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Style (form of address)

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Astyle of officeorform of address,also calledmanner of address,is an official or legally recognized form of address for a person or other entity (such as a government or company), and may often be used in conjunction with a personaltitle.[1][2]A style, bytraditionorlaw,precedes a reference to a person who holds a post orpolitical office,and is sometimes used to refer to the office itself. Anhonorificcan also be awarded to an individual in a personal capacity. Such styles are particularly associated withmonarchies,where they may be used by a wife of an office holder or of a prince of the blood, for the duration of theirmarriage.They are also almost universally used forpresidentsinrepublicsand in many countries formembersoflegislative bodies,higher-rankingjudges,and senior constitutional office holders. Leadingreligiousfiguresalso have styles.

Examples[edit]

Academia[edit]

Traditional forms of address atGerman-speaking universities:

  • His/Her Magnificence – rector (president) of a university
  • His/Her Notability (Seine Spektabilität;Professors have the privilege to use the LatinSpectabilis) – dean of a faculty

Traditional forms of address atDutch-speaking universities:

  • His/Her Great Honour (Edelgrootachtbare heer/vrouwe) – rector magnificus (president) of a university
  • Highly Learned Sir/Madam (Hooggeleerde heer/vrouwe) – professor or dean of a faculty
  • Well (Noble) Very Learned Sir/Madam (Weledelzeergeleerde heer/vrouwe) – a doctor
  • Well (Noble) Learned Sir/Madam (De weledelgeleerde heer/vrouwe) – adoctorandus
  • Well (Noble) Strictly Sir/Madam (De weledelgestrenge heer/vrouwe) – a master in laws (meester in de rechten) or a university engineer (ingenieur)

Traditional forms of address atItalian-speaking universities:

  • Magnificent Rector (magnifico rettore) – rector (president, chancellor) of a university
  • Amplified Headmaster (amplissimo preside) – dean of a faculty (now uncommon)
  • Illustrious/Enlightened Professor (chiarissimo professore) – a full professor

Government[edit]

Diplomats[edit]

Judiciaries[edit]

Monarchies[edit]

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Styles and titles of deposed monarchs[edit]

General tradition indicates that monarchs who have ceased to reign but not renounced their hereditary titles, retain the use of their style and title for the duration of their lifetimes, but both die with them. Hence, prior to his death, Greece's deposed king was still styledHis MajestyKing Constantine II,as apersonaltitle, not as occupant of a constitutional office, since the abolition of the monarchy by the Hellenic Republic in 1974. Similarly, until his death, the last King of Italy,Umberto II,was widely referred to asKing Umberto IIand sometimes addressed asYour Majesty.In contrast,Simeon of Bulgariawho, subsequent to the loss of his throne in 1947, was elected to and held the premiership of his former realm as "Simeon Sakskoburggotski", and therefore is as often referred to by the latter name as by his former royal title and style.

While this rule is generally observed, and indeed some exiled monarchs are allowed diplomatic passports by their former realm, other republics officially object to the use of such titles which are, nonetheless, generally accorded by extant monarchical regimes. In 1981, the then Greek PresidentKonstantinos Karamanlisdeclined to attend the wedding ofCharles, Prince of Waleswhen it was revealed that Greece's deposed monarch, a cousin of the Prince, had been referred to as "King" in his invitation. The current Hellenic Republic has challenged King Constantine's right to use his title and his passport was revoked in 1994 because he did not use a surname, as his passport at the time stated "Constantine, former King of the Hellenes". However, Constantine II later travelled in and out of Greece on aDanish diplomatic passportas a descendant ofChristian IX of Denmark,by the nameConstantino de Grecia(Spanishfor "Constantine of Greece" ).

Republics[edit]

