Stevia
Stevia(/ˈstiːviə,ˈstɛviə/)[1][2]is a sweetsugar substitutethat is about 50 to 300 timessweeterthansugar.[3]It isextractedfrom the leaves ofStevia rebaudiana,a plant native to areas ofParaguayandBrazilin the southernAmazon rainforest.[4][dubious–discuss]The active compounds in stevia aresteviol glycosides(mainlysteviosideandrebaudioside).[5]: 54 Stevia is heat-stable,pH-stable, and notfermentable.[6]Humans cannot metabolize theglycosidesin stevia, and therefore it has zerocalories.Its taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, and at high concentrations some of its extracts may have anaftertastedescribed aslicorice-like orbitter.Stevia is used in sugar- and calorie-reduced food and beverage products as an alternative for variants with sugar.[7]
The legal status of stevia as afood additiveordietary supplementvaries from country to country. In theUnited States,certain high-puritystevia glycosideextracts have beengenerally recognized as safe(GRAS) and may be lawfully marketed and added to food products, but stevia leaf and crude extracts do not have GRAS orFood and Drug Administration(FDA) approval for use in food.[8]TheEuropean UnionapprovedStevia rebaudianaadditives in 2011.[9]InJapan,stevia has been widely used as a sweetener for decades.[10]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stevia_plant.jpg/220px-Stevia_plant.jpg)
The plantStevia rebaudianahas been used for centuries by theGuaraní peoplesof South America, who called itka'a he'ê( "sweet herb" ).[11]The leaves have been used traditionally for hundreds of years in both Paraguay and Brazil to sweeten local teas, and as a "sweet treat".[11]The genus was named for the Spanish botanist and physicianPedro Jaime Esteve(Petrus James Stevus,1500–1556) a professor of botany at theUniversity of Valencia.[12]
History
[edit]In 1899, Swiss botanistMoisés Santiago Bertoni,while conducting research in eastern Paraguay, first described the plant and the sweet taste in detail.[13]Only limited research was conducted on the topic until, in 1931, two French chemists isolated theglycosidesthat give stevia its sweet taste.[14]
Early regulation
[edit]During the 1990s, the United StatesFood and Drug Administration(FDA) received two petitions requesting that stevia be classified asgenerally recognized as safe(GRAS), but the FDA "disagreed with [the] conclusions [detailed in the petitions]".[15]Stevia remained banned for all uses until theDietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994,after which the FDA revised its stance and permitted stevia to be used as adietary supplement,although still not as a food additive.[16]In 1999, prompted by early studies, theEuropean Commissionbanned stevia's use in food products within the European Union pending further research.[17]In 2006 and 2016, research data compiled in the safety evaluations released by theWorld Health Organizationfound no adverse effects.[18][5]: 60
In December 2008, the FDA gave a "no objection" approval for GRAS status toTruvia[a]andPureVia,[b]both of which userebaudioside Aderived from theStevia rebaudianaplant.[19]However, the FDA said that these products are not stevia, but a highly purifiedStevia rebaudiana-extract product.[20]In 2015, the FDA still regarded stevia as "not an approved food additive", and stated that it "has not been affirmed as GRAS in the United States due to inadequate toxicological information".[21]In June 2016, theU.S. Customs and Border Protectionissued an order of detention for stevia products made in China based on information that the products were made usingprison labor.[22]Certain high-puritystevia glycosideextracts have beengenerally recognized as safe(GRAS) and may be lawfully marketed and added to food products.[8]
Commercial use
[edit]Use of stevia as a sweetener began in Japan,[non-primary source needed]with theaqueousextractof the leaves yielding purified steviosides developed as sweeteners. Japanese firmMorita Kagaku Kogyoclaims they were the first, in 1971, to commercialize stevia sweetener production.[23]
In the mid-1980s, stevia was commonly used in U.S.natural foodsandhealth foodindustries, as a noncaloric natural sweetener for teas and weight-loss blends.[24][25]The makers of the synthetic sweetenerNutraSweet(at the time Monsanto) asked the FDA to require testing of stevia extracts.[25] In 2007,the Coca-Cola Companyannounced plans to obtain approval for itsStevia-derived sweetener,Rebiana,for use as a food additive within the United States by 2009, as well as plans to market Rebiana-sweetened products in 12 countries that allow stevia's use as a food additive.[26][27]
In May 2008, Coca-Cola andCargillannounced the availability of Truvia, a consumer-brandSteviasweetener containingerythritoland Rebiana,[28]which the FDA permitted as a food additive in December 2008.[29]Coca-Cola announced intentions to release stevia-sweetened beverages in late December 2008.[30]From 2013 onwards,Coca-Cola Life,containing stevia as a sweetener, was launched in various countries around the world.[31]
