Shooting sports

This article is about shooting as a competitive sport. For the hunting of game birds with guns, seeHunting and shooting in the United Kingdom.

Shooting sports

From the final shoot-off at the men's skeet competition during the2024 Summer Olympics.
Highestgoverning body	Several organizations,see list
Nicknames	Shooting
First played	Switzerland in the second half of the15th century
Characteristics
Contact	No
Team members	Yes or no, depending on competition
Mixed-sex	Yes or no, depending on discipline
Type	Indoor or outdoor
Venue	Shooting range
Presence
Olympic	1896-1900,1908–1924,since1932
Paralympic	since1976

Shooting sportsis a group ofcompetitiveandrecreationalsportingactivities involving proficiency tests of accuracy, precision and speed inshooting— the art of usingranged weapons,mainlysmall arms(firearmsandairguns,in forms such ashandguns,riflesandshotguns) andbows/crossbows.

Shooting sports can be categorized by equipment, shooting distances,targets,time limitsand degrees ofathleticisminvolved. Shooting sports may involve both team and individual competition, and team performance is usually assessed by summing the scores of the individual team members. Due to the noiseof shooting and the high (and often lethal)impactenergy of theprojectiles,shooting sports are typically conducted at either designated permanentshooting rangesor temporary shooting fields in the area away from settlements.

History

Great Britain

TheNational Rifle Association(NRA) was founded in 1859 to raise the funds for an annual national rifle meeting "for the encouragement of Volunteer Rifle Corps and the promotion of Rifle-shooting throughout Great Britain".

United States

Target shooting was a favorite sport incolonial America,with the New England Puritans regularly testing their shooting skills for recreation and at militia training days. The Scotch Irish settlers on the frontier favored shooting matches sponsored by Tavern keepers.Turkey shootswere popular after harvest time. Contestants would pay an entry fee, and everyone who killed a tethered turkey at 110 yards for muskets or 165 yards for rifles could keep the bird. German gunsmiths in Pennsylvania began to manufacture Flintlock rifles in the 1720s, which became especially popular among hunters because of its long-range accuracy. It could be accurate to 200 yards. Along about 1820, percussion caps, and the locks that ignited them, became available, and nearly all new firearms began to be constructed using this ignition system. Many flintlock firearms were also subsequently converted to the percussion system, which was a relatively simple procedure that could be accomplished by local gunsmiths. Although percussion ignition did not add to the accuracy of the firearm, the time between when the firearm firing mechanism (or "lock" ) started the sequence that lead to the ignition of the propellant in the barrel, was shortened drastically. This made getting smaller shot groups on the target more attainable as the possibility of the firearm moving off the aiming point after the shooter pressed the trigger was lessened. This shortened ignition time, which is referred to as "lock time" was (and still is) a very important factor in target shooting. The closed design of the percussion system materially improved reliability of the firearm, especially in rainy or damp conditions.The faster "lock time" also made hitting fast-moving aerial targets with a cloud of tiny lead pellets ( "shot" ) fired from a smooth-bore firearm a real possibility. Practicing for game hunting by shooting at artificial aerial targets launched from spring-powered launching devices ( "traps" ) became highly popular and led to the development of the modern Trap, Skeet, and Sporting Clays shooting sports.

In 1831 a sportsman club in Cincinnati Ohio held a competitive shoot at pigeons and quail released from ground traps. German ethnic communities set up athletic clubs and shooting clubs, especially in the Midwestern states In the 1850–1917. periodBreach loading shotguns introduced in the 1860s, and the knowledge of rifles by Civil War soldiers, made trap shooting popular. However, there was human humanitarian opposition to killing live birds—and the passenger pigeon was dying out—so glass or clay targets were used instead.

Concerned over poor marksmanship during the American Civil War, veteran Union officers Col. William C. Church and Gen. George Wingate formed theNational Rifle Association of Americain 1871 for the purpose of promoting and encouraging rifle shooting on a "scientific" basis.In 1872, with financial help from New York state, a site on Long Island, the Creed Farm, was purchased for the purpose of building a rifle range. NamedCreedmoor,the range opened in 1872, and became the site of the first National Matches until New York politics forced the NRAoA to move the matches toSea Girt, New Jersey.The popularity of the National Matches soon forced the event to be moved to its present, much larger location:Camp Perry.In 1903, the U.S. Congress created theNational Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice(NBPRP), an advisory board to the Secretary of the Army, with a nearly identical charter to the NRAoA. The NBPRP (now known as theCivilian Marksmanship Program) also participates in the National Matches at Camp Perry.

Girls' rifle team at Central High, Washington, DC, November 1922

In 1903, the NRA of America began to establish rifle clubs at all major colleges, universities, and military academies. By 1906, youth programs were in full swing with more than 200 boys competing in theNational Matches.Today, more than one million youth participate in shooting sports events and affiliated programs through groups such as4-H,theBoy Scouts of America,theAmerican Legion,U.S.Jaycees,NCAA,TheUSA High School Clay Target League,the Scholastic Clay Target Program,National Guard Bureau,ROTC,andJROTC.

Olympics

French pistol champion and founder of the modern Olympics,Pierre de Coubertin,participated in many of these early competitions. This fact certainly contributed to the inclusion of five shooting events in the1896 Olympics.Over the years, the events have been changed a number of times in order to keep up with technology and social standards. The targets that formerly resembled humans or animals in their shape and size have are now a circular shape in order to avoid associating the sport with any form of violence. At the same time, some events have been dropped and new ones have been added. The 2004 Olympics featured three shooting disciplines (rifle, pistol, and shotgun) where athletes competed for 51 medals in 10 men's and 7 women's events—slightly fewer than the previous Olympic schedule.

In the Olympic Games, the shooting sport has always enjoyed the distinction of awarding the first medals of the Games. Internationally, theInternational Shooting Sport Federation(ISSF) has oversight of all Olympic shooting events worldwide, while National Governing Bodies (NGBs) administer the sport within each country.