  • His/HerExcellency(abbreviationHE,oral addressYour Excellency) –Presidentsof republics (historically, this was first used to refer to George Washington during his tenure as Commander-in-Chief of the Army during the American War of Independence; its use for presidents of republics was established as he was the first president of the first modern republic). In some countries also the prime minister, ministers, governors, ambassadors andhigh commissionersalso use this style.
  • ThePresident of the United Statesis properly directly addressed as "Mr./Madam President" and introduced as "The President of the United States"; however, His/Her/Your Excellency may properly be used in written communications and is sometimes used in official documents.
  • The custom inFranceis to call office holders acting within their official capacityM. (Monsieur)orMme.(Madame)followed by the name of their offices.[15][16]Thus, the President of the Republic is calledM. le présidentorM. le président de la Républiqueif a male, andMme...if a female. Styles such as "excellency" or similar are not used, except for talking about foreign dignitaries. Traditionally after "Madame", the name of the office is not put into the feminine form, but this is becoming less common (hence, "Madame le président" is being replaced by "Madame la présidente" ).
  • InItaly,members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) of theParliament of Italyare styledHonourable(Italian:Onorevole,abbreviationOn.). The correct form to address a member of the upper house (Senate) isSenator(Italian:Senatore,abbreviationSen.;even though, for gravitas, they may also be addressedHonourable Senator).
  • The incumbent president of Finland is addressedHerra/Rouva Tasavallan Presidentti(Mr./Ms. President of the Republic), while a former president is addressed as justHerra/Rouva Presidentti.
  • The style used for thePresident of Irelandis normally His Excellency/Her Excellency (Irish:A Shoilse/A Soilse); sometimes people may orally address the President as 'Your Excellency' (Irish:A Shoilse[ə ˈhəʎʃə]), or simply 'President' (Irish:A Uachtaráin[ə ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnˠ] (vocative case)).
  • During theRepublic of the United Netherlands,theStates-Generalwere collectively addressed as "Their High and Mighty Lords" (Dutch:Hoogmogende Heren).
  • The Honourable – Presidents, prime ministers, ministers, governors, members of parliament, senate and congress in some countries. (Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka.)

Medicine[edit]

  • Doctor – In the United Kingdom, university degrees supporting medical and dental licensure are all bachelor's degrees (MB, MBBS, BDS, MB BS BAO, BMed, etc.). These graduates are addressed as 'doctor' by courtesy and convention.
  • Mr./Miss/Mrs. – Surgeons in the U.K. revert to the title 'Mr.', 'Miss' or 'Mrs.' after obtaining the postgraduate qualificationMRCS.[17]Other doctors, on the other hand, retain the title 'Dr.' after obtaining other postgraduate qualifications, such asMRCP.

Nautical and aeronautical[edit]

  • Captain – a person who commands and is responsible for the lives of crew and passengers on a naval or civil vessel or aircraft. In the US military,captainis used regardless of the actual rank of the person being addressed. For example, on a US naval vessel commanded by someone holding a rank oflieutenant commanderor lower is addressed as "Captain", in reference to his position in command of the ship, not his military rank. This would apply even to anenlisted manin charge of a small boat.

Religious[edit]

