometric surveys of U.S. Military personnel between 1945 and 1988, including the 1988 Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) of men and women with its 240 measures. Statistical data from these surveys encompasses over 75,000 individuals.[40]
Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project
[edit]CAESAR began in 1997 as a partnership between government (represented by theUS Air ForceandNATO) and industry (represented bySAE International) to collect and organize the most extensive sampling of consumer body measurements for comparison. [41]
The project collected and organized data on 2,400 U.S. & Canadian and 2,000 European civilians and a database was developed. This database records the anthropometric variability of men and women, aged 18–65, of various weights, ethnic groups, gender, geographic regions, and socio-economic status. The study was conducted from April 1998 to early 2000 and included three scans per person in a standing pose, full-coverage pose and relaxed seating pose.
Data collection methods were standardized and documented so that the database can be consistently expanded and updated. High-resolution measurements of body surfaces were made using 3D Surface Anthropometry. This technology can capture hundreds of thousands of points in three dimensions on the human body surface in a few seconds. It has many advantages over the old measurement system using tape measures, anthropometers, and other similar instruments. It provides detail about the surface shape as well as 3D locations of measurements relative to each other and enables easy transfer toComputer-Aided Design(CAD) or Manufacturing (CAM) tools. The resulting scan is independent of the measurer, making it easier to standardize. Automatic landmark recognition (ALR) technology was used to extract anatomical landmarks from the 3D body scans automatically. Eighty landmarks were placed on each subject. More than 100 univariate measures were provided, over 60 from the scan and approximately 40 using traditional measurements.
Demographic data such as age, ethnic group, gender, geographic region, education level, and present occupation, family income and more were also captured.[42][43]
Fashion design
[edit]Scientists working for private companies and government agencies conduct anthropometric studies to determine a range of sizes for clothing and other items. For just one instance, measurements of the foot are used in the manufacture and sale offootwear:measurement devices may be used either to determine a retail shoe size directly (e.g. theBrannock Device) or to determine the detailed dimensions of the foot for custom manufacture (e.g.ALINEr).[44]
See also
[edit]- Allometry– Study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior
- Anthropometric cosmetology– Medical practice to correct deformity
- Biometrics– Metrics related to human characteristics
- Body shape– General shape of a human body
- Body proportions– Proportions of the human body in art
- Artistic canons of body proportions– Criteria used in formal figurative art
- Body proportions– Proportions of the human body in art
- Cephalometry– Study and measurement of the head
- Chironomia– Art of hand gesturing in speech
- Craniometry– Measurement of the human cranium
- Dermatoglyphics– Scientific study of finger- and toeprints
- Genetic fingerprinting,also known as DNA profiling – Technique used to identify individuals via DNA characteristics
- Guidonian hand– Medieval mnemonic device for choral singers
- Digit ratio– Ratio of lengths of fingers
- Eigenface– Set of eigenvectors used in the computer vision problem of human face recognition
- Human height– Aspect of human growth
- Human body weight– Person's mass or weight
- Kinanthropometry– Study of human growth and performance
- Morphometrics– Quantitative study of size and shape
- Osteometry– Study and measurement of the skeleton
- Palmistry– Foretelling the future through the study of the palm
- Phrenology– Pseudoscientific study of human characteristics according to shape of the skull
- Physiognomy– Assessment of a person's character or personality from their outer appearance
- Reflexology– Alternative medical practice involving pressure to parts of the body
- Samuel George Morton– American physician and naturalist (1799–1851)
- Single transverse palmar crease– Crease across the palm of the hand
- Statistical shape analysis– Analysis of geometric properties
- World Engineering Anthropometry Resource– International not-for-profit group
References
[edit]- ^Baten, Joerg; Komlos, John (2004). "Looking Backward and Looking Forward: Anthropometric Research and the Development of Social Science History".Social Science History.28:191–210 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^Ganong, William F. (Lange Medical, 2001)Review of Medical Physiology(pp. 392–397)
- ^Gill, Simeon; Parker, Christopher J. (2014).The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of Automated Body Scanner Waist Definitions of the TC2 scanner.pp. 55–65.doi:10.15221/14.055.ISBN9783033047631.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^"Shortest man world record: It's official! Chandra Bahadur Dangi is smallest adult of all time".Guinness World Records.26 February 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-02-28.
