St Mawes Castle
St Mawes Castle | |
---|---|
Falmouth, Cornwall,England | |
![]() The Henrician castle, seen from the landward side | |
Coordinates | 50°09′17″N5°01′26″W/ 50.15486°N 5.02377°W |
Type | Device Fort |
Site information | |
Owner | English Heritage |
Open to the public | Yes |
Condition | Intact |
Site history | |
Built | 1540–42 |
Built by | Thomas Treffry |
In use | English civil war. |
Materials | Slate rubble, granite |
Events | English Civil War,Second World War |
Official name | St Mawes Castle |
Designated | 9 October 1981 |
Reference no. | 1013807 |
Listed Building– Grade I | |
Official name | St Mawes Castle, gatehouse, blockhouse, magazine and outer defences |
Designated | 25 June 1985 |
Reference no. | 1136705 |
St Mawes Castle(Cornish:Kastel Lannvowsedh) is an artillery fort constructed byHenry VIIInearFalmouth,Cornwall,between 1540 and 1542. It formed part of the King'sDevice programmeto protect against invasion from France and theHoly Roman Empire,and defended theCarrick Roadswaterway at the mouth of theRiver Fal.The castle was built under the direction ofThomas Treffryto acloverleaf design, with a four-storey central tower and three protruding, roundbastionsthat formed gun platforms. It was initially armed with 19artillery pieces,intended for use against enemy shipping, operating in partnership with its sister castle of Pendennis on the other side of the estuary. During theEnglish Civil War,St Mawes was held byRoyalistsupporters of KingCharles I,but surrendered to aParliamentaryarmy in 1646 in the final phase of the conflict.
The castle continued in use as a fort through the 18th and 19th centuries. In the early 1850s, fears of a fresh conflict with France, combined with changes in military technology, led to the redevelopment of the fortification. The out-dated Henrician castle was turned into abarracksand substantial gunbatterieswere constructed beneath it, equipped with the latestnaval artillery.In the 1880s and 1890s an electrically operatedminefieldwas laid across the River Fal, operated from St Mawes and Pendennis, and new,quick-firing gunswere installed at St Mawes to support these defences. After 1905, however, St Mawes' guns were removed, and between 1920 and 1939 it was run by the state as atourist attraction.
Brought back into service in theSecond World War,naval artillery and ananti-aircraft gunwere installed at the castle to defend against the risk of German attack. With the end of the war, St Mawes again returned to use as a tourist attraction. In the 21st century, the castle is operated byEnglish Heritage.The castle has elaborate, carved 16th-century decorations includingsea monstersandgargoyles,and the historian Paul Pattison has described the site as "arguably the most perfect survivor of all Henry's forts".
The castle is a scheduled monument[1]and Grade Ilisted building.[2]
History
[edit]16th–17th centuries
[edit]Construction
[edit]St Mawes Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England,Franceand theHoly Roman Empirein the final years of the reign of KingHenry VIII.Traditionallythe Crownhad left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely.[3]Basic defences, based around simpleblockhousesand towers, existed in the south-west and along theSussexcoast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.[4]
In 1533, Henry broke with PopePaul IIIin order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife,Catherine of Aragonand remarry.[5]Catherine was the aunt ofCharles V,the Holy Roman Emperor, and he took the annulment as a personal insult.[6]This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England.[7]An invasion of England appeared certain.[8]In response, Henry issued an order, called a "device",in 1539, giving instructions for the" defence of the realm in time of invasion "and the construction of forts along the English coastline.[9]
The stretch of water known asCarrick Roadsat the mouth of theRiver Falwas an importantanchorageserving shipping arriving from theAtlanticand theMediterranean,and plans were made to protect it with five castles.[10]In the event, only two of these were constructed, St Mawes andPendennis,positioned on each side of Carrick Roads.[11]The two castles' guns could provide overlapping fire across the water, while St Mawes also overlooked a separate anchorage on the eastern side of the estuary.[11]The construction work began in 1540, under the direction ofThomas Treffry,a prominent member of the local gentry appointed to act as the project's Clerk of Works byLord Admiral Russell.[12]By later that year, the castle was described as being "half-made", with most of the build having been finished by 1542.[13]The total cost of the project was £5,018.[14][a]