  • His Holiness(abbreviation HH), oral addressYour Holiness,orHoly Father– thePopeand thePope Emeritus(butHoly Fatheris not used for the latter); also theSyriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East,Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia,Patriarch of Peć and the Serbs,Catholicos of All Armenians,Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia,Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church,Malankara Orthodox Catholicosand some other patriarchs of theChristian Church,as well as theDalai Lama,thePanchen Lama,theKarmapa,theSakya Trizin,and other holders of certain otherTibetan Buddhistlineages.
  • His All Holiness(abbreviationHAH), oral addressYour All Holiness– theEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
  • His Highness theAga Khan(abbreviationHH the Aga Khan.), oral addressYour Highnessand thenSir– The Imam (spiritual leader) of the Shia Ismaili Muslims.
  • His BeatitudeorThe Most Blessed, oral addressYour Beatitude–Eastern Orthodox,Syriac Orthodox Catholicos of India,Oriental OrthodoxandRoman Catholicpatriarchs,Macedonian Orthodox Churchand theUkrainian Greek CatholicMajor Archbishop of Kyiv-Halych. If they have been elevated to the cardinalate by the Pope, they use the traditional "His Eminence" like other cardinals (more properly and formally, "His Beatitude and Eminence" ).
  • His Most Eminent Royal Highness(abbreviationHMERH), oral addressYour Most Eminent Royal Highness- The Lord of theRasulid Order.
  • His Most Eminent Highness(abbreviationHMEH), oral addressYour Most Eminent Highness– ThePrinceandGrand Masterof theSovereign Military Order of Malta.
  • His Eminence(abbreviation "H.Em." ), oral addressYour EminenceorMost Reverend Eminence–Roman Catholiccardinals
  • His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em." )orThe Most Reverend (abbreviationThe Most Rev.), oral addressYour Eminence–Eastern Orthodoxmetropolitansandarchbishopswho are not the firsthierarchof anautocephalouschurch;
  • His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em." ) – Certain highlamasorrinpochesinTibetan Buddhismas well as presiding head bishops or priests ofJapanese Buddhistschools.
  • His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em." ) – TheSultan of Sokoto,spiritual leader ofNigeria's Muslims, as well as those of his fellowFulahigh chiefs that choose not to style themselves as HRHs.
  • His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em." ) – The Grand Master of theMurjite Order.
  • His ExcellencyorThe Most Reverend(abbreviationThe Most Rev.), oral addressYour Excellency–Roman Catholicarchbishopsandbishopsin the United States and Canada (the oral address is not recognized by Canadian civil authorities, who prescribeArchbishop/Bishopinstead[18]); or,
  • His GraceorThe Most Reverend(abbreviationThe Most Rev.), oral addressYour Grace–Roman CatholicarchbishopsinCommonwealthcountries except Canada;Roman CatholicbishopsinIreland;and Mar Thoma Metropolitans
  • His GraceorThe Right Reverend(abbreviationThe Rt. Rev.), oral addressYour Grace–Eastern Orthodoxbishops.
  • Kabiyesi (variously translated as His or Her Royal Majesty, His or Her Royal Highness or His or Her Highness, lit.The One whose words are beyond question) – TheObasofYorubaland,other aboriginalYorubahigh chiefs of royal background, and their counterparts in the tribe's diaspora communities.
  • His LordshiporThe Right Reverend (abbreviationThe Rt. Rev.), oral addressMy Lord–AnglicanandRoman Catholicbishopsin Commonwealth countries other than Canada.
  • The Most Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviationThe Most Rev. and Rt. Hon.), oral addressYour Grace–Church of England(Anglican)archbishopswho areprivy counsellors,usually theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork
  • The Most Reverend (abbreviationThe Most Rev.), oral addressYour Grace–Anglicanarchbishops,primates,metropolitansandpresiding bishops.Canadian Anglican (arch)bishops are orally addressed simply asArchbishop/Bishop.[18]Alsomoderators.
  • The Most Reverend (abbreviationThe Most Rev.), oral addressMy Lord–Church of Ireland(Anglican)Bishop of Meath and Kildare(due to being, historically, the most senior bishop in Ireland)
  • The Most Reverend (abbreviationThe Most Rev.), oral addressPresiding Bishop– the Presiding Bishop of theMethodist Church Ghana
  • The Most Reverend (abbreviationThe Most Rev.), oral addressBishop– the Presiding Bishop of theEpiscopal Church in the United States[19]
  • The Right Reverend and Right HonourableMonsignor(abbreviationThe Rt. Rev. and Rt.mHon. Mgr.), oral addressMonsignor,or according to personal preference – Prelate of Honour who is also aprivy counsellor(The Right Reverend and Right Honourable MonsignorGraham LeonardKCVO).
  • The Right Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviationThe Rt. Rev. and Rt. Hon.), oral addressBishoporMy Lord(old-fashioned) –Church of England(Anglican)bishopswho are members of thePrivy Council,usually theBishop of London.
  • The Right Reverend (abbreviationThe Rt. Rev.), oral addressBishoporMy Lord(old-fashioned) – otherChurch of Englandbishops