Shortly afterward,PepsiCoandPure Circleannounced PureVia, their brand ofStevia-based sweetener, but withheld release of beverages sweetened withrebaudioside Auntil receipt of FDA confirmation. Since the FDA permitted Truvia and PureVia, both the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo have introduced products that contain their new sweeteners.[32]
Industrial extracts
[edit]Rebaudioside A has the leastbitternessof all the steviol glycosides in theStevia rebaudianaplant. To produce steviol glycosides commercially,Stevia rebaudianaplants are dried and subjected to a hot waterextractionprocess.[5]: 56 This crude extract contains about 50% rebaudioside A. The various glycosides are separated and purified viacrystallizationtechniques, typically usingethanolormethanolassolvent.[33]The dried extract contains no less than 95% steviol glycosides.[5]: 56 [34]
Stevia rebaudianaextracts and derivatives are produced industrially and marketed under different trade names.
- Rebianais an abbreviated name for theSteviaextract,rebaudioside A.[35]
- Truvia is the brand for an erythritol and rebiana sweetener concoction manufactured byCargilland developed jointly with the Coca-Cola Company.[36]
- PureVia is PepsiCo's brand of rebiana.[32]
- EverSweet, discovered and developed by Evolva,[37]and manufactured jointly by Cargill andDSM.[38][39]
Mechanism of action
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Steviol_structure.svg/180px-Steviol_structure.svg.png)
Glycosides are molecules that contain glucose residues bound to other non-sugar substances called aglycones (molecules with other sugars arepolysaccharides). Preliminary experiments deduce that the tongue'staste receptorsreact to the glycosides and transduce the sweet taste sensation and the lingering bitter aftertaste by direct activation of sweet and bitter receptors.[40]
According tobasic research,steviol glycosides and steviol interact with aprotein channelcalledTRPM5,potentiating the signal from the sweet or bitter receptors, amplifying the taste of other sweet, bitter and umami tastants.[41]Thesynergeticeffect of the glycosides on the sweet receptor and TRPM5 explains the sweetness sensation. Some steviol glycosides (rebaudioside A) are perceived sweeter than others (stevioside).[42]
Steviol is processed by intestinal microflora and is also taken up into the bloodstream, further metabolised by the liver to steviol glucuronide and several other metabolites, and excreted in the urine.[43][5]: 56–57
A three-dimensional map of theproteinsproduced by the stevia plant, showing the crystalline structures that produce both the sensation of sweetness and bitter aftertaste in the sweetener, was reported in 2019.[44]
Safety and regulations
[edit]A 2010 review found that the use ofStevia rebaudianasweeteners as replacements for sugar might benefit children, people withdiabetes,and those wishing to lower their intake of calories.[45]
Although both steviol and rebaudioside A have been found to bemutagenicin laboratoryin vitrotesting,[46]these effects have not been demonstrated for the doses and routes of administration to which humans are exposed.[18][47][48]Two 2010 review studies found no health concerns withStevia rebaudianaor its sweetening extracts.[45][49]
Used as anextract,stevia leaves have been used traditionally in Paraguay as a women'scontraceptive,administered as a daily drink. The effect has been tested in rats, finding a 57–79 percent reduction in fertility compared with thecontrol group,the lowered fertility continuing after withdrawal of the drug for up to two months.[50]
The WHO's Joint Experts Committee on Food Additives has approved, based on long-term studies, anacceptable daily intakeof steviol glycoside of up to 4 mg/kg of body mass.[18][5]: 60 [34]In 2010, TheEuropean Food Safety Authorityestablished an acceptable daily intake of 4 mg/kg of steviol, in the form of steviol glycosides. Meanwhile, theMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centerwarns that "steviol at high dosages may have weak mutagenic activity,"[51]and a review "conducted for" theCenter for Science in the Public Interestnotes that there are no published carcinogenicity results for rebaudioside A (or stevioside).[46]
In August 2019, the US FDA placed an import alert onStevialeaves and crude extracts – which do not haveGRASstatus – and on foods or dietary supplements containing them due to concerns about safety and potential fortoxicity.[52]
Availability and legal status by country or area
[edit]The plant may be grown legally in most countries, although some countries restrict its use as a sweetener. The legally allowed uses and maximum dosage of the extracts and derived products vary widely from country to country.
