Stakhanovite movement

Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanovwith a fellow miner

TheStakhanovite movementwas amasscultural movementforworkersestablished by theCommunist Partyin the 1930sSoviet Union.(Russian:стаха́новское движе́ние,romanized:stakhánovskoye dvizhéniye). Its promoters encouragedthe rationalizationof workplace processes—i.e., increased production goals—while promotingsocialist emulation.

TheStakhanovitesmodeled themselves after the mythic productivity of the Russian coal minerAlexei Stakhanov.(Russian:стаха́новцы,romanized:stakhánovtsy). As frontline workers they took pride in their aspirations to work harder and more efficiently than was required byad hocnorms; thereby they saw themselves as contributing to thecommon goodand strengthening thesocialist state.The Party started the 'movement' in the coal industry and then applied it to other industries across the Soviet Union. Initially popular, it eventually encountered resistance as the pressures for greater productivity placed increased and unrealistic demands on workers.

History

USSRMedal "For Labour Valour"

The Stakhanovite movement was established and developed by the Soviet Communist Party; it was started in 1935 during thesecond Soviet five-year plan—as a new stage of sponsoredsocialist competition/socialist emulation,and as the continuation of the Party's rapid industrialization initiative and its forced collectivization of farming begun seven years prior (1928).The movement took its name from Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov, who reportedly, on August 31, 1935, mined 102tonsof coal in less than 6 hours—some 14 times his shift quota.However, "competitive" Stakhanovite followers soon would "break" his record.On February 1, 1936, it was reported thatNikita Izotovhad mined 640 tonsof coal in a single shift.

Stakhanovite programs were quickly applied by the Party to other industries of the Soviet Union.Pioneers of the movement includedAlexander Busygin(automobile industry),Nikolai Smetanin(shoe industry),Dusya VinogradovaandMarusya Vinogradova(textile industry),Ivan I. Gudov(machine toolindustry),Vasiliy S. Musinsky(timber industry),Pyotr Krivonos(railroad),Pasha Angelina(agriculture),Konstantin BorinandMaria S. Demchenko(agriculture), and many others.

On November 14–17, 1935, the first All-Union Stakhanovite Conference convened in Moscow atthe Kremlin.The conference emphasized the "outstanding" role of the Stakhanovite movement in thesocialistreconstruction of the national economy.In December 1935 theplenumof the Communist Party'sCentral Committeespecifically discussed aspects of developing industry and transport systems in light of the Stakhanovite movement.

Pursuing the objectives of the recent Party plenum, the Soviets organized a wide network of industrial training, specificly creating courses forforemenof socialist labor to initiate and support the movement in the various industry. They introduced Stakhanovite contests in many industries to find the best workers and encourage competition among them.In 1936 a number of industrial and technical conferences revised the projected production capacities of different industries and increased their outputs.

NearNeustrelitz,East Germany,September 1959, a forester (on motorcycle) congratulates a team of women for achieving 184% of a production goal during their shift—by planting 25,000 saplings against a quota of only 16,000.

Female Stakhanovites emerged less frequently than male, but a quarter of alltrade-unionwomen were designated as "norm-breaking".Women working as milkmaids, calf tenders, and fieldworkers represented the preponderance of rural Stakhanovites.

Soviet authorities claimed that the Stakhanovite movement caused significant increases in labor productivity. It was reported that during thefirst five-year plan(1928–32) industrial labor productivity increased by 41%.During the second five-year plan (1933–1937) it reportedly increased by 82%. Discussions of the draft constitution in the 1930s were used to encourage a "second wind" for the movement.

DuringWorld War II,the Stakhanovites deployed different methods to increase productivity, such as working several machine-tools at a time and by combining professions. The Stakhanovites organized thetwo-hundreders movement(двухсотники,ordvukhsotniki;200% or more of quota in a single shift).

Opposition and termination

Not all workers were pleased with the pressures created by the Stakhanovites and the bureaucratic demands for increased productivity. Some groups held Stakhanov responsible for making their lives harder and threatened him for it.Opponents of the movement risked invoking the label of "wrecker"being charged against them by Soviet authorities.

In 1988, the Soviet newspaperKomsomolskaya Pravdastated that the widely propagandized personal achievements of Stakhanov actually were puffery. The paper insisted that Stakhanov had used a number of helpers on support work, while the output was tallied for him alone. According to the Soviet state media, the Stakhanov movement had eventually led to increased productivity by means of a better organization of workflow processes, including more specialization and better task sequencing.

In fiction

• Yuri Krymov's 1938 novelTanker "Derbent",and the 1941 feature film based on it, are about Stakhanovitism in oil transport across theCaspian Sea.
• Andrzej Wajda's filmMan of Marbleexplores the myth-making process behind a fictional Polish Stakhanovite, telling the story of his rise and eventual fall from grace.
• George Orwell's novelAnimal Farmhas a representation of the Stakhanovites in the character of Boxer the Horse,whose motto is "I will work harder!".
• Harry Turtledove's novelFallout,from the Hot War trilogy, includes a character in eastern Russia who gets into trouble with local townspeople because he works hard like a Stakhanovite.
• Grigori Aleksandrov's filmTanyacentered on a female character who becomes a member of the Stakhanovite movement.

See also

• 996 working hour system
• Model worker
• Cherkasova movement
• Chollima movement
• Family in the Soviet Union
• Gaganova movement
• Izotovite movement
• Lunin movement
• Shturmovshchina
• Udarnik
• Vinogradova movement

Works cited

• Krivonoss, P. (1939).The Stakhanov Movement on Soviet Railroads.Foreign Languages Publishing House.
• Overy, Richard(2004).The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia.New York:W.W. Norton.ISBN0-393-02030-4.
• Service, Robert(2005).A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.ISBN0-674-01801-X.
• Siegelbaum, Lewis H.(1990) [1988].Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-52139556-4.
• Siegelbaum, Lewis; Sokolov, Andrei (2000).Stalinism as a Way of Life.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.ISBN0-300-08480-3.
• Stalin, J. V. (17 November 1935).Speech at the First All-Union Conference of Stakhanovites(Speech). London: Red Star Press Ltd. (published 1978) – via Marxists Internet Archive.
• VOKS(1937). "The System of Training in the USSR".Slavonic and East European Review.15(45): 623–628.JSTOR4203280.
• Williamson, David G. (2013).Age of the Dictators: a Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918–53.White Plains: Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-1-31787014-2.OCLC956644191.