Competition disciplines

Shooting at the Summer Olympicsincludes fifteen medal events, covering seven disciplines. Medal events are evenly distributed between rifle, pistol and shotgun with five events each. Three Mixed Pairs events were introduced to ensure gender equity between men's and women's events. They replaced 50m Prone Rifle, 50m Free Pistol and Double Trap which were all men-only events.

Rifle

• 50 meter rifle three positions (individual - men and women)
• 10 meter air rifle (individual - men and women)
• 10 meter air rifle (mixed pairs)

Pistol

• 25 meter rapid fire pistol (individual - men)
• 25 meter sport pistol (individual - women)
• 10 meter air pistol (individual - men and women)
• 10 meter air pistol (mixed pairs)

Shotgun

• Trap (men and women)
• Skeet (individual - men and women)
• Skeet (mixed pairs)

Gun shooting sports

High-speed photographyof the smoke of burntgunpowderand a.38 Specialbullet fired out of aSmith & Wesson Model 686revolver.

Gun shooting sports are shot with eitherfirearmsorair guns,which can behandguns,riflesorshotguns.

Handguns are handheldsmall armsdesigned to be shot off-hand without needing ashoulder stock.The two main subtypes of handguns arepistolsandrevolvers.They are much more convenient to carry in general, but usually have a shorter effective range and lessaccuracycompared tolong gunssuch as rifles. In shooting sports, revolvers andsemi-automatic pistolsare the most commonly used.

Arifleis along gunwith arifledbarrel,and requires the use of both hands to hold and brace against the shoulder via astockin order to shoot steadily. They generally have a longer range and greater accuracy than handguns, and are popular for hunting. In shooting sports,bolt-actionorsemi-automatic riflesare the most commonly used.

Ashotgunis similar to a rifle but oftensmoothboreand larger incaliber,and typically fires either ashellcontaining many smaller scattering sub-projectiles calledshots,or a single large projectile called aslug.In shooting sports, shotguns are more oftenover/under-typebreak actionorsemi-automatic shotguns,and the majority of shotgun events are included inclay pigeon shooting.

Bullseye shooting

A roundshooting targetwith several hits in the center, which is called "bullseye".

Bullseye shootingis a category of pistol and rifle shooting disciplines where the objective is to achieve as many points as possible by hitting a round shooting target as close to the middle as possible with slow precision fire. These disciplines place a large emphasis on precision and accuracy through sight picture, breath and trigger control.Fixed and relatively long time limits give the competitors time to concentrate for a perfect shot. An example of bullseye shooting is theISSFpistol and rifle disciplines, but there are also many other national and international disciplines which can be classified as bullseye shooting. The shooting distances are typically given in round numbers, such as 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 or 300 meters depending on firearm type and discipline. Competitions are usually shot from permanentshooting rangesand with the same target arrangement and distance from match to match. Usually the competitors each have their ownshooting targetand shoot beside each other simultaneously. Because of the relatively simple match format, beginners are often recommended bullseye shooting in order to learn the fundamentals of marksmanship.Bullseye shooting is part of theSummer Olympic Games,and a considerable amount of training is needed to become proficient.

Bullseye shooting with handguns

• There are sixISSF shooting eventswith pistols. These include three Olympic events, plus three events not included in the Olympic program but contested at World Championships. Their roots date back to the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, consisting of both precision slow-fire and rapid-fire target shooting from distances of 10, 25, and 50 meters. The specialised pistols offer anatomic grips, with competitors shooting one-handed. In the UK (except for Northern Ireland), it is no longer possible to practice for some of the Olympic events following theFirearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997,legislation brought in after theDunblane Massacre.
• TheCISMRapid Fire match is similar to theISSF 25 meter rapid fire pistolevent.
• NRA Precision Pistolis a bullseye shooting event where up to 3 handguns of differing calibers are used. Its history is almost as old as ISSF events. Shooters must fire the pistol one-handed at 6- and 8-inch bullseye targets placed 25 and 50 yards downrange respectively.
• Precision Pistol Competition(PPC), was originally a police shooting program started in 1960 by theNational Rifle Association of America.

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  The Men'sISSF 10 meter air pistolfinal in the2012 Summer Olympics.
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  Boris Kokorevfrom Russia during theISSF 50 meter pistol2007 World Cup in Munich.
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  Women's 10 meter air pistol at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Bullseye shooting with rifles

• The six rifleISSF shooting events(including two Olympic events:10 meter air rifleand50 meter rifle three positions) consist of slow-fire target shooting from distances of 10 or 50 or 300 metres (33 or 164 or 984 ft).
• Fullbore target rifleinvolves prone shooting with single-shot rifles at distances of 300yds to 1200yds. It is particularly popular in Britain and within theCommonwealth of Nations(mostly former constituents of the British Empire).
• Gallery rifle shootingis popular in the UK, using carbine rifles chambered in pistol calibres. Gallery Rifle was introduced as a substitute for many pistol shooting disciplines following the 1997handgun ban.
• High Power Rifle(also known as "Across the Course" or 'traditional' High power) in the United States is a format that shoots 3-position (standing, kneeling, or sitting, and prone) at 200, 300, and 600 yards. The term "Across the Course" is used because the match format requires the competitors to shoot at different distances to complete the course of fire.
• MilitaryService Rifle shootingis a shooting discipline that involves the use of rifles that are used by military forces and law-enforcement agencies, both past and present use. Ex-military rifles, sniper rifles (both past and present) and civilian versions of current use service rifles are commonly used in the Military Service Rifle shooting competitions. It is popular in the United States and culminates each year with the National Matches being held atCamp Perry,Ohio. Some countries have outlawed civilian shooting at human-silhouette targets; silhouette targets are not used in the National Match Course of Fire. Bullseye targets are used. High Power Rifle competition often is held at the same events as Service Rifle, such as the U.S. national championships each year at Camp Perry. High Power competitors generally are civilians using whatever rifles they prefer within the rules, whereas Service Rifle entrants are limited to current or previous U.S. armed forces weapons. Under NRA of America rules only certain matches allow optical sights, normally those conducted at ranges over 600 yards.
• Project Appleseedis a rifle marksmanship program by The Revolutionary War Veterans Association that teaches both rifle marksmanship and oral history regarding the American Revolutionary War. It shoots 3-position (standing, sitting, and prone) at 25 meters at reduced scale targets, simulating shooting at 100, 200, 300, and 400 yards. The techniques taught easily apply to transitioning toHigh Power Rifle.
• Full bore and small bore rifle shooting in the United Kingdom.
• Three positionairgun competitions, popular in theUnited States.
• Four positionsmall boreis a popular sport in the U.S, which adds Sitting to theThree positionsused internationally.