  • The Right Reverend (abbreviationThe Rt. Rev.), oral addressBishop–bishopsEpiscopal Church (United States)[20]
  • The Right Reverend (abbreviationThe Rt. Rev.), oral addressMr./Mrs./Ms./Miss (surname)[18]–Moderator of the United Church of Canadaor of thePresbyterian Church in Canada
  • The Right Reverend Father (abbreviationThe Rt. Rev. Fr.), oral addressFather–Eastern Orthodoxarchimandrites.
  • The Right Reverend (abbreviationThe Rt. Rev.), oral addressFatherorFather Abbot–Roman Catholicabbots.
  • The Right Reverend (abbreviationThe Rt Rev.), oral addressBishop– diocesanbishopof theMethodist Church Ghana
  • Bishop, oral addressBishop– an areabishopin theUnited Methodist Church.The Right Reverend has never been pervasive in the United Methodist Church.
  • His Divine Worship, or (His) Divine Worship: The Bishop (abbreviationDW:TB), oral addressYour Divine Worship,afterwardsMy Lord,My Lord Bishop,orBishop– a bishop in one of thePersonal Ordinariatesfor former Anglicans, especially thePersonal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter.If the ordinary is merely a priest and not a bishop, then he is styled His Divine Worship, or (His) Divine Worship: The Ordinary (abbreviationDW:TO), also His Divine Worship: the Reverend Monsignor, as applicable. The first oral address remainsYour Divine Worship,but afterwards reverts simply toFatherorMonsignor.
  • The Very Reverend(abbreviationThe Very Rev.), oral addressFather–Catholicvicars general,judicial vicars,judges,rectors of seminaries,vicars forane,episcopal vicars, general superiors of religious orders of priests, provincial superiors, priors of monasteries or friaries
  • The Very Reverend Father (abbreviationThe Very Rev. Fr.), oral addressFather–Eastern Orthodoxarchpriests
  • The Very Reverend (abbreviationThe Very Rev.), oral addressMr./Madam DeanorMr./Madam Provost,as appropriate, orVery Reverend Sir/Madam–Anglicandeansandprovostsofcathedrals,the deans ofWestminster AbbeyandSt George's Chapel, Windsor,and, for historical reasons, a fewparish priests,such as theDean of Bocking.Sometimes an Anglican cathedral dean has previously been abishop,in which case he or she is styled as a bishop, but on formal occasions may be addressedMr./Madam Dean.Canadian deans are orally addressed asDeanonly.[18]
  • The Very Reverend (abbreviationThe Very Rev.), oral addressVery Reverend Sir/MadamorMr./Madam Dean–Deansof some Anglicanseminaries,especiallythose in the United States
  • The Very Reverend (abbreviationThe Very Rev.), oral addressOsofo Panin– Superintendent minister in theMethodist Church Ghana
  • The Very Reverend (abbreviationThe Very Rev.), oral addressReverend– formermoderatorsof theUnited Church of Canadaand of the Presbyterian Church in Canada; the Canadian government prescribes the oral addressMr./Mrs./Ms. (surname)[18]
  • The Reverend Monsignor (abbreviationThe Rev. Msgr.), oral addressMonsignor–Catholic Churchprotonotaries apostolic, honorary prelates, chaplains of his holiness
  • The Venerable,oral addressVenerable Sir/MadamorMr./Madam Archdeacon–Anglicanarchdeacons; in Canada, they are orally addressed asArchdeacononly[18]
  • Venerable (abbreviation "Ven." ), oral address "Venerable" or "Venerable <name or title>" – fully ordainedBuddhist monksandnuns,the title ofVenerable MasterorMost Venerableis sometimes appended for senior monks and nuns or monks/nuns acting in their capacity as an abbot/abbess of a monastery
  • The Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviationThe Revd. and Rt. Hon.) –Protestantordained ministers who are members of thePrivy Council(e.g. the lateIan Paisley)
  • The Reverend the Honourable (abbreviationThe Rev. the Hon.), oral address according to ecclesiastical or other status – ordained son of an earl, viscount, or baron, or ordained daughter of a viscount or baron (unless also a privy counsellor or peer)
  • The Very Reverend (abbreviation "The Very Rev." ), oral address: "Overseer" – in the Anglican-Apostolic Communion (Pentecostal) tradition, the overseer is the lowest level of prelate (only non–consecrated bishop prelate), with oversight to a specific work or department, directly responsible to the primate/presiding bishop or an ordinary/diocesan bishop.
  • The Reverend (abbreviationThe Rev.orThe Rev'd) – Protestant and Anglican ordained ministers (common variants includePastor,Parson,Vicar,or simplyReverend(Rev.), as used in American English; see:The Reverend); some Jewish cantors also use this style, almost all Buddhist ministers in Japan use this style
  • The Reverend Canon (abbreviationThe Rev. Canon), oral addressCanon–CatholicandAnglicancanons
  • The Reverend Doctor (abbreviationThe Rev. Dr.), oral addressFatherorDoctor–Priestsand other ordained clergy with adoctorate
  • The Reverend Father (abbreviationThe Rev. Fr.), oral addressFather–Catholic(and manyAnglican)priests
  • The Reverend Mother (abbreviationThe Rev. Mo.), oral addressMother–Abbesses(also, some femaleAnglicanpriests{abbreviated Mthr.})
  • The Reverend Deacon (abbreviationRev. Deacon), oral addressDeaconCatholicpermanent Deacons.