Thecloverleaf shaped castle, with an additional small blockhouse at the water's edge below, was armed with 19artillery pieces- ademi-cannon,ademi-culverin,ademi-sling,fiveslings,fourportpiecesand sevenbases- along with 12 large hagbusshes, a form ofarquebus.[16]The artillery was originally mounted in the castle's stonebastionsand was intended as "ship-sinking" weapons for use against enemy vessels.[17]A smaller blockhouse was constructed beneath the main castle, at sea level; this may have been constructed ahead of the main castle build as a form of early protection.[18]Normally the castle would have held a small garrison, which would have been supplemented by the local militia in the event of a crisis; St Mawes had 18billhooksand 30bowsin its stores, probably for the use of the militia in such a situation.[19]
Initial operation
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St_Mawes_Castle_2.jpg/220px-St_Mawes_Castle_2.jpg)
Michael Vyvyan, a member of the local gentry, was appointed as the first captain of St Mawes and the surrounding land in 1544, and was followed byHannibal Vyvyanin 1561.[20]On Vyvyan's death in 1603, his son, SirFrancis Vyvyan,became captain.[21]The captains of St Mawes frequently argued with those of Pendennis Castle and in 1630 a legal dispute broke out about the rights to search and detain incoming shipping: both castles argued that they had a traditional right to do so.[22]TheAdmiraltyissued a compromise, proposing that the castles share the incoming traffic.[23]Sir Francis was dismissed from office in 1632, accused of "practising a variety of deceptions" at St Mawes, including falsely claiming wages for non-existent members of the garrison, and was replaced by first Sir Robert Le Grys and thenThomas Howard,theEarl of ArundelandSurrey.[24]
Meanwhile, the invasion threat from France passed and a lasting peace was made in 1558, but the Spanish threat to the south-west of England grew in importance to the government.[25]War broke out in 1569, with the threat of invasion and the garrison at St Mawes was strengthened: in 1578 it comprised 100 soldiers.[26]An additional battery of guns was built to allow the fort to fire further upriver.[27]Fears of a Spanish attack continued especially after the failedArmada of 1597;two earth and timber bastions were built out from the original stone castle to hold guns, eventually becoming the main batteries for the castle.[28]By 1623 the castle held two brass culverins, six iron culverins, one demi-culverin and onesaker,with a small garrison of 14 men, overseen by a captain and a lieutenant.[29]A survey in 1634 indicated structural problems, and suggested that £534 was needed for repairs.[30][a]
English Civil War and Restoration
[edit]Whencivil warbroke out in 1642 between KingCharles IandParliament,St Mawes and the south-west of England was held by the Royalists.[31]The growing town of Falmouth was a strategically important part of their supply routes to the Continent, while Carrick Roads formed a base for Royalist piracy in theEnglish Channel.[31]The war turned in favour of the Parliamentarians and, by March 1646,Thomas Fairfaxhad entered Cornwall with a substantial army.[31]
The captain of St Mawes, Major Hannibal Bonithon, was invited by ColonelJohn Arundell,captain of Pendennis Castle, to join them in defending his stronger fortress, but Bonithon and his men quickly surrendered to the Parliamentarians instead without putting up any resistance.[32]This decision has been put down to a result of war-weariness, the large numbers of Parliamentary troops facing them and the generous surrender terms on offer, although the 19th-century historian Samuel Oliver also suspected that Bonithon might have had Parliamentarian sympathies.[32]160small armsand 13 artillery pieces were captured: the castle's guns were removed and redeployed in the siege of Pendennis, which fell that August.[33]
The castle was placed on a "care and maintenance" footing, with a skeleton garrison.[34]Parliament appointed George Kekewich as the new captain and he probably remained in post until therestorationofCharles IIto the throne in 1660, when SirRichard Vyvyan,Sir Francis's son, took over command.[35]Richard inherited a garrison of 13 men, which he considered insufficient.[36]Richard's son, SirVyel Vyvyan,became captain in turn on his father's death, but he had no heirs and separated the castle's lands from the captaincy, selling them toJohn Granville,theEarl of Bath.[37]