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  A junior shooter inSwitzerlandtarget shoots with aSIG 550.A brass catcher is fitted to avoid disturbing other shooters with the ejection.
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  Competitors shoot in an ISSF 50 metre prone competition inWales.A para-athlete shoots from a chair.
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  Two shooters during anISSF 300 meter rifle three positions(prone, kneeling and standing).

Field shooting

Field-Shootingor Terrain-Shootingrefer to a set of pistol and rifle shooting disciplines that usually are shot from temporary shooting ranges in outdoor terrain at varying (and sometimes unknown) distances, rather than at permanent shooting ranges at fixed distances.

Field shooting with handguns

• Nordic Handgun Field-Shooting competitions are shot with pistol and revolver in different classes depending on equipment,with classes up from small-bore.22 LR to large-bore.500 S&W Magnum.Matches are held outdoor throughout the year with variedshooting targetsand distances, and are arranged by theNorwegian Shooting Association(NSF), theDanish Gymnastics and Sports Associations(DGI Shooting) and theSwedish Pistol Shooting Association(SPSF).
• Swiss field shootingwith handguns is a discipline under theSwiss Shooting Sport Federationarranged under a common Swiss ruleset, and has been part of the annual field shooting championship since 1919 alongside field shooting with rifles, which have been arranged since 1899.

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  Nordic Handgun Field Shooting inArendal,Norwayin 2007.

Field shooting with rifles

• Nordic Rifle Field-Shootingare shot with either small-bore.22 LR cartridge at 100 meters, orintermediate(such as.223 Remingtonor6mm BR) or battle rifle cartridges (such as the6.5×55mm,.308 Winchesteror the.30-06 Springfield) at distances from 100 to 650 meters. With 200 and 300 meters being ordinary shooting distance in Nordic Bullseye Rifle-Shooting, those targets placed well beyond 300 meters in Rifle Field-Shooting means that the competition format also can be classified as along range shootingdiscipline. Matches are usually held in the winter season with varied targets, and are arranged by theNational Rifle Association of Norway(DFS), theDanish Gymnastics and Sports Associations(DGI Shooting) and theSwedish Shooting Sport Association(SvSF).
• Swiss field shootingwith rifles is a discipline under theSwiss Shooting Sport Federationarranged under a common Swiss ruleset. The annual Swiss Field Shooting Championship has been held since 1899. From 1919, Swiss field shooting with handguns has also been av part of the Swiss Field Shooting Championship.
• Precision rifle competitions,like thePrecision Rifle Series(PRS), is both a field and long range shooting discipline where rifles with intermediate or battle rifle cartridges are shot in the terrain at varying distances from about 10 to 1000 meters.
• Field Targetis an outdoorair gundiscipline originating in the United Kingdom, but gaining popularity worldwide.Hunter field targetis a variation offield target.

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  Nordic Rifle Field Shooting in Sweden during the winter in 2012.
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  The Norwegian Rifle Field Shooting Championship at the 2007Landsskytterstevnet.
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  Field-like shooting competition in USA using aNational Match M1.
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  Field target shooting in Germany

Rapid fire

Rapid fire with handguns

• TheISSF 25 meter pistolandISSF 25 meter rapid fire pistolevents are contested at the Olympic Games.
• The Bianchi Cup,a fusion ofIPSC(without the "run and gun" element) and bullseye shooting (except shot with two hands and going prone whenever rules allow it) where accuracy under tight time limits in four simulated scenarios, known as the "Event(s)", is the basis of this competition. Shooters must start with gun in the holster on every strings of fire and distances range from 10 to 50 yards.
• Fast draw,also known as quick draw, a form of pistol action shooting from North America, based on the romanticized art of the gunslingers in the American Old West, using traditional single action revolvers. But unlike Cowboy action shooting, Fast Draw is done with special blanks or wax bullets. While some competitions are strictly against the clock, with the fastest time winning, many are set up as head-to-head single or double elimination matches.

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  Female athlete competes in25 meter pistolevent
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  Keith Sanderson from USA during theISSF 25 meter rapid fire pistolevent at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
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  John Pride at the 2008Bianchi Cup.

Rapid fire with rifles

• TheCISMRapid Fire match is a sped-up version of the ISSF300 m Standard Rifleevent.
• Felthurtigskyting(literally Field Rapid Shooting) andStangskytingare a type of variable rapid-fire rifle competitions popular inScandinavia.

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  Stang-Shootingat the 2007Landsskytterstevnetin Norway. The nearest targets are placed at 155 meters, the farthest at 221 meters.
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  Field-Rapid-Shootingat the 2007Landsskytterstevnetin Norway.

Clay target

Main article:Shotgun (shooting sports)

Clay pigeon shootingare shotgun disciplines shot at flyingclay pigeon targets.

• The three Shotgun ISSF/ Olympic shooting events are all are based on quick reaction to clay targets thrown by machines called "Traps".
  • Skeet:Targets are either thrown in singles or doubles from two throwers called "traps" placed 40 meters apart.
  • Trap and Double Trap:Either one (trap) or two targets (double trap) are thrown from 15 meters in front of the shooter.
• TheFédération Internationale de Tir aux Armes Sportives de Chasse(FITASC)Compak Sportingis a type of shotgun sport shooting similar to sporting clays, trap and skeet.
• Other shotgun sports with (at least partial) international recognition includeSporting Clays,Down-The-Line/ATA andFive stand.