  • The Reverend Mister (abbreviationThe Rev. Mr.), oral addressDeacon–Catholictransitional deacons, i.e. those preparing for priesthood. Transitional deacons belonging to religious orders (monastic and non-monastic) are titled Reverend Brother, (similar situations and modifications apply toAnglicandeacons as inThe Rev. Fr./Mthr.,above; since women can be deacons, these may beThe Revd Ms.)
  • Mother, oral addressMother– heads of some femaleCatholicreligious convents and other communities who are not abbesses
  • Mister (abbreviationMr.), oral addressMister–CatholicSulpicianpriests
  • Mister (abbreviationMr.), oral address oftenMister–Catholicseminarians and scholastics (members preparing for priesthood) ofsomereligious orders (notably,Jesuits).
  • Father (pater)
  • Brother (abbreviationBro.), oral addressBrother–Catholicmembers of religious orders under vows (both monastic and non-monastic) who are not priests.
  • Sister (abbreviationSr.), oral addressSister–Catholicmembers of religious orders under vows (both monastic and non-monastic) who are not abbesses.
  • Elder:used generally for male missionaries ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church) and for members of the adult leadership known as the general authorities. Although most all male adults of the LDS church are elders, the title is reserved for the prior mentioned groups.[21]
  • Grand Rabbi, oral addressRabbi–Hasidicrabbis,who are scions of a Hasidic Dynasty.
  • Don(Spanish:[don],Italian:[dɔn],Portuguese:Dom[dõ]) from Latindominus,(roughly, "Lord" ) is anhonorifictitle used in Spain, Portugal, Italy,Iberoamericaand the Philippines. The female equivalent isdoña(Spanish:[ˈdoɲa]),donna(Italian:[ˈdɔnna]), anddona(Portuguese:[ˈdonɐ]), abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D." Although originally a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, and church hierarchs, it is now often used as a mark of esteem for a person of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long standing, a person of significant wealth, or anoble,but may also be usedironically.As a style, rather than atitleorrank,it is used with, and not instead of, a person's name.
  • Domis anhonorificprefixedto thegiven name.It derives from the LatinDominus.It is used in English for certainBenedictine(including some communities which follow theRule of St. Benedict) andCarthusianmonks,and for members of certain communities ofCanons Regular.Examples include Benedictine monks of theEnglish Benedictine Congregation(e.g.Dom John Chapman,lateAbbot of Downside). The equivalent female usage for such a monastic is "Dame"(e.g. DameLaurentia McLachlan,lateAbbess of Stanbrook,or DameFelicitas Corrigan,author).
    • Domhas historically been used on occasions in French, as an honorific for Benedictine monks, such as the famousDom Pérignon.
  • Rabbi, oral addressRabbi(or, if holder of the appropriate degree,Doctorboth in oral and written communication) – rabbis
  • Grand Ayatullah, oral addressAyatullahorAyatullah al-Uzma–ShiaAyatullahs,who have accomplished the highest religious jurisprudent knowledge degree called asmarja'and some people officially follow them.
  • Ayatullah, oral addressAyatullah–Shiareligious degree who has accomplished a religious high course of lessons and is capable of individually issuing religious verdicts.
  • Seghatoleslam,is an honorific title within theTwelverShia clergy.Seghatoleslam designatesnarratorswhose justice andtrustworthinesshave been explicitly verified.
  • Amīr al-Mu'minīn (Arabic:أمير المؤمنين), usually translated Commander of the Faithful or Leader of the Faithful, is the Arabic style of someCaliphsand other independent sovereignMuslimrulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders. The use of the title does not necessarily signify a claim to caliphate as it is usually taken to be, but described a certain form of activist leadership which may have been attached to a caliph but also could signify a level of authority beneath that. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made scant use of it. Moreover, the term was used by men who made no claim to be caliphs.[13]Currently used by the Caliph ofISISAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi,The Ahmadiyya Muslim Caliph,Mirza Masroor Ahmad,[14]theKing of Morocco,TheSultan of Sokoto,The supreme leaders of the AfghanTaliban.
  • Cantor, oral addressCantor(some cantors useThe Reverendas style, as above) – Jewishcantors
  • Reverend, oral addressReverend,MisterorBrother– ordained ministers/pastors
  • Pastor (abbreviation "Pr." ), oral address 'Pastor "– minister responsible for caring for the" flock "in Lutheran churches[22]
  • Pandit (sometimes spelledPundit) –Hindupriests
  • Swami– inHinduisman ascetic or yogi who has been initiated into a religious monastic order. Informally, "Swamiji".
  • Officers ofThe Salvation Armyare addressed by their rank, e.g. "Captain" (Capt.), "Major" (Maj.), etc.
  • A wide variety of titles for Neo-pagan religions; Lord/Lady, Father/Mother, and High Priest/Priestess are common