18th–19th centuries
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/View_from_St_Mawes_Castle%2C_1875.jpg/220px-View_from_St_Mawes_Castle%2C_1875.jpg)
The castle continued in use as a fort through the 18th and 19th centuries under the command of successive captains, still operating in conjunction with Pendennis. A review by ColonelChristian Lillyin 1714 reported that the fortification was in a satisfactory condition, and in the 1730s, St Mawes was equipped with 17 artillery pieces, including six 24-pounder (11 kg) cannons, mostly positioned in the batteries beneath the Henrician castle.[38]Britain's wars with France in the late-18th century made the defence of Falmouth critical and from 1775 until 1780 the local militia was called up to defend St Mawes.[39]By the 1780s, the castle was equipped with over 30 pieces of heavy artillery.[40]There were repeated concerns emerged about its ordnance, however, and an inspection in 1797 during theFrench Revolutionary Warsfound that only one 24-pounder gun was serviceable.[38]
In 1796, a new gun battery was created atSt Anthony Head,just along the coast from St Mawes.[41]For a period this battery became the primary defensive position on the east side of the estuary, although in 1805 St Mawes was still armed with ten 24-pounder guns.[41]The poetLord Byron,visiting in 1809, complained that St Mawes was "extremely well calculated for annoying every body except an enemy", and commented that the fort was garrisoned by only one, elderly man.[42]At the end of theNapoleonic Warsin 1815, the St Anthony's battery was closed but St Mawes remained in use, albeit being operated once again on a "care and maintenance" basis in the post-war years.[43]
Falmouth Harbour became one of the most important ports in England during the 19th century, attracting much of thetransatlanticshipping trade.[44]The Tudor office of the captaincy was abolished in 1849, with the death of the final incumbent, SirGeorge Nugent,and the command of the garrison became a regular military appointment.[45]In the early 1850s, fears of a conflict with France led to a review of the state of the harbour's defences.[43]The development ofironclad warshipsequipped withrifledguns meant that St Mawes required a comprehensive overhaul.[43]A new Grand Sea Battery andmagazinewas built beneath the Henrician castle, linked with deep passages, and equipped with eight 56-pound (25 kg) and four 64-pounder (29 kg)rifled muzzle loaderguns.[46]The old castle was used as abarracksbut, since it could only hold 30 men, St Mawes was typically used as a training base and manned by militia and volunteer units.[47]
Fresh concerns about France rose in the 1880s, and an electrically operatedminefieldwas laid across Carrick Roads in 1885, jointly controlled from St Mawes and Pendennis.[48]Additionalcontact mineswere added, forcing incoming vessels to sail into a channel alongside St Mawes, illuminated with electric search lights.[49]As part of this transformation, the castle's 64-pounder guns were partially replaced with light,quick-firing gunsin the 1890s, able to engage anytorpedo boatsormine sweepersattempting to break through the defences.[48]The batteries for these were found to be poorly sited, and an additional battery was therefore built above the Henrician castle between 1900 and 1901, again for housing quick-firing guns.[50]
20th–21st centuries
[edit]A 1905 review of the Falmouth defences concluded that the naval artillery at St Mawes had become superfluous, as the necessary guns could be mounted at combination of Pendennis and the recently re-established battery at St Anthony's instead.[51]Disarmed, St Mawes was then used as a barracks in theFirst World War.[51]In 1920 the castle was transferred to the control of the government's Office of Works, and was opened to visitors, being promoted as a tourist destination by theGreat Western Railwaycompany who hoped to profit by increased numbers of visitors to Falmouth.[52]
With the outbreak of theSecond World Warin 1939, St Mawes was reoccupied by the British Army.[53]In late 1941, the No 173 Coast Battery took over running a new, twin 6-pounder (2.7 kg) battery positioned just north-west of the castle, combined with a 40-millimetre (1.6 in)Bofors guncloser to the castle for anti-aircraft protection, and searchlights along the base of the Grand Sea Magazine.[53]Some of the 115-strong garrison lived in a localNissen hut,with the remainder housed in St Mawes itself.[53]