- ^"Tallest Man Ever".Guinness World Records.27 June 1940.
- ^"2 to 20 years: Girls Stature-for-age and Weight-for-age percentiles"(PDF).CDC.Retrieved2 June2020.
- ^"2 to 20 years: Boys Stature-for-age and Weight-for-age percentiles"(PDF).CDC.Retrieved2 June2020.
- ^"Growing Taller –At What Age do Men Stop Growing?".Upsmash.20 July 2017.Retrieved2 June2020.
- ^Aronson, Anna."Does Your Height Increase After You're 21?".Livestrong.Retrieved2 June2020.
- ^Georgoff, Victoria (31 July 2015)."When do girls stop growing?".Care.com.Retrieved2 June2020.
- ^"Physical changes in puberty: girls and boys".raisingchildren.net.au.Retrieved3 June2020.
- ^Reuland, P.; Werz, R. (2000)."Investigations on Skeletal Growth Zones via Bone Scans as Base of Determination of Optimal Time for Surgery in Mandibular Asymmetry".Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear Medicine.39(5). NIH: 121–6.doi:10.1055/s-0038-1632257.PMID10984887.S2CID43341029.Retrieved26 June2020.
- ^Chivers, Tom (2009-09-24)."Human extremes: the tallest, shortest, heaviest and lightest people ever".The Telegraph.Archived fromthe originalon 2009-09-28.Retrieved2013-05-26.
- ^Quilty-Harper, Conrad; Blenkinsop, Andrew; Kinross, David; Palmer, Dan (2012-06-21)."The world's fattest countries: how do you compare?".The Telegraph.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-06-21.Retrieved2013-05-26.
- ^Cosgrove, KP; Mazure CM; Staley JK (2007)."Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function and Chemistry".Biol Psychiatry.62(8): 847–55.doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001.PMC2711771.PMID17544382.
- ^Allen, JS; Damasio H; Grabowski TJ (2002)."Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: An MRI-volumetric study".Am J Phys Anthropol.118(4): 341–58.doi:10.1002/ajpa.10092.PMID12124914.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-04-26.
- ^Cox, Alvin J. (1945)."Variations in size of the human stomach".California and Western Medicine.63(6): 267–268.PMC1473711.PMID18747178.
- ^Wessells, H.;Lue, T. F.; McAninch, J. W. (1996). "Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: Guidelines for penile augmentation".The Journal of Urology.156(3): 995–997.doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65682-9.PMID8709382.
- ^Chen, J.; Gefen, A.; Greenstein, A.; Matzkin, H.; Elad, D. (2000)."Predicting penile size during erection".International Journal of Impotence Research.12(6): 328–333.doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627.PMID11416836.
- ^Morber, Jenny (2013-04-01)."The average human vagina".Double X Science.Archived fromthe originalon 2018-11-04.Retrieved2013-05-26.
- ^Baten, Jörg (November 2008). "Anthropometric Trends in Southern China, 1830-1864".Australian Economic History Review.48(3): 209–226.doi:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2008.00238.x.
- ^Gill, Simeon; Parker, Christopher J. (2017)."Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning".Ergonomics.60(8): 1123–1136.doi:10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621.PMID27764997.S2CID23758581.
- ^Parker, Christopher J.; Gill, Simeon; Hayes, Steven G. (2017).3D Body Scanning has Suitable Reliability: An Anthropometric Investigation for Garment Construction.pp. 298–305.doi:10.15221/17.298.ISBN9783033064362.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^Gill, Simeon; Ahmed, Maryam; Parker, Christopher J.; Hayes, Steven G. (2017).Not All Body Scanning Measurements are Valid: Perspectives from Pattern Practice.pp. 43–52.doi:10.15221/17.043.ISBN9783033064362.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^Januszkiewicz, Monika; Parker, Christopher J.; Hayes, Steven G.; Gill, Simeon (2017).Online Virtual Fit Is Not Yet Fit For Purpose: An Analysis Of Fashion e-Commerce Interfaces.pp. 210–217.doi:10.15221/17.210.ISBN9783033064362.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - ^Lord M 1981. Foot pressure measurement: a review of methodology. J Biomed Eng 3 91–9.