- Argentina: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain[53]
- Australia:
- All steviol glycoside extracts were approved in 2008.[54]
- Brazil: stevioside extract approved as food additive since 2005.[55]
- Canada (as of November 2012)
- Steviol glycosides became available as a food additive on 30 November 2012.[56]
- Stevia rebaudianaleaf and extracts are available as dietary supplements.
- Chile: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain[53]
- China: available since 1984, regulatory status uncertain
- Colombia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain[53]
- European Union:Steviol glycosides were approved and regulated as food additives by theEuropean Commissionon 11 November 2011.[9][57][58]
- Hong Kong: steviol glycosides approved as food additives since January 2010[59]
- India: In a notification dated 13 November 2015,FSSAIhas permitted its use in a range of products. This includes carbonated water, dairy-based desserts and flavoured drinks, yoghurts, ready-to-eat cereals, fruit nectars and jams.[c][60]
- Indonesia: (2012)
- Steviol glycosides are available as food additives since 2012.[61]
- Stevialeaf is available as a dietary supplement.
- Israel: approved as food additive since January 2012.[62]
- Japan: widely available since the 1970s and regulated as an existing additive since 1995.[63]
- Korea: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Malaysia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Mexico: mixed steviol glycoside extract (not separate extracts) approved since 2009.[third-party source needed]
- New Zealand:
- All steviol glycoside extracts were approved in 2008.[54]
- Norway:
- Steviol glycoside approved as food additive (E 960) since June 2012.[64]
- The plant itself has not been approved as of September 2012.
- Paraguay: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Peru: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Philippines: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Russian Federation: stevioside approved as food additive since 2008, in the "minimal dosage required" to achieve the goal.[65]Stevia leaves powder, syrups and crude extracts derived form it, have been banned. The ban is enacted on 27 February 2024.E960is still approved.[66]
- Saudi Arabia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Singapore: steviol glycosides approved as food additive in certain foods, since 2005[67]Previously it was banned.[68]
- South Africa: approved since September 2012 and widely available.[69]
- Taiwan: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Thailand: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Turkey: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- United Arab Emirates: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- Uruguay: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
- United States (as of April 2017):
- Purified rebaudioside A has been allowed since December 2008 as a food additive (sweetener), sold under various trade names, and classified as "generally recognized as safe"(" GRAS ").[8][70]
- Stevia rebaudianaleaf and crude extracts have been available as dietary supplements since 1995, but the 2008 FDA authorization does not extend to them, and they do not have GRAS status.[8]In 2019, leaves and crude extracts were included in an FDA import alert with concerns about their safety for use in foods or supplements and potential for toxicity.[52]
- Vietnam: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[53]
See also
[edit]- Thaumatin,a natural sweetener, derived from an African fruit
- Miraculin,a substance that modifies the perception of sour foods into sweet
- Mogroside,a natural sweetener extracted frommonkfruit
Footnotes
[edit]- ^Truviais thebrand-nameof a sweetener developed byCargilland theCoca-Cola Company.
- ^PureViais thebrand-nameof a sweetener developed byPepsiCoand theWhole Earth Sweetener Company,a subsidiary ofMerisant.
- ^Madhu-Tulsi (Sweeteners in Food Regulations; Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance)
References
[edit]- ^"Stevia".Oxforddictionaries.com.British & World English. 7 February 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 12 February 2013.Retrieved13 February2013.
- ^"Stevia".Oxforddictionaries.com.US English. 7 February 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 9 May 2013.Retrieved13 February2013.
- ^Cardello, H.M.A.B.; da Silva, M.A.P.A.; Damasio, M.H. (1999). "Measurement of the relative sweetness of stevia extract, aspartame and cyclamate/saccharin blend as compared to sucrose at different concentrations".Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.54(2): 119–129.doi:10.1023/A:1008134420339.PMID10646559.S2CID38718610.
- ^"Is Stevia A Good Sugar Substitute?".Doc Journals.19 January 2021.Retrieved27 January2021.