The castle was removed from active service in January 1945 and reopened to the public the following year.[54]The Second World War gun battery was finally closed in 1956 after several years of use as a training site.[54]Between 1945 and 1970, much of the Victorian earthwork and concrete defences were cleared from the Grand Sea Battery, and the 1941 battery was completely destroyed.[55]
In the 21st century, St Mawes Castle is operated byEnglish Heritageas a tourist attraction, receiving 21,104 visitors in 2010.[56]It is protected under UK law as aScheduled Monument.[57]
Architecture
[edit]St Mawes Castle is situated on a headland over the Carrick Roads, overlooked by higher land to the rear.[58]At the top of the site is the entrance to the castle, the high-level gun batteries and the 16th-century Henrician Castle; the terraced site slopes down to the water, where gun batteries and the 16th-century blockhouse look out across the water.[58]
Henrician castle
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/St_Mawes_diagram_labelled.png/260px-St_Mawes_diagram_labelled.png)
The central castle is built fromslatestonerubble, withgranitefeatures and detailing; it has a clover leaf design with a central, four-storey circular tower, orkeep,at its core, and three circular bastions emerging from it.[59]The design allowed for multiple levels of artillery, and may have been influenced by the contemporary work of theMoravianengineer,Stefan von Haschenperg,on some of the other Device Forts constructed during this period.[60]It had little protection to the landward side, and would have depended upon the local militia providing protection against such an attack.[61]The castle has been little altered since its original construction, and the historian Paul Pattison considers it to be "arguably the most perfect survivor of all Henry's forts".[62]
The castle is extensively decorated with carvings and inscriptions in stone and wood, praising Henry VIII and his lineage, leading the historianA. L. Rowseto describe the castle as the most decorative of all of Henry's building works.[63]These includeLatinverses, such as "Henry, thy honour and praises will remain forever", written by theantiquarianJohn Leland,and "Let fortunate Cornwall rejoice that Edward is now her Duke", referring to Henry'seldest son and heir.[64]Carvedsea monstersandgargoylesalso feature around the fortification, along withheraldic shieldswhich would originally have been painted and visible from the river.[65]
The castle is entered through thegatehouse,a polygonal, stone building approximately 25 feet (7.6 m) across.[66]The gatehouse hasgunloops,murder holesand slots for a drawbridge, although it is uncertain if one was ever fitted; it would originally have formed a sort of protectivebarbican.[66]The yard behind it is approximately 20 by 59 feet (6 by 18 m) and dates from before 1735, originally being used a stable.[59]This leads to a stone bridge that crosses a 25 feet (7.5 m) widemoat,cut out of the rock, to the main castle.[59]
The central tower is 47 feet (14 m) across and 44 feet (13 m) high, with 8 feet (2.4 m) thick walls.[67]The basement was originally a kitchen and storerooms, with the first floor was subdivided and used by the garrison, before being later converted for storinggunpowder.[68]The bridge across the moat leads into the second storey, which originally had four chambers with fireplaces and windows, linked by a central corridor; this area may have been used by the castle's officers, and to house an enlarged garrison in an emergency.[69]The third floor forms a single, large room with gun embrasures, and was probably used by the garrison as living accommodation.[70]Above it, theparapettedgun platform on the fourth floor could support up to seven guns and incorporates a lookout turret, topped by a 17th-centurycupola,designed as adaymarkto guide passing ships.[71]
The central tower is linked to the forward bastion, 59 feet (18 m) in diameter, which in turn has steps leading to the side bastions, each 54-foot (16.4 m) across.[67]Each of the bastions forms a gun platform, withembrasuresfor larger artillery pieces - five in the forward bastion, three on each of the sides - as well asswivel mountsfor lighter guns, and parapets for protection.[72]The forward bastion's roof is modern and was added after an archaeological debate in the 1960s as to whether the bastions would originally have been covered.[73]The bastions have various 18th- and 19th-century artillery pieces on display, as well as a bronze saker dating from 1560 called the Albergheti gun, recovered from a shipwreck off the coast ofDevon.[74]
