Southern Loloish languages

Southern Loloish
Hanoish
Geographic distribution	South ChinaandIndochina
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Lolo–Burmese Loloish Southern Loloish
Glottolog	hani1249

TheSouthern LoloishorSouthern Ngwilanguages, also known as theHanoishorHanishlanguages, constitute a branch of theLoloish languagesthat includesAkha and Hani.

Languages

Main article:Phongsaly Province § Languages

The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are:

Hanoish	Jinuo Bisoid Cốông Sangkong Bisu(Laomian),Phunoi(Singsali,Singsili),Pyen Hanoid Sila(Sida),Phana’ Akeu(Chepya) Hani(Akha–Hani,Honi) Bi‑Ka Piyo,Enu,Mpi Kaduo

Hanoidin Lama (2012) is alternatively calledAkoidin Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group.

Other Southern Loloish languages are:

• Muda
• Paza(Phusang), a recently discovered language of northernLaosrelated toSila
• Bana or Balain Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu.
• SuobiToa bỉ,spoken in Yinyuan Township nhân viễn trấn,Yuanjiang County
• NuobiNhu bỉ,closely related to Suobi
• Cosao,a Southern Loloish language closely related toKhir
• YicheDịch xa,spoken inHonghe County

Kato (2008) also documents:

• Muteun(mɔ21tɯ21)
• Khongsat(su55ma33)
• Khir(la21ja21)

Other Southern Loloish language varieties in south-centralYunnanincludeBukongBố khổng,BuduBố đô,AsuoA toa,DuotaĐọa tháp,AmuA mộc,LamiTịch mễ,QiediThiết đệ,KabieTạp biệt,WoniOa ni,DuoniĐa ni, andHabeiCáp bị.Habeiis unclassified within Southern Loloish.

Hsiu (2016, 2018)

A 2016 computational phylogenetic lexical analysis by Hsiu (2016)distinguished the following five branches of Southern Loloish, providing further support for the Hanoid (Akoid) and Bisoid branches in Lama (2012) and Bradley (2007). A new Siloid branch was added.

1. Hanoid
2. Bisoid
3. Siloid
4. Bi-Ka(?)
5. Jinuo

• Southern Loloish
  • Hanoid
    • Ko-Pala,Ko-Luma
    • (core branch)
      • Hani languages
        • Hani
        • Haoni(of Shuigui),Baihong,Suobi
      • Akha
        • Muteun
        • (branch)
          • Akha-Nukui, Ko-Phuso
          • Ko-Puli
          • Ko-Chipia
          • Ko-Eupa
          • Ko-Nyau
          • Ko-Oma
  • Bisoid
    • Khongsat
    • Laoseng
    • Sangkong
    • Pyen
    • (core branch)
      • Lao-Pan
      • Bisu
      • Phunoi
      • Phongset
      • Phongku(Phu-Lawa)
      • Phunyot
  • Siloid
    • Wanyä
    • (core branch)
      • Phusang
      • Khir,Cosao
      • Sila(Sida)
  • Bi-Ka
  • Jinuo

The Southern Loloish tree above was subsequently revised by Hsiu (2018)as follows, with 6 subgroups included.

• Southern Loloish
  • Hani-Akha
    • Hanoid:Hani,Nuomei,Nuobi,Lami,Luomian,Angluo,Guohe,Guozuo,Gehuo,Yiche,Qidi,Kabie,Haonicluster (Haoni,Woni,Baihong,Bukong,Budu,Suobi,Duoni,Duota,Asuo,Amu)
    • Akoid:Nukui, Phuso, Puli,Chepya,Eupa, Nyau, Oma, Chicho, Ulo,Muteun,Muda,etc.
  • Bi-Ka
    • Biyue,Enu
    • Kaduo
  • Siloid
    • Luma,Pala
    • Akeu,Gokhy
    • Wanyä(Muchi)
    • Sila cluster:Sila,Sida,Paza(Phusang),Khir,Cosao,Phana
  • Bisoid
    • Bisucluster:Bisu,Laomian,Laopin,Pyen,Laopan
    • Singsali cluster:Phunoi,Singsali,Cantan,Laoseng,Phongku,Phongset,Phunyot
    • Coong cluster:Cốông,Sangkong,Tsukong
    • Cauho
    • Bantang
    • Khongsat
    • Habei(Mani)
  • Mpi
  • Jino

Hsiu (2018) considers the Hani-Akha and Bi-Ka subgroups to be part of a northern linkage in south-central Yunnan, while the Siloid, Bisoid, Jino, and Mpi subgroups are part of a southern linkage in the China-Laos border region.

Innovations

Lama (2012) lists the following changes fromProto-Loloishas Hanoish innovations.

• *m- → zero /__[u] (HaniandHaoni)
• *kh- > x- (HaniandHaoni)
• *N- > NC or C (nasal hardening rule inBisuandSangkong)
• Reversed order of syllables (family-wide)

References

• Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.),Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages,349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
• Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012),Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages,thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
• Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, andTadahiko Shintani.1999Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
• Shintani, Tadahiko,Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001.Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
• Kato, Takashi. 2008.Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R.Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).