- ^abcdefBaines, J; et al. (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) (2016).Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Eighty-second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(PDF)(Technical report). WHO.ISBN978-92-4-069586-3.1000.Archived(PDF)from the original on 6 August 2022.Retrieved10 December2022.
- ^Brandle, Jim (19 August 2004). FAQ – Stevia, Nature's Natural Low Calorie Sweetener (Report). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
- ^Samuel, Priscilla; Ayoob, Keith T; Magnuson, Bernadene A; Wölwer-Rieck, Ursula; Jeppesen, Per Bendix; Rogers, Peter J; Rowland, Ian; Mathews, Rebecca (1 July 2018)."Stevia Leaf to Stevia Sweetener: Exploring Its Science, Benefits, and Future Potential".The Journal of Nutrition.148(7): 1186S–1205S.doi:10.1093/jn/nxy102.hdl:1983/618532e2-6caa-4fbe-bd6e-6eb0cb608981.ISSN0022-3166.PMID29982648.
- ^abcd"Has stevia been approved by FDA to be used as a sweetener?".US Food and Drug Administration. 28 April 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 29 July 2017.Retrieved27 July2017.
- ^abStones, Mike (2011)."Stevia wins final EU approval".foodmanufacture.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 18 November 2011.Retrieved22 November2011.
- ^"Steviaherb shakes up global sweetener market ".The Independent.28 March 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 28 July 2017.Retrieved13 July2017.
- ^abMisra, H.; Soni, M.; Silawat, N.; Mehta, D.; Mehta, B.K.; Jain, D.C. (April 2011)."Antidiabetic activity of medium-polar extract from the leaves ofStevia rebaudianaBert. (Bertoni) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats ".J Pharm Bioallied Sci.3(2): 242–248.doi:10.4103/0975-7406.80779.PMC3103919.PMID21687353.
- ^Parsons, W.T.; Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001).Noxious Weeds of Australia, 2nd ed.Collingswood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 309.ISBN978-0-643-06514-7.Specifically, this reference refers toStevia eupatoria,a related weed with a similar name-origin.
- ^Bertoni, Moisés Santiago(1899). "[no title cited]".Revista de Agronomia de l'Assomption.1:35.
- ^Bridel, M.; Lavielle, R. (1931). "Sur le principe sucre des feuilles de kaa-he-e (Stevia rebaundianaB) ".Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences(Parts 192): 1123–1125.
- ^Drake, Laurie (7 March 2001)."So sweet, so natural, so L.A."The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2017.Retrieved15 September2017.
- ^McCaleb, Rob (1997)."Controversial Products in the Natural Foods Market".Herb Research Foundation.Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2006.Retrieved8 November2006.
- ^Opinion on stevioside as a sweetener(PDF).Scientific Committee on Food (Report).European Commission.June 1999. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 October 2006.
- ^abcBend, J.R.; et al. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety) (2006).Safety evaluation of certain food additives(PDF).Geneva: World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety. p. 140.ISBN978-92-4-166054-9.OCLC70637287.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 September 2008.
- ^Newmarker, Chris (18 December 2008)."Federal regulators give OK for Cargill's Truvia sweetener".Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal.Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2009.Retrieved18 December2008.
- ^"What refinedSteviapreparations have been evaluated by FDA to be used as a sweetener? ".fda.gov.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2014.Retrieved22 March2014.
- ^Automatic detention ofStevialeaves, extract ofStevialeaves, and food containing stevia(Report). Import Alert (1995, rev 1996, 2005 ed.).Food and Drug Administration.Import Alert 45-06. Archived fromthe originalon 30 October 2015.
- ^"CBP Commissioner issues detention order on stevia produced in China with forced labor".1 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2017.Retrieved14 April2017.
- ^"Stevia".Morita Kagaku Kogyo. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2013.Retrieved5 July2023.
- ^Zeavin, Edna (February 1988)."The outlaw herbal sweetener".East West Journal.p. 28 – via Google Books.
Stevia,also called sweet leaf or sweet herb, is making inroads into the health food and natural foods markets.
- ^abKeville, Kathi (April 1987)."Exploring South America's medicinal plants".Vegetarian Times.p. 47 – via Google Books.
- ^Stanford, Duane D. (31 May 2007)."Coke and Cargill teaming on new drink sweetener".Atlanta Journal-Constitution.Archived fromthe originalon 3 June 2007.Retrieved31 May2007.