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  Trap shooting in USA.
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  Skeet shooting in USA.
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  Clay targets being placed in an automatic throwing machine.
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  Trap shooting at the 2015 World Police and Fire Games in USA.
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  Sketch of a Skeetshooting range.

Running target

Running target shootingrefers to a number of disciplines involving a shooting target—sometimes called aboar,moose,ordeer—that is made to move as if it is a running animal. Events of this type include:

• ISSF 10 meter running target
• ISSF 10 meter running target mixed
• ISSF 50 meter running target
• ISSF 50 meter running target mixed
• 100 m running moose,popular in Scandinavia both as a sport and hunting exercise. Competitions in Sweden are held at 80 meters.
• 100 meter running deer,also somewhatpopular in Scandinavia and Great Britain

Moving target

Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's moving target small-bore rifle

Disappearing target

Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's disappearing target small-bore rifle

Practical shooting

Practical shooting,also known asaction shootingordynamic shooting,is a generic term applicable to shooting sports where speed is of equal importance as precision. Many of the disciplines involve movement, and when using handguns they are often drawn from aholster.

• TheInternational Practical Shooting Confederation(IPSC) is the oldest and largest sanctioning body within practical shooting. IPSC is sometimes considered the "Formula One" of shooting sports, and is shot with handguns, rifles and shotguns. While theUnited States Practical Shooting Association(USPSA) is the U.S. regional affiliate of IPSC, many of USPSA's rules differ slightly from those used internationally. IPSC was developed by former police and civilian marksmen and later used as a basis for modern military and police exercises. It is a variation where the shooter often moves during shooting, and hits scored and shooting time are equally important. Stage procedure is generally not dictated (freestyle) and the shooter is allowed to determine the order and manner in which he or she engages the targets.
• International Defensive Pistol Association(IDPA) is an action shooting sport that uses semi-automatic handguns and revolvers with a strong emphasis on concealed shooting. Many aspects of stage engagement are dictated to competitors and penalties are given to competitors whom the safety officer determines attempted to gain a competitive advantage or engaged in a forbidden action with a "guilty mind" - that he knowingly failed to do right.
• Multigunare practical shooting events where each of the stages generally require the competitor to use and transition between a combination of rifles, handguns, and/ or shotgunsor other types of firearms. 3-Gun has a lot in common with ordinary IPSC/USPSA matches, having courses of fire where the shooter must move through different stages and engage targets in a variety of different positions.
• Steel Challengeis a speed shooting championship solely about shooting steel targets as fast as possible, and is governed by the Steel Challenge Shooting Association (SCSA). There are eight standardized courses of fire, and a special "stop plate" must be shot last to stop the timer.
• International Confederation of Revolver Enthusiasts(ICORE) is an international community which promotes action shooting competitions with revolvers. Founded in 1991, the sport has elements from the Bianchi Cup, IPSC, and the Steel Challenge.
• IPSC Action Airfollows the same principle ofIPSC,usingairsoftinstead of real firearms. The ranges, paper targets and poppers are scaled down to suit airsoft, and the sport enjoys popularity in countries such asTaiwan,Hong Kong,andJapanwhere civilian ownership of real firearms are either illegal or extremely difficult to obtain.
• Bowling pin shooting(primarily shot with handguns) has the competitors race against one another to knock standard bowling pins from a table in the shortest elapsed time.

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  An Open division practical pistol shooter during a stage.
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  A Norwegian practical rifle shooter at the2017 IPSC Rifle World Shootin Russia.
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  Three times practical revolver world championRicardo López Tugendhatfrom Ecuador.

Long range

Long range shootingis shooting held at such distances that sight adjustment based from judging atmospherical conditions become critical.

• Fullbore target shootingis concerned with shooting at targets at ranges of 300–1200 yards. The sport is internationally governed byICFRA,and is popular in the UK, US, Germany and Commonwealth countries. Similar disciplines called bullseye and field shooting are popular in Scandinavia, although fired at shorter distances.
  • "Target Rifle" (also known asPalma rifle) is an ICFRA fullbore competition format that dates from 1876, featuring long-range rifle shooting out to 1,000 yards. The first Palma match was contested by teams from the U.S., Australia, Canada, Scotland and Ireland (with muzzle loaded rifles at that time). The matches continued to the late 1920s, and the Palma trophy was eventually lost in Washington DC around the outbreak of WW2. The match was revived in the modern era in 1966 in Canada, and continues between teams from around the world. Regulations stipulate bolt-action rifles chambered in 7.62mm NATO caliber (Winchester.308) and firing Match Grade ammunition using a 155 grain bullet using micrometer aperture (iron) sights, or a 5.56mm NATO (.223 Remington) with a max bullet weight of 90 grains, and iron sights. Due to developments in modern bullet technology, an 85.5 grain bullet out of a.223 can out shoot a.308, with the right load.The last two International Long-range Target Rifle Matches were held in Australia in 2011 and the U.S. in 2015, were won by Great Britain.
  • F-Classis another ICFRA fullbore competition format shot with Fullbore Target Rifles at ranges up to 1000 yards, the rifles being fitted with telescopic sights and the use of fore-end and butt rests being permitted. This is a fast-growing variant of Fullbore Target Rifle. The 'F' honours George Farquharson, the Canadian inventor of F-Class.
• Precision Rifle Competitions,a relatively new long range competition format which seeks to find a balance between speed and precision, often involving movement and shooting from unusual positions with a time limit, at both known and unknown distances.
  • National Rifle League (NRL) is a501(c)(3)non-profit organizationdedicated to the growth and education of precision rifle shooting in the United States. Their match format allows any caliber between.224 to.308 and not to exceed 3,200 feet per second (980 m/s), involving at least 50 shooters with each firing minimum 140 rounds in at least 12 individual stages, over the course of at least two days. Since its debut in 2017, currently 11 clubs from eight states are involved in the league.
  • National Rifle League 22 (NRL22) is a sub-league under the National Rifle League dedicated to.22 Long Riflerimfirerifles. It was established to address the fact that most localities do not have access to 1000 yard ranges, but nearly all localities have 100-yard ranges and most shooters own.22 rifles. Their championship match consist of minimum 170 rounds fired in at least 15 individual stages. Currently 68 clubs from 31 states in the US participate in NRL22 matches, with addition to two overseas clubs from UK and Australia.
• T-Class Shooting Sport Competitions. Practical sniping with precision rifle systems is a shooting sport, which gains tremendous popularity worldwide over a short period of time. It concentrates on shooting onto static or dynamic targets of various distances (known and unknown), from different positions, under artificially created, but realistic stressful circumstances. It proves to be extremely interesting both for implementation and observation, due to its demanding level of difficulty.The International T-Class Confederation(ITCC) is a non-profit organization, which is founded in 2014 for the purpose of promotion of the T-Class shooting sport internationally, with headquarters residing in Bulgaria. It offers a Set of Rules for designing and managing T-Class Competitions.