In different countries[edit]

Australia[edit]

  • His/Her Majesty – TheKing or Queen of Australia
  • His/Her ExcellencyThe Honourable–Governor-Generaland his or her spouse,[23][24]and The Honourable or His/Her Excellency for the rest of state governors (but not their spouse)
  • The Honourable – all current and formergovernors-generaland Administrators of the Northern Territory, Justices of theHigh Court of Australia,theFederal Court of Australia,theFamily Court of Australiaand state supreme courts
  • The Honourable – all current and former members of the Federal Executive Council and all current members of stateexecutive councilsand certain former members of state executive councils and long-serving members of state Legislative Councils (upper houses of state parliaments) that have been given the right to keep the title by permission of the governor of that state.
  • His/Her Honour (oral addressYour Honour) – magistrates and judges in appellate, district and county courts.
  • The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor – Lord mayors of Australian cities
  • His/Her Worship – Administrators of territories (obsolete), magistrates (obsolete) and mayors.

Brunei[edit]

Known asterasulin the Malay language.

  • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Kebawah DYMM),equivalent to His orHer Majesty(HM) – forSultanand his first royal consort. The style is added more depends on the situation:
    • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Sultan, for Sultan before coronation.
    • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan, for Sultan after coronation.
    • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri for the queen consort before coronation
    • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Raja Isteri for the queen consort after coronation
    • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Raja — for the second wife of the Sultan during coronation
  • Kebawah Duli,for a Sultan that has not gone through puberty.
  • Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri,for the second wife of the Sultan after coronation
  • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (DYTM),equivalent to His orHer Royal Highness(HRH) – for the Crown Prince and his consort and for the abdicated Sultan and his consort.
    • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan — for Sultan that abdicated from the throne
    • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Suri Seri Begawan Raja — for the Sultan's consort when the Sultan abdicated from the throne
    • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Muda Mahkota — for the Crown Prince
    • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Isteri — for the Crown Prince's consort
  • Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM),to His orHer Royal Highness(HRH) – for the children of the Sultan that were born by their royal mother (both parents of the royal mother are royalties and not a commoner)
    • Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Duli Pengiran Muda — for the Sultan's son that has full royal blood
    • Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Puteri— for the Sultan's daughter by a royal mother (non-commoner)
    • Yang Teramat Mulia Pengiran Babu Raja — for the Queen Consort's mother
  • Yang Amat Mulia (YAM),for the consort of a royal prince and their children, and for the Sultan's children by their commoner mother
    • Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak Isteri — for the consort of the Sultan's son (full royal blood)
    • Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Muda — for the son (full royal blood) of the Sultan's son (full royal blood)
    • Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak — for the children of the Sultan that were born by a commoner mother; daughter (full royal blood) of the Sultan's son (full royal blood); children (full royal blood) of the Sultan's daughter (full royal blood); children (full royal blood) of the Sultan's children (half royal blood)
  • Yang Mulia (YM)
    • Yang Mulia Pengiran Anak — for the children that both parents hold the titlePengiran Anak
    • Yang Mulia Pengiran — for the children of a Pengiran Anak and his wife that is not also a Pengiran Anak; non-royal Pengiran (a commoner Pengiran)

Canada[edit]

See also:Canadian honorifics

Chile[edit]

Main article:Forms of address in Chile

Guernsey[edit]

  • Seigneur or Dame - Registered owners of an ancient Norman fief or seigneurie in Guernsey who have registered their Fief with the Crown and Royal Courts. Under the Feudal Dues law of 1980, the government of Guernsey sanctions the use of the style and distinction of Seigneur or Dame.[25]

New Zealand[edit]

Jamaica[edit]

The Most Honourable– InJamaica,governors-general,as well as their spouses, are entitled to be styled "The Most Honourable" upon receipt of the JamaicanOrder of the Nation.[27]Prime ministersand their spouses are also styled this way upon receipt of the Order of the Nation, which is only given to Jamaican governors-general and prime ministers.[27]

India[edit]

His Excellency/Her Excellencyis used before the name of President of India as well as before of governors of the states. However, it is not mandatory for an Indian citizen to use this style to address the president or the governors after a notification from the President House. But it is mandatory for foreigners to address the president and governors.[28]

Your Honour/My Lord– It is used before the names of judges but now it is also not mandatory. TheSupreme Courtin a hearing said that people need to respect the judges and "Sir" is sufficient for it.[citation needed]

Royal styles in India[edit]

With a long history of rulers, there are many styles which vary from territory to territory and languages for royal families in India, commonlyMaharaja(for king),Maharani(queen) whereas for their successors Raja, Rani (Maha meaning "Great" removed). Rajkumar (for prince) and Rajkumari (for princess).