Batteries and auxiliary buildings
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/St_Mawes_Castle_7.jpg/220px-St_Mawes_Castle_7.jpg)
Gun batteries and other auxiliary buildings stretch across the St Mawes Castle site. Above the Henrician castle is the 12-pounder quick-firing high-level battery, dating from the start of the 20th century.[75]Its four concrete platforms and earth parapets have survived, along with an underground magazine just behind the site.[76]A small bungalow from this period at the entrance to the battery is still in use, serving as the English Heritage custodian's house.[77]Alongside the Henrician castle is the Engine House, approximately 41 feet (12 m) square and dating from around 1902.[78]It originally contained aninternal combustion engine,generating power for the castle's searchlights, but was later converted into a storeroom.[79]
Beneath the Henrician castle is a complex of artillery positions, cut out of the rock from around 1854 onwards, and collectively known as the Grand Sea Battery.[80]The Grand Sea Battery was served by a 19th-century magazine for holding gunpowder, approximately 35 by 18 feet (10.7 by 5.5 m) with stone walls and bomb-proof brick roof, topped withturfto help to protect against incoming shells.[81]For many years the magazine was protected by an additional concrete fortification, but this was removed in 1970.[78]There are two gun platforms along the west and east sides of the complex, 110 feet (34 m) and 80 feet (24 m) across respectively and known as the Lower Gun Battery.[82]The current design of the western platform dates from the 1890s, with two raised concrete platforms for rotating guns and a brick-vaulted magazine just behind the battery.[83]The eastern platform has pivots and racers for mounting four traversinggun carriages,one of which now houses a 12-pound smooth-bore artillery piece dating from 1815, mounted on a replica carriage.[84]
Just below the Grand Sea Battery is the 16th-century blockhouse, positioned by the water's edge, 160 feet (49 m) from the Henrician castle.[13]The blockhouse is semi-circular in shape, with 56 feet (17 m) wide with 9.8-foot (3 m) thick stone walls facing the sea, but much thinner walls to the rear.[57]It originally had four gunports, one of which has since been blocked up, along with an upper gun platform andbattlements.[57]The upper storey was later destroyed to turn it into a solid gun platform, although this has since been re-excavated.[85]Beside the blockhouse are the foundations of four searchlight emplacements dating from the Second World War.[83]
To the west of the Grand Sea Battery are landscaped gardens, built on top of earlier gun positions along the site.[83]Five 19th-century smooth-bore guns from the Napoleonic period are on display, forming asaluting battery.[86]Beyond the gardens is the site of the Second World War 6-pounder battery, but little now remains of this position.[83]
List of captains
[edit]- 1544–1561: Michael Vyvyan
- 1561–1603:Hannibal Vyvyan
- 1603–1632: SirFrancis Vyvyan(dismissed)
- 1633–1634: Sir Robert le Grys
- Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel(died 1646)
- ?–1646: Major Hannibal Bonithon (Royalist)
- 1646–?1660:George Kekewich(Parliamentarian)
- c.1650: ColonelRobert Bennett(Parliamentarian)
- 1660–?1665:Sir Richard Vyvyan, 1st Baronet
- 1665–1678: Sir Vyell Vyvyan, 2nd Baronet
- 1678–1696: SirJoseph Tredenham
- 1696–1710:Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth
- 1710–1714:Francis Scobell(MP forSt Mawes)
- 1714–1734:Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth
- 1734–?1740: Major De Roen[87]
- 1740–1745:Scipio Duroure(killed at theBattle of Fontenoy,1745)[87]
- 1745–?1765:Alexander Duroure[87](died 1765)
- 1765–1796:Sir Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet[87]
- August 1796–November 1796: ColonelEdward Morrison(Governor of Chester,1796–1844)[87]
- 1796–1849:Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet[88]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^abComparing early modern costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. £5,018 in 1544 could be equivalent to between £2.1 million and £954 million in 2014, depending on the price comparison used. £534 in 1634 could equate to between £77,000 and £22 million. For comparison, the total royal expenditure on all the Device Forts across England between 1539–47 came to £376,500, with Sandgate Castle, for example, costing £5,584.[15]
References
[edit]- ^Historic England."St Mawes Castle (1013807)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved6 April2019.