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  Fullbore target rifle( "Palma" ) shooting in Canada in 2011.
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  AnICFRA F-Classrifle equipped with a scope and bipod.

Benchrest

Benchrest shootingis concerned with shooting small groups with the rifleman sitting on a chair (bench) and the rifle supported from a table. Of all shooting disciplines, this is the most demanding equipment-wise. Depending on equipment class, international benchrest competitions are governed by either theWorld Benchrest Shooting FederationorWorld Rimfire and Air Rifle Benchrest Federation.

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  AnAnschütz1903 rifle in caliber.22 LR used for benchrest shooting at 50 meters.
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  A BCM Europearms single shot benchrest rifle.

Metallic silhouette

Metallic silhouettecompetitors shoot at animal-shaped steel silhouettes (chickens, pigs, turkeys and rams) that must be knocked down to score. Banks of 5 targets are placed at up to 500 meters, with distance and size of target determined by firearm class. Classes include Handguns, Small Bore Rifle (Hunter, Silhouette), High Power Rifle (Hunter, Silhouette), air rifle and black powder rifle. Handguns used in the Unlimited Categories are rifle-like in appearance;Thompson Contender,Remington XP-100,and other pistols are chambered in rifle calibers with the power,aerodynamicefficiency, andexternal ballisticsrequired for precise shooting at 200 meters. There are silhouette categories appropriate for virtually all types of adjustable sight pistols and rifles, only excluding high-velocity armor-piercing rounds that would damage targets. Targets for open sighted guns are placed between 25 and 200 meters, and are designed to provide a usable size of the hit zone of about 1.5milliradians(or 5minutes of arc).

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  Cut cardboard targets of the same shape and sizes which are used for IHMSAmetal targetsinmetallic silhouette shooting.
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  Chicken, pig, turkey, and ram. The different targets are placed at different distances, and in this image the targets are scaled to how they would appear to the shooter inangular sizes(milormoa).

Western

• Cowboy action shooting(CAS) is almost identical to USPSA and IDPA stage design but with Western cowboy-themed props. Competitors shoot with historical long guns and revolvers, and are required to use a themed alias and authentic dress.
• Cowboy mounted shooting,also called Western Mounted Shooting or simply Mounted Shooting, is a competitive equestrian sport involving the riding of ahorseto negotiate a shooting pattern. Rule sets vary between shooting sport organizations, it can be based on thehistorical reenactmentof historic shooting events held atWild West showsin the late 19th century. Modern events useblank ammunitioninstead of live rounds, certified to break a target balloon within twenty feet.

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  ACowboy action shooterfiring a lever action rifle atsteel targets.The Range Officer to the left is holding ashooting timerto measure the time.
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  Scenery in aWesternscenario.
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  The shooter uses different firearms during a stage. In this stage revolvers were used at the close range blue targets and a lever action at the red targets furthest away.
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  Cowboy mounted shooting at the 2012 AQHA Mounted Shooting World Championship.

Muzzleloading

Muzzleloadingare concerned with shootingreplica(orantique) guns.

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  Competitor shooting at 1000 yards (914.4 meters) laying on back
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  Competitor from Team Norway shooting at 1000 yards (914.4 meters)
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  Replica Rigby rifle used at the 2015 MLAIC Muzzleloading Long Range Championship
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  A member of Team USA loading his blackpowder rifle

Para shooting

Paralympic shooting,also known as "shooting Para sport", is an adaptation of shooting sports for competitors with disabilities. Paralympic shooting first appeared in theSummer Paralympicsat the1976 Toronto Games.Para shooting is internationally governed by theInternational Paralympic Committee.To help establish fair competition, a shooting classification calledPara-shooting classificationis in place for theParalympic Games.

The events mirror to some extent the shooting events at the Olympic Games. Air Pistol is typically shot from a seated position with the pistol unsupported. The amount of back-support permitted is determined by the athlete's level of disability. The Air Rifle events include Rifle "Standing", which is shot seated like Air Pistol, with variable levels of back support. "Prone" Rifle uses the basicprone shooting positionutilising a sling for the supporting arm, but is shot rested on a table with the athlete seated either in a chair or wheelchair.

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  Para shooting with a rifle sitting in awheelchair.
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  Para "Prone" modifies the basicprone shooting positionto be shot from a table.

Competitions using factory and service firearms

Shooting competitions for factory and service firearms,usually called Service Rifle, Service Pistol, Production, Factory or Stock, describe a set of disciplines or equipment classes where the types of permitted firearms are subject totype approvaland few aftermarket modifications are permitted. Thus the terms refer to permitted equipment and modifications rather than the type of shooting format itself. The names Service Rifle and Service Pistol stem from that the equipment permitted for these types of competitions traditionally were based onstandard issuefirearms used by one or several armed forces and civilian versions of these, while the terms Production, Factory and Stock often are applied to more modern disciplines with similar restrictions on equipment classes. Factory and service classes are oftenrestrictivein nature, and the types of firearms permitted are usually rugged, versatile and affordable. In comparison, more expensive custom competition equipment are popular in morepermissiveequipment classes. Both types of equipment classes can be found within many disciplines, such asbullseye,field,practicalandlong range shooting.

