Staccato
Staccato([stakˈkaːto];Italian for "detached" ) is a form ofmusical articulation.In modern notation, it signifies a note of shortened duration,[1][2]separated from the note that may follow by silence.[3]It has been described by theorists and has appeared in music since at least 1676.[4]
Notation[edit]
In 20th-century music, a dot placed above or below a note indicates that it should be played staccato, and a wedge is used for the more emphaticstaccatissimo.However, before 1850, dots, dashes, and wedges were all likely to have the same meaning, even though some theorists from as early as the 1750s distinguished different degrees of staccato through the use of dots and dashes, with the dash indicating a shorter, sharper note, and the dot a longer, lighter one.
A number of signs came to be used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to discriminate more subtle nuances of staccato. These signs involve various combinations of dots, vertical and horizontal dashes, vertical and horizontal wedges, and the like, but attempts to standardize these signs have not generally been successful.[5]
The example below illustrates the scope of the staccato dot:
In the first measure, the pairs of notes are in the same musicalpart(or voice) since they are on a common stem. The staccato applies to both notes of the pairs. In the second measure, the pairs of notes are stemmed separately indicating two different parts, so the staccato applies only to the upper note.
The opposite musical articulation of staccato islegato,signifying long and continuous notes.[6]There is an intermediate articulation called eithermezzo staccatoornon legato.
By default, in the music notation programSibelius,"staccatos shorten a note by 50%."[7]
Staccatissimo[edit]
Inmusical notation,staccatissimo(plural:staccatissimior theanglicisedformstaccatissimos) indicates that the notes are to be played extremely separated and distinct, a superlative staccato. This can be notated with little pikes over or under the notes, depending onstemdirection, as in this example fromBruckner'sSymphony No. 0 in D minor:
Alternatively, it can be notated by writing the word "staccatissimo" or the abbreviation "staccatiss." over the staff. A few composers, such asMozart,have used staccato dots accompanied by a written instructionstaccatissimowhen they mean the passage to be playedstaccatissimo.[8]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Basic Music TheoryNeil V. Hawes, organist and choirmaster of St. Mary's Church,Osterley
- Staccato—video example of staccato playing
References[edit]
- ^Willi Apel,Harvard Dictionary of Music(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 708.
- ^Kennedy, Joyce; Kennedy, Michael; Rutherford-Jones, Tim, eds. (2012). "Staccato".The Oxford Dictionary of Music(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/acref/9780199578108.001.0001.ISBN978-0-19-957810-8.
- ^Geoffrey Chew, "Staccato",The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,second edition, edited byStanley SadieandJohn Tyrrell(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
- ^Werner Bachmann, Robert E. Seletsky,David D. Boyden,Jaak Liivoja-Lorius, Peter Walls, and Peter Cooke, "Bow",The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,second edition, edited byStanley SadieandJohn Tyrrell(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
- ^Geoffrey Chew, "Staccato",The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,second edition, edited byStanley SadieandJohn Tyrrell(London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
- ^Kennedy, Joyce; Kennedy, Michael; Rutherford-Jones, Tim, eds. (2012). "Legato".The Oxford Dictionary of Music(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/acref/9780199578108.001.0001.ISBN978-0-19-957810-8.
- ^Daniel Spreadbury, Michael Eastwood, Ben Finn, and Jonathan Finn, "Sibelius 5 Reference", edition 5.2 (March 2008), p. 284.
- ^Philip Farkas,The Art of French Horn Playing(Evanston: Summy-Birchard Company, 1956): p. 51.ISBN978-0-87487-021-3.
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