- ^Historic England."St Mawes Castle, gatehoue, blockhouse, magazine and outer defences (1136705)".National Heritage List for England.Retrieved6 April2019.
- ^Thompson 1987,p. 111;Hale 1983,p. 63
- ^King 1991,pp. 176–177
- ^Morley 1976,p. 7
- ^Hale 1983,p. 63;Harrington 2007,p. 5
- ^Morley 1976,p. 7;Hale 1983,pp. 63–64
- ^Hale 1983,p. 66;Harrington 2007,p. 6
- ^Harrington 2007,p. 11;Walton 2010,p. 70
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 31;Jenkins 2007,p. 153
- ^abJenkins 2007,p. 153
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 154;Pattison 2009,p. 34;Department of the Environment 1975,p. 19
- ^abJenkins 2007,p. 154
- ^Harrington 2007,p. 8
- ^Biddle et al. 2001,p. 12;Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014),"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present",MeasuringWorth,retrieved29 May2015
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 155
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 153, 156–157;"St Mawes Castle",Historic England, archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2015,retrieved26 August2015
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 28
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 155;Harrington 2007,p. 42
- ^Department of the Environment 1975,p. 19;Oliver 1875,p. 84
- ^Oliver 1875,p. 85
- ^Department of the Environment 1975,p. 19;Oliver 1875,p. 86
- ^Oliver 1875,p. 90
- ^Department of the Environment 1975,p. 19;Oliver 1875,pp. 91, 93
- ^Biddle et al. 2001,p. 40
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 35
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 155;Pattison 2009,p. 35
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 155–156;Pattison 2009,p. 38
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 156;Pattison 2009,p. 38
- ^Bull 2008,p. 83
- ^abcPattison 2009,p. 39
- ^abPattison 2009,p. 39;Jenkins 2007,p. 156;Mackenzie 1896,p. 13;Oliver 1875,pp. 93–94
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 40;Jenkins 2007,p. 156;Department of the Environment 1975,pp. 21–22
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 156
- ^Oliver 1875,pp. 96–97
- ^Oliver 1875,p. 97
- ^Oliver 1875,p. 98
- ^abPattison 2009,p. 41;Jenkins 2007,p. 157
- ^Pattison 2009,pp. 41–42
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 42
- ^abPattison 2009,p. 42;Jenkins 2007,p. 157
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 37
- ^abcPattison 2009,p. 43
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 157
- ^Oliver 1875,p. 101
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 43;Jenkins 2007,p. 158
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 158–159
- ^abJenkins 2007,p. 159;Pattison 2009,p. 44
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 159
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 159–160
- ^abJenkins 2007,p. 161
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 161;Department of the Environment 1975,p. 7
- ^abcJenkins 2007,p. 162
- ^abJenkins 2007,p. 162;Pattison 2009,p. 48;Department of the Environment 1975,p. 7
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 165–167
- ^"St Mawes Castle",English Heritage,retrieved26 August2015;BDRC Continental (2011),"Visitor Attractions, Trends in England, 2010"(PDF),Visit England, p. 65, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 September 2015,retrieved19 September2015
- ^abc"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015
- ^ab"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015;"Cornwall & Scilly HER",Heritage Gateway,retrieved26 August2015
- ^abcPattison 2009,p. 20;Jenkins 2007,p. 163;"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 154;Hale 1983,p. 73
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 32
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 19