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  Service rifle shooting inSloveniawith theZastava M48rifle.
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  Service rifle shooting inUnited Stateswith anM16/AR-15style rifle.

Plinking

Plinkingrefers to informaltarget shootingdone for pleasure or practice typically at non-standard targets such astin cans,logs,cartons,fruits,or any other homemade or naturally occurring objects like rocks (however, it is unsafe to shoot at rocks) or tree branches. The primary appeals of plinking as a sport are the broad variety of easily available locations, minimal costs, freedom in practice styles, and more relaxing and less restrictive shooting experience.

The flexibility of target choice is also why plinking is popular. A small, three-dimensional target in an outdoors setting is much more akin to a real-worldhuntingandvarmintingscenario, presenting a better simulated opportunity to practice shooting skills. A plinking target will also often react much more positively to a hit than apaper targetused in formal competitions, either audibly with a sharp impact sound (hence the name "plink" ) or visually by bouncing, splattering or falling over.Steel targetsused for formalactionandlong range shootingcompetitions are also popular for plinking due to the ease of setting up and confirming good hits.

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  A woman plinking with a Hi-Point pistol in.40 S&W in Alaska.
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  Plinking with a Ruger 10/22 rifle in Burro Canyon, Arizona, US.
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  Plinking on a Saturday in Burro Canyon, Arizona, US. On this range firearms must be kept unloaded in the rack, except when on the firing line.

Athletic shooting sports

Athletic shooting sports are hybrid events of normally stationary shooting sport competitions and thesport of athleticsor other physically demanding non-shooting sports. Many were borne from military exercises and emphasize physical endurance.

• IBU Biathlonis aWinter Olympicsport combiningcross-country skiing(normally freestyle skate skiing) and shooting with.22 LR rifles.In Scandinavia the discipline is simply known as "Ski Shooting" (Swedish:skidskytte,Danish:skiskydning,Norwegian:skiskyting).
• Bike biathlonorvelo biathlon(RussianВелобиатлон) combinescycling(roadormountain bike) and shooting (handgunorrifle).
• ISSF Target Sprintcombines medium-range run (3 × 400 m) andairgunshooting.
• Modern pentathlonis aSummer Olympicsportincludes a combined event calledLaser-runthat consists of 4 laps of 800 metres combined with 4 rounds of timed shooting with alaser air pistolas one of its original five parts.
• Nordic Ski Field Shooting (Norwegian:skifeltskyting,Swedish:skidfältskytte) is a Nordic discipline organised by theNational Rifle Association of Norwayand theSwedish Shooting Sport Associationwhich is based on the origins of modern biathlon. It is normally held usingclassic (in-track) skiing,but competitions can also be held in a freestyleskate skiingformat. Furthermore, shooting is done with fullbore calibers and usually in the field from temporary shooting ranges. The discipline is considered as a near precursor to modern biathlon.
• Nordic shooting with cross-country running(Norwegian:skogsløp,Swedish:springfältskytte) is a Nordic discipline arranged by theNational Rifle Association of Norwayand theSwedish Shooting Sport Associationwhich combines running with shooting. It is considered the summer edition of Ski Field Shooting. Running distances are usually between 2 and 3 kilometers with 2 to 3 shooting series.
• Military patrolwas a teamwinter sportin which athletes competed in cross-country skiing,ski mountaineeringandrifle shooting.It was usually contested between countries ormilitary units.
• Moose biathon(FinnishHirvenhiihto) is a variation of biathlon comprising cross-country skiing, range estimation and rifle shooting at paper targets of moose.Moose shooting with cross-country running(FinnishHirvenjuoksu) is a summer variant where the skiing part is replaced with running.
• Orienteering shooting(Finnishampumasuunnistus) combines shooting with orienteering, and competitions are organised in Denmark byDMSA,in Sweden by the civilianSwedish Multisport Associationand in Finland by theFRSF.
• Pistol shooting with cross-country running(maastokilpailu), organized in Finland by theFRSF.
• Pistol skiing(Norwegianpistollangren,Swedishpistolskidskytte,Finnishpistooliammuntahiihto) is biathlon with pistols and revolvers, and is organised in Norway byNROF,in Sweden bySPSAand in Finland by theFRSF.
• Summer biathlon,with skiing replaced by either running or rollerskis, is popular inGermany.
• Ski Archery is a variation of biathlon combining archery marksmanship with cross country skiing.
• Underwater target shootingis a combinedunderwaterand shooting sport that tests a competitors' ability to accurately use aspeargunvia a set of individual and team events conducted in aswimming poolusingfree divingor Apnoea technique.

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  Germanmilitary patrolinGiant Mountainsin 1932.
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  Standing phase at the2018 Biathlon World Cupin Oberhof.
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  Ole Einar BjørndaleninTrondheimduring the 2009Biathlon World Cup.
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  Bike biathlon competition using handguns.

Bow shooting sports

Archery

Modern competitive archeryinvolves shootingarrowsat a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. A person who participates in archery is typically called an archer or a bowman, and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite. The most popular competitions worldwide are calledtarget archery.Another form, particularly popular in Europe and America, isfield archery,which generally is shot at targets set at various distances in a wooded setting. 3D archery, which differs from field archery in that the targets are animal models, is also quite popular in the same regions. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms, as well as archery novelty games. The tournament rules vary from organization to organization.World Archery Federationrules are often considered normative, but large non-WA-affiliated archery organizations do exist with different rules. Competitive archery in the United States is governed by USA Archery and National Field Archery Association (NFAA), which also certifies instructors.Run archeryis a shooting discipline connecting archery with running.