- ^Etter, Lauren & McKay, Betsy (31 May 2007)."Coke, Cargill aim for a shake-up in sweeteners".The Wall Street Journal.Archivedfrom the original on 24 January 2018.Retrieved1 June2007.
- ^"Truvia ingredients".Archived fromthe originalon 7 August 2009.Retrieved15 May2008.
- ^"Steviasweetener gets US FDA go-ahead ".Decision News Media SAS. 18 December 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 18 June 2009.Retrieved11 May2009.
- ^"Coke to sell drinks with stevia; Pepsi holds off".The Seattle Times.Associated Press. 15 December 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 19 December 2008.Retrieved16 December2008.
- ^Geller, Martinne (26 June 2013)."Coke to sell 'natural' mid-calorie cola in Argentina".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 27 June 2013.Retrieved27 June2013.
- ^ab"FDA approves 2 new sweeteners".The New York Times.Associated Press. 17 December 2008.Retrieved11 May2009.
- ^Purkayastha, S."A Guide to Reb-A".Food Product Design.Archived fromthe originalon 26 March 2009.Retrieved28 March2009.
- ^ab"Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA): Steviol Glycosides".Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2022.Retrieved10 December2022.
- ^Prakash I, Dubois GE, Clos JF, Wilkens KL, Fosdick LE (July 2008). "Development of rebiana, a natural, non-caloric sweetener".Food Chem. Toxicol.46 Suppl 7 (7): S75–82.doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.004.PMID18554769.
- ^Mike Hughlett (10 August 2013)."New Cargill sweetener aims at the giant worldwide cola market".Star Tribune.Minneapolis, MN.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2017.Retrieved5 March2017.
- ^"Evolva signs major agreement with Cargill for EverSweet sweetener".Foodbev Media.Retrieved13 June2021.
- ^"Cargill-DSM joint venture starts commercial-scale production of EverSweet".Food Ingredients First.Retrieved13 June2021.
- ^"Cargill and DSM's Eversweet stevia series delivers key taste and sustainability results".Confectionery Production.Retrieved13 June2021.
- ^Hellfritsch, C.; Brockhoff, A.; Stähler, F.; Meyerhof, W.; Hofmann, T. (11 July 2012). "Human psychometric and taste receptor responses to steviol glycosides".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.60(27): 6782–6793.doi:10.1021/jf301297n.PMID22616809.
- ^Philippaert, K.; Pironet, A.; Mesuere, M.; Sones, W.; Vermeiren, L.; Kerselaers, S.; et al. (31 March 2017)."Steviol glycosides enhance pancreatic beta-cell function and taste sensation by potentiation of TRPM5 channel activity".Nature Communications.8:14733.Bibcode:2017NatCo...814733P.doi:10.1038/ncomms14733.PMC5380970.PMID28361903.
- ^Well, C.; Frank, O.; Hofmann, T. (2013). "Quantitation of sweet steviol glycosides by means of a HILIC-MS/MS-SIDA approach".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.61(47): 11312–11320.doi:10.1021/jf404018g.PMID24206531.
- ^Geuns, J.M.; Buyse, J.; Vankeirsbilck, A.; Temme, E.H.; Compernolle, F.; Toppet, S. (5 April 2006). "Identification of steviol glucuronide in human urine".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.54(7): 2794–2798.doi:10.1021/jf052693e.PMID16569078.
- ^"This enzyme is what makes stevia so sweet".Chemical & Engineering News.Retrieved22 August2019.
- ^abGoyal, S.K.; Samsher; Goyal, R.K. (February 2010). "Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: A review ".Int J Food Sci Nutr.61(1): 1–10.doi:10.3109/09637480903193049.PMID19961353.S2CID24564964.
- ^abKobylewski, Sarah; Eckhert, Curtis (14 August 2008)."Toxicology of rebaudioside A: A review"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 September 2015.Retrieved19 August2015.
- ^Geuns, J.M. (2003). "Stevioside".Phytochemistry.64(5): 913–921.Bibcode:2003PChem..64..913G.doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00426-6.PMID14561506.
- ^Brusick, D.J. (2008). "A critical review of the genetic toxicity of steviol and steviol glycosides".Food Chem Toxicol.46(7): S83–S91.doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.002.PMID18556105.