- ^Gefen A 2007. Pressure-sensing devices for assessment ofsoft tissueloading under bony prominences: technological concepts and clinical utilization. Wounds 19 350–62.
- ^Cobb J, Claremont DJ 1995. Transducers for foot pressure measurement: survey of recent developments. Med Biol Eng Comput 33 525–32.
- ^Rosenbaum D, Becker HP 1997. Plantar pressure distribution measurements: technical background and clinical applications. J Foot Ankle Surg 3 1–14.
- ^Orlin MN, McPoil TG 2000. Plantar pressure assessment. Phys Ther 80 399–409.
- ^Birtane M, Tuna H 2004. The evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in obese and non-obese adults. Clin Biomech 19 1055–9.
- ^Blanc Y, Balmer C, Landis T, Vingerhoets F 1999. Temporal parameters and patterns of the foot roll during walking: normative data for healthy adults. Gait & Posture 10 97–108.
- ^Spradley, M. Kate (2016)."Metric Methods for the Biological Profile in Forensic Anthropology: Sex, Ancestry, and Stature".Academic Forensic Pathology.6(3): 391–399.doi:10.23907/2016.040.PMC6474557.PMID31239914.
- ^Forensic Anthropology – AncestryArchived2012-02-06 at theWayback Machine
- ^International Ergonomics Association.What is ErgonomicsArchivedMay 20, 2013, at theWayback Machine.Website. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^"Home Page of Environmental Ergonomics Society".Environmental-ergonomics.org.Retrieved2012-04-06.
- ^"Biometrics: Overview".Biometrics.cse.msu.edu. 6 September 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-01-07.Retrieved2012-06-10.
- ^Jain A.; Hong L.; Pankanti S. (2000)."Biometric Identification"(PDF).Communications of the ACM.43(2): 91–98.CiteSeerX10.1.1.216.7386.doi:10.1145/328236.328110.S2CID9321766.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-03-30.Retrieved2013-05-25.
- ^Jain, Anil K.; Ross, Arun (2008)."Introduction to Biometrics".In Jain, AK; Flynn; Ross, A (eds.).Handbook of Biometrics.Springer. pp. 1–22.ISBN978-0-387-71040-2.
- ^U.S. Military personnelArchivedOctober 16, 2004, at theWayback Machine
- ^CIVILIAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN SURFACE ANTHROPOMETRY RESOURCE (CAESAR) FINAL REPORT, VOLUME I: SUMMARY
- ^"CAESAR Fact Sheet".www.sae.org.
- ^Robinette, Kathleen M, Daanen, Hein A M, Precision of the CAESAR scan-extracted measurements, Applied Ergonomics, vol 37, issue 3, May 2007, pp. 259–265.
- ^Goonetilleke, R. S., Ho, Edmond Cheuk Fan, and So, R. H. Y. (1997). "Foot Anthropometry in Hong Kong".Proceedings of the ASEAN 97 Conference,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1997. pp. 81–88.
Further reading
[edit]- Anthropometric Survey of Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics 1988Archived2022-06-21 at theWayback Machine
- ISO 7250: Basic human body measurements for technological design,International Organization for Standardization,1998.
- ISO 8559: Garment construction and anthropometric surveys — Body dimensions,International Organization for Standardization,1989.
- ISO 15535: General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases,International Organization for Standardization,2000.
- ISO 15537: Principles for selecting and using test persons for testing anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs,International Organization for Standardization,2003.
- ISO 20685: 3-D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases,International Organization for Standardization,2005.
- Pheasant, Stephen (1986).Bodyspace: anthropometry, ergonomics, and design.London; Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-0-85066-352-5.(A classic review of human body sizes.)
- Redman, Samuel (2016).Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.ISBN9780674660410.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Anthropometryat theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention
- Anthropometry and BiomechanicsatNASA
- Anthropometry data at faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at Delft University of Technology
- Manual for Obtaining Anthropometric Measurements Free Full Text
- Prepared for the US Access Board: Anthropometry of Wheeled Mobility Project Report Free Full Text
- Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource Project—CAESARatSAE International