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  Target shooting with arecurve bow.
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  Archery competition inMönchengladbach,West Germany,June 1983.

Crossbow

Main article:Match crossbow

TheInternational Crossbow Shooting Union(Internationale Armbrustschützen Unionor IAU) was founded inLandshut,Germanyon June 24, 1956, as the world governing body forcrossbowtarget shooting. The IAU supervises World, Continental and International crossbow shooting championships in 3 disciplines; 30 m Match-crossbow, 10 m Match-crossbow and Field-crossbow shooting. IAU World Championships take place every two years with Continental Championships on intervening years. Other International and IAU-Cup events take place annually.World Crossbow Shooting Association(WCSA) organises competitions in 7 disciplines: Target, Target match play, Forest, Forest match play, 3D, Bench & prone target and Indoor target.

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  Anna Sushko of Russia, 2006 Junior World Champion, holding an ICU 10 m Match Crossbow
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  A competitor at the 30 meter event at the 2008 ICU Match-Crossbow World Championships inSulgen,Switzerland.

Dart shooting sports

Sport blowgun

There are several competition styles ofsport blowgunpractised around the world. A standardization of competition style is based uponfukiya,and governed by the International Fukiyado Association. It is a 10-metre target shooting, using a standardized barrel caliber and length, and a standardized dart length and weight as outlined by IFA. There are two more styles, both based upon the Cherokee Annual Gathering Blowgun Competition. The Field Style competition is similar to the winter Biathlon, where the shooter runs from a starting line to a target lane, shoots and retrieves the darts, and continues to the next station. The course length varies from 400 to 800 m with from 9 to 16 targets at various heights and shooting distances. The final style is the Long Distance target shoot. The target is a circle of 24 cm diameter, and the firing line is 20 m away. Three darts are fired by each shooter, at least one of which must stick in the target. All successful shooters move to the next round, moving back 2 m each time.

Confrontational shooting sports

Confrontational shooting sports is a set of relatively newteam sportsusingnon-lethal ranged weaponsthat are safe enough to shoot at other people. Previously such games were not possible due to safety concerns since bows and guns are generally too lethal and dangerous for human targets, but the development of newerairgunandinfraredtechnologies allowed for the development of safe confrontational disciplines. While initially only for sport and recreations, professional sport competitions are now held. These type of games are also used for tacticalgunfighttraining by military and law enforcement agencies to some extent.

Olympic dueling

Olympic duelingis an archaic individual sport that sought to safely emulate the deadly practice of pistolduelling,akin tofencingemulating sword fighting. It involved the use of specially builtprimer-fired pistols to propelwax bullets.Two versions of the sport weredemonstration eventsat the1906 Olympicsand1908 Olympics.It was also a popular sport in France.

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  A duel at the 1908 Olympics.
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  Portrait shots of Olympic duelists, showing their safety equipment and modified guns.

Paintball

Paintballis a competitive sport in which players from opposing teams eliminate opponents out of play by hitting them with round, breakable,dye-filledoilandgelatinpellets ( "paintballs" ), shot fromHPA/CO₂-poweredair gunscalledpaintball markers.It can be played on indoor or outdoor fields scattered with natural or artificial terrain, which players use for tactical cover. Paintball game types vary, but can includecapture the flag,elimination, ammunition limits, defending or attacking a particular point or area, or capturing objects of interest hidden in the playing area. Depending on the variant played, games can last from seconds to hours, or even days inscenario play.The game was developed in the 1980s and is now regularly played at a formal sporting level with organized competition involving major tournaments, professional teams and players.

• National Xball League is theUnited States' professional paintball circuit. The league consists of a Professional Division, consisting of the best players the sport has to offer, that extends down to the beginner ranks of "Division 5" for those newer to the tournament atmosphere. The league hosts five national events across the country in places such asLas Vegas,Dallas,Nashville,Cleveland,Chicago,Atlantic CityandOrlandothroughout the year, starting in March and ending their season in early November. The league's largest event each year is the season finale known as the World Cup, with the 2016 World Cup hosted 3,554 players from 35 countries.
• National Collegiate Paintball Associationis an all-volunteer,non-profit organizationcreated by United States college players. The goal of the NCPA is to promote the positive aspects of the sport in an intercollegiate manner. The NCPA consists of two distinct classes which competes separately — Class AA is an open-class division where any college may enter and compete in regional and national tournaments. Class A is a closed-class division where only certain colleges may compete after securing a bid in the previous season, and represents the best talent of college paintball and includes universities such asDrexel University,University of Maryland,Illinois State University,Purdue University,University of Connecticut,Penn State Universityand 10 other teams across three conferences all fighting for a national title. The association's 2007 playoff tournament was aired onFox Sports Net's digital cable college sports network,Fox College Sports.

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  Players next to an inflatableSup'Airbunker.
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  View of a course during aspeedballgame in progress.

Airsoft

Airsoftis a competitive sport similar in concept to paintball, in which participants from opposing teams eliminate opponents by hitting each other withsolid round plastic pelletslaunched from low-poweredsmoothboreair gunscalledairsoft guns.It is different from paintball in that airsoft pellets do not visibly mark the targets like paintballs, and thus the sport relies heavily on anhonor systemwhere a hit player has the ethical duty to call himself out of play, regardless of whether anyone else sees it happen. Most airsoft guns are also magazine-fed (unlike the commonly top-mounting pellet loader of paintball markers) with mounting platforms compatible with real firearm accessories, and tend to more closely resemble real guns in appearance, making them more popular formilitary simulationandhistorical reenactments.The greater toughness of airsoft pellets also allows the use of better powerplants and apparatus such ashop-up devicefor improvedexternal ballistics,making the gameplay more accurately resemble real gunfights. They are also much cheaper for casual players to participate than paintball.

Airsoft gameplay varies in style and composition just like paintball and is played in both indoor and outdoor courses. Situations on the field frequently involve the use of real-lifemilitary tacticsto achieve objectives, and it is not uncommon for participants to emulate the uniforms and equipment of real military and police organizations for a sense of realism. Games are normally supervised (and sometimes umpired) by trained on-site administrators, and players' airsoft guns are usually checked through achronographto enforce power output restrictions.