- ^Ulbricht, C.; Isaac, R.; Milkin, T.; Poole, E.A.; Rusie, E.; et al. (Natural Standard Research Collaboration) (April 2010). "An evidence-based systematic review of stevia by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration".Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem.8(2): 113–127.doi:10.2174/187152510791170960.PMID20370653.
- ^Jaffe, Louis (1971).Environmental Protection: Issue 1.Bracton Press. p. 562.
- ^"Stevia".Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Archivedfrom the original on 12 September 2015.Retrieved19 August2015.
- ^ab"Detention without physical examination ofStevialeaves, crude extracts ofStevialeaves and foods containingStevialeaves and/orSteviaextracts ".US Food and Drug Administration. 16 August 2019. Import Alert 45-06.Retrieved23 November2019.
- ^abcdefghijklmno"Olam and Wilmar in 50:50 j.v. to acquire 20% stake in PureCircle, a leading producer of natural high-intensity sweeteners for USD 106.2 Mln".flex-news-food.com.1 July 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2012.Retrieved5 April2012.
- ^abDanielss, Stephen (7 October 2008)."Stevia gets Australian approval for food and beverages".FoodNavigator.William Reed.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2022.Retrieved3 December2022.
- ^"Consulta Pública nº 86, de 7 de dezembro de 2005. D.O.U de 08/12/2005"[Public Consultation nº 86, 7 December 2005](PDF).Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 18 September 2017.Retrieved2 February2019.
- ^Notice of modification to the list of permitted sweeteners to enable the use of steviol glycosides as a table-top sweetener and as a sweetener in certain food categories(Report). Health Canada. 2012. Document Reference Number NOM/ADM-0002.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2013.Retrieved26 November2013.
- ^Commission Regulation (EU) No 1131/2011.Official Journal of the European Union(Report). 11 November 2011. p. 205.Archivedfrom the original on 20 November 2011.Retrieved15 November2011.
The CE regulation establishes steviol glycosides as food additive, and establishes maximum content levels in foodstuff and beverages.
- ^Halliday, Jess (8 September 2009)."France approves high Reb ASteviasweeteners ".foodnavigator.com.Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2010.Retrieved23 January2010.
- ^"Cap 132U Schedule".legislation.gov.hk.Sweeteners in Food Regulations; Ordinance. Hong Kong: Public Health and Municipal Services. 2011.Retrieved22 June2011.
- ^Pinto, Viveat Susan (24 November 2015)."Sweetener stevia clears FSSAI hurdle".Business Standard.India.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2015.Retrieved22 September2016.
- ^Regulation of No. 033 on Food Additives(PDF)(Report). Indonesia: Ministry of Health. 2012. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 30 May 2013.
- ^"Steviasweeteners now approved in Israel ".greenprophet.com.2012.Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2012.Retrieved5 April2012.
- ^"Supplementary Provisions Article 2".houko.com.The Act for Partial Provisions of the Food Sanitation Act and the Nutrition Improvement Act. 1995.Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2016.Retrieved11 January2018.
- ^"Norwegian stevia fact sheet, Norwegian Institute of Public Health".EFSA Journal.8(4): 1537. 17 June 1999.doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1537.
- ^"Technical regulations for juice products from fruits and vegetables"(PDF).ec.europa.eu.Russian Federation Federal Law. 27 October 2008. Table 5.Archived(PDF)from the original on 3 November 2012.Retrieved15 April2011.
- ^"Какие пищевые добавки исключили из разрешенных? – Роскачество"[What food additives have been excluded form the approved ones?].Roskachestvo.Retrieved28 February2024.
- ^"Food Regulations"(PDF).Sale of Food Act. Singapore: Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority. 2005. Chapter 283, Section 56(1). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 March 2012.
- ^Li, Simon (27 March 2002).Fact Sheet: Stevioside(PDF).Research and Library Services Division (Report). Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 December 2004.Retrieved8 September2003.
- ^"Stevia approved for use in South Africa".Foodstuffsa.co.za.10 September 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 23 September 2016.Retrieved22 September2016.
- ^Curry, Leslie Lake (28 August 2009).GRAS Notice No. GRN 000287(Report). Agency Response Letter. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived fromthe originalon 29 March 2011.Retrieved17 July2020.
External links
[edit]Media related toStevia sugarat Wikimedia Commons