- ^Pattison 2009,pp. 19–20;Department of the Environment 1975,p. 22;"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 20;Jenkins 2007,p. 164
- ^"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015;Pattison 2009,p. 26;Jenkins 2007,p. 154
- ^abPattison 2009,p. 20;Jenkins 2007,p. 162
- ^abJenkins 2007,p. 163;"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 23
- ^Pattison 2009,pp. 20–22;Jenkins 2007,p. 163
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 22
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 23;"St Mawes Castle",Historic England, archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2015,retrieved26 August2015
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 163–164
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 164
- ^Pattison 2009,pp. 22, 26
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 168
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 168–169
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 169
- ^abJenkins 2007,p. 165
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 164–165
- ^Pattison 2009,p. 26
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 165;"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 166
- ^abcdJenkins 2007,p. 167
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 166;Pattison 2009,p. 26
- ^Jenkins 2007,p. 166;"List Entry",Historic England,retrieved26 August2015
- ^Jenkins 2007,pp. 167–168;Pattison 2009,p. 28
- ^abcdeOliver, Samuel.Pendennis and St. Mawes: An Historical Sketch of Two Cornish Castles...p. 101.
- ^"No. 13948".The London Gazette.5 November 1796. p. 1062.
Bibliography
[edit]- Biddle, Martin; Hiller, Jonathon; Scott, Ian; Streeten, Anthony (2001).Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation.Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.ISBN0904220230.
- Bull, Stephen (2008).'The Furie of the Ordnance': Artillery in the English Civil Wars.Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.ISBN9781843834038.
- Department of the Environment (1975).Pendennis and St Mawes Castles.London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.ISBN0116703091.
- Hale, John R. (1983).Renaissance War Studies.London, UK: Hambledon Press.ISBN0907628176.
- Harrington, Peter (2007).The Castles of Henry VIII.Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.ISBN9781472803801.
- Jenkins, Stanley C. (2007). "St Mawes Castle, Cornwall".Fort.35:153–172.
- King, D. J. Cathcart (1991).The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History.London, UK: Routledge Press.ISBN9780415003506.
- Mackenzie, James D. (1896).The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure, Volume II.New York, US: Macmillan.OCLC504892038.
- Morley, B. M. (1976).Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defence.London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.ISBN0116707771.
- Oliver, Samuel Pasfield(1875).Pendennis and St Mawes: An Historical Sketch of Two Cornish Castles.Truro, UK: W. Lake.OCLC23442843.
- Pattison, Paul (2009).Pendennis Castle and St Mawes Castle.London, UK: English Heritage.ISBN9781848020221.
- Thompson, M. W. (1987).The Decline of the Castle.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.ISBN1854226088.
- Walton, Steven A. (2010). "State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification".Osiris.25(1): 66–84.doi:10.1086/657263.S2CID144384757.
External links
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- English Heritage visitors' page
- Defending England's shoreson Google Arts & Culture
- Castles in Cornwall
- Military history of Cornwall
- English Heritage sites in Cornwall
- Device Forts
- Forts in Cornwall
- Grade I listed buildings in Cornwall
- 16th-century forts in England
- St Mawes
- Scheduled monuments in Cornwall
- Grade I listed castles
- Grade I listed forts
- 1542 establishments in England
- Buildings and structures completed in 1542