There are currently no formal national or internationalgoverning bodiesfor the airsoft sport. Competitive tournaments are usually organized by private clubs or among enthusiasts andprofessional/semi-professionalteams (often referred to as "clans" ), with rules and restrictions varying from event to event.

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  Three airsoft team members defending an area during an indoor CQB game.
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  From an outdoor airsoft game.
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  Three airsoft team members during a field game.

Laser tag

Laser tag(despite the name,laseris actually not used due tosafety concerns) is atag gameplayed withinfraredlight gunsandsensorsworn on the body of the players. Since its birth in 1979, laser tag has evolved in both indoor and outdoor games, each with gameplay styles such as annihilation,capture the flag,domination, VIP protection, (usuallysci-fi)role playing,etc. When compared topaintballandairsoft,laser tag is painless and very safe because it involves noprojectileimpacts, and indoor games may be considered less physically demanding because most indoor venues prohibit running or roughhousing.

• Zone Laser Tag World Championships were international tournaments among professional/semi-professional teams from North American, Europe and Australia, hosted every few years since 2003.
• Bi-lateral international championships have included USA vs. Australia and Australia vs. South Africa.
• National tournaments in various countries including Australia, US, Sweden, Finland, UK, etc.
• Private club-level events such as TagCon (annual in UK and US), Tagfest (annual in US), Dropzone (annual in UK), LaserStorm (annual in Australia), etc.

More sophisticated forms of laser tag, such asMILES,are used (in conjunction withblanks) by militaries to allow for non-lethal combat training.

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  An indoor laser tag competition atLong Beach, Californiain 2011.
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  Soldiers equipped with laser tag training equipment

Archery Tag

Archery Tagis a form of combat archery sport where participants shoot one another using a bow with arrows with largefoamtips. The game's rules closely resembledodgeball.The game begins with a number of arrows in the center of the arena. At the whistle, players race to collect them, before firing them at one another across the playing field. A player is eliminated if struck by an arrow, and a player can bring an eliminated teammate back into play by catching an arrow. To avoid injury, participants wearprotective facemasksand use bows with less than 30 pounds (14 kg) draw weight. It was invented in 2011 by John Jackson ofAshley, Indiana,and experienced a boost in popularity from theHunger Gamesbooks andfilm series,which feature a bow-wielding protagonistKatniss Everdeen.Jackson staged Archery Tag games at local premieres of the films. By 2014, Jackson had licensed the game to 170 locations, mostly in theUnited States,but also inRussia,PeruandSaudi Arabia.

Battle gaming variants of Archery Tag also exist, such asDagorhir,Amtgard,BelegarthandDarkon,where archers are pitted amongmeleeplayers weldingfoam weaponsto simulatemedievalbattles.

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  A game of archery tag inToronto

Esports

Esportsis the competitive playing ofvideo games,often referring to play at the professional level. While the term esports includes many types of video games unrelated to shooting sports, a major subset of esports are theshooters,namelyfirst-person shootersandthird-person shooters.Matches of these games can take a variety of forms but traditionally take formats similar to paintball, involving teams of players whose objective is to eliminate the opposing team in simulated combat, often while also focusing other key objectives. Major games of these styles currently in professional play include (among others)Counter-Strike: Global Offensive,Overwatch,Team Fortress 2,Valorant,andPlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds.Organized play is done bothonlineor in-person. While there has been serious interest toinclude esports in the Olympics and similar events,the inclusion of shooters has been less welcomed due to their often violent visual content.

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  Casual players playing a shooter at the 2013Intel Extreme MastersinKatowice,Poland.
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  A live professionalCS:GOmatch in 2016.

See also

• List of shooting sports organizations
• Shooting sports in Canada
• Shooting ranges in the United States
• Shooting ranges in Switzerland
• Shooting targets
• Air travel with firearms and ammunition
• Plinking
• Shot grouping
• Schützenverein

Further reading

• Axford, Ray.Archery Anatomy: An introduction to techniques for improved performance(Souvenir Press, 2017).
• Björklund, Glenn. "Shooting efficiency for winners of World Cup and World Championship races in men's and women's biathlon: where is the cut-off?"International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport18.4 (2018): 545-553.
• Chen, Yin-Ting, and Derick Mordus. "Shooting sports (archery, air rifle, trapshooting)." inAdaptive Sports Medicine(Springer, Cham, 2018) pp. 313–322.
• George, Judith Jenkins. "Women's Riflery Teams: A Collegiate Anomaly of the Post World War I Period."Sport History Review23.1 (1992): 32-45.
• Goldschmied, Nadav, and Jason Kowalczyk. "Gender performance in the NCAA rifle championships: where is the gap?"Sex Roles74.7 (2016): 310-322.online
• Ihalainen, Simo, et al. "Relation of elite rifle shooters' technique-test measures to competition performance."International journal of sports physiology and performance11.5 (2016): 671-677.
• Ihalainen, Simo, et al. "Which technical factors explain competition performance in air rifle shooting?"International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching13.1 (2018): 78-85.
• Reeves, W. P. "The Adoption of Military Rifle Shooting as an Intercollegiate Sport."American Physical Education Review23.3 (1918): 157-159.
• Spancken, Sina, Hannah Steingrebe, and Thorsten Stein. "Factors that influence performance in Olympic air-rifle and small-bore shooting: A systematic review"PLOS ONE16.3 (2021): e0247353online.
• Wadge, Richard.Archery in Medieval England: Who Were the Bowmen of Crecy?(The History Press, 2012).
• Wallace, Lacey N. "College Student Involvement in Hunting and Shooting Sports: What Drives Participation?"Recreational Sports Journal44.2 (2020): 126-138.

External links

• Get Inspired: How to get into Shooting - BBC Sport
• How to get into shooting - Shooting UK