Others includeHukam(commonly inRajasthan),Sardar(kings in territories of Punjab withinSikh Empire),Badshah(Mughal Empire), Vazeer-e-Aala (inMughal Empire) etc.

African traditional rulers[edit]

In most ofAfrica,many styles are used bytraditional royalty.

Generally the vast majority of the members of these royal families use the titles Prince and Princess, while the higher ranked amongst them also use eitherHighnessorRoyal Highnessto describe secondary appellations in their native languages that they hold in their realms, appellations that are intended to highlight their relative proximity to their thrones, either literally in the sense of the extantkingshipsof the continent or symbolically in the sense of its variedchiefships of the name,and which therefore serve a function similar to the said styles of Highness and Royal Highness.

For example, theYoruba peopleofWest Africausually make use of the wordKabiyesiwhen speaking either to or about theirsovereignsand other royals. As such, it is variously translated as Majesty, Royal Highness or Highness depending on the actual rank of the person in question, though a literal translation of the word would read more like this:He (or She) whose words are beyond questioning, Great Lawgiver of the Nation.

Within theZulu KingdomofSouthern Africa,meanwhile, the monarch and other senior royals are often addressed asuNdabezithameaningHe (or She) Who Concerns the Enemy,but rendered in English as Majesty in address or reference to the king and his consorts, or Royal Highness in the case of other senior members of the royal family.

Hong Kong[edit]

TheChief Executiveis styled as TheHonourable.

Certain senior government officials (such as theChief Secretary for Administration),President of the Legislative Council,members of theExecutive Council,and members of the judiciary (such as theChief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal) are also styled asThe Honourable.

Ireland[edit]

InIreland,holders of offices withIrishnames are usually addressed in English by itsnominative form(so, 'Taoiseach' and 'Tánaiste'), though theIrish vocative formsdiffer (a Thaoisighanda Thánaiste).The President may be styled'His/Her Excellency' (Irish:A Shoilse,IPA:[əˈhəil̠ʲʃə]/A Soilse[əˈsˠəl̠ʲʃə]) and addressed 'Your Excellency' (Irish:A Shoilse), or simply 'President' (Irish:A Uachtaráin[əˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnʲ]). The titles 'Minister' and 'Senator' are used as forms of address; only the latter as a style. ATD (Teachta Dála)is formally addressed and styled as 'Deputy', though often simplyMr.,Mrs.,etc. Similarly,county and city councillorscan be addressed as 'Councillor', abbreviatedCllr.which is used as a written style, but are just as frequently addressed asMr.,Mrs.,etc.

Malaysia[edit]

  • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (KDYMM)—
  • Duli Yang Maha Mulia (DYMM)—
  • Yang Maha Mulia (YMM),equivalent toHis or Her Royal Highness,is for all widowed consorts.
  • Kebawah Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (KDYTM),equivalent toHis or Her Highness,is for—
    • the Tengku Mahkota and the Tengku Puan of Pahang
  • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (DYTM),equivalent toHis or Her Highnessis for—
    • the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Muda of Kedah
    • the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Besar of Perak
    • the Yang di-Pertuan Muda and the Tengku Puan Muda of Terengganu
    • the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Muda of Selangor
  • Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM),equivalent toHis or Her Highness,is for—
  • Duli Yang Amat Mulia (DYAM),equivalent toHis or Her Highness,is for—
    • the Tunku Mahkota and the Tunku Puan Mahkota ofJohor
    • the Raja di-Hilir and the Raja Puan Muda of Perak
    • the Tunku Mahkota and the Tunku Puan Mahkota of Kedah
  • Yang Amat Mulia (YAM),equivalent toHisorHer Highness,is for royal family members and the Che’ Puan Mahkota ofJohor
  • Yang Mulia (YM),equivalent toHisorHer Highness,is for extended royal family members.
  • Tuan Yang Terutama (TYT),equivalent to His orHer Excellency,is forgovernors,high commissionersandambassadors.
  • Yang Amat Berhormat (Mulia) (YABM/YAB),equivalent tothe Right Honourable,is forthe Prime Minister,the Deputy Prime Ministerandthe Chief Minister.
  • Yang Berhormat (Mulia) (YBM/YB),equivalent tothe Honourable,is for—
    • Federal ministersand ministers of state of Sabah and Sarawak
    • Federal deputy ministers
    • members ofJohorRoyal Court
    • assistant ministers of state of Sabah and Sarawak
    • members of State Executive Councils
    • members of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies
    • State Secretaries
    • State Legal Advisers in the states ofPeninsular Malaysia
    • State Financial Officers in the states ofPeninsular Malaysia
    • persons receiving the title of "Dato' "and "Datin Paduka "fromJohor
  • Yang Amat Arif (YAA),equivalent tothe Right Honourable,is for chief judges.
  • Yang Arif (YA),equivalent tothe Honourable,is for—
    • judges and judicial commissioners
    • Attorney-General of the State of Sarawak
  • Yang Amat Dihormati (YAD),equivalent tothe Right Honourable,is for royal representatives in districts ofSelangor.
  • Yang Dihormati (YDh.),equivalent tothe Honourable,is for—
    • selected Orang Besar Negeri of Perak
    • high and senior police officers
  • Yang Amat Berbahagia (YABhg.)is for—
    • spouses of governors
    • spouses of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister and the Chief Minister
    • persons with the title of "Tun"
    • the Orang Besar Empat of Perak
    • spouses ofYang Amat Dihormati
    • commoner spouses of senior royals family
  • Yang Berbahagia (YBhg.)is for—
    • the top officials of theFederal Government,namelyChief Secretary to the Government,Attorney General,Chief of Defence Force,Inspector-General of Police,Director General of Public Service and Secretary General of Ministries, with or without any title
    • the Orang Besar Lapan of Perak
    • persons with the title of "Tan Sri"and"Datuk",or equivalent, and their spouses
    • spouses of high commissioners and ambassadors
    • spouses ofYang Berhormat,Yang Amat Arif,Yang Arif,Yang Dihormati,Yang Berbahagia,Yang Amat Setia,Sahibus Samahah,Sahibul FadhilahandSahibus Saadah
    • commoner spouses of extended royals family
  • Yang Amat Berusaha (YABrs.)is for higher public officers without any title inKelantan.
  • Yang Berusaha (YBrs.)is for—
    • high public officers without any title and their spouses
    • spouses ofYang Amat BerusahaandYang Setia
  • Yang Amat Setia (YAS)is for high military officers without any title.
  • Yang Setia (YS)is for senior military officers without any title.
  • Sahibus Samahah (SS),equivalent toHis Eminence,is for StateMuftis.
  • Sahibul Fadhilah (SF),equivalent toHis Grace,is for State Deputy Muftis,Qadisand seniorUlamas.
  • Sahibus Saadah,equivalent toYang Berbahagia,is special for the Director of Islamic Affairs ofSelangor.

Morocco[edit]

  • His Majesty – TheKing of Morocco.
  • His Imperial Majesty – TheSultan of Morocco(before 1957, now obsolete).
  • His/Her Royal Highness – Prince and princess of Morocco (used for children, grandchildren and siblings of the king as well as for the Princess Consort).
  • His/Her Highness – Prince and princess of Morocco (used for cousins, uncles and aunts of the king).

Philippines[edit]

  • His/Her Excellency – Thepresident of the Philippines.[29]The title inFilipinoisAng Mahal na Pangulo(The Well-Esteemed President). The honorific for the President of the Philippines was adopted from the title of thegovernor-general of the Philippinesduring Spanish and American colonial periods. The president may be addressed as "Your Excellency" or more informally as
  • "Mr. President" or "Madam(e) President".
  • The Honorable – Thevice president of the Philippines,members of theCongress of the Philippines,justices of theSupreme Court of the Philippines,governors and vice governors of provinces, mayors and vice mayors of cities or municipalities, and other elected or appointed officials in the government. The title is also conferred to elected and appointed officials of student or other people's organizations that have great participation in creating, implementing, and interpreting policies of the organization. The title in Filipino isAng Kagalanggalang(The Honorable). In Senate and congressional inquiries, impeachment procedures, and electoral canvasses, senators, representatives, and officials of theCommission on Electionswhen they convene as provincial and national boards of canvassers, are mostly addressed asYour Honor,because they perform quasi-judicial functions.
  • His Magnificence the Very Reverend -The rector magnificusof thePontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas.
  • Sir/Madam(e) – Common informal manner of address.
  • Illustrious Knight, Sir/Lady – Titles for members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal, the Philippines' only order of knighthood created by law.
  • Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan – Thesultan of Sulu.

Spain[edit]

Main article:Forms of address in Spain
  • His/Her Majesty – themonarch of Spain,when referred to as monarch. When referred to as Head of State, he is usually styled "His Excellency the Head of State".
  • His/Her Royal Highness – thePrince of Asturiasand theInfantes(non-heir apparent royal princes).
  • His/Her Excellency (su excelencia) – spouses and children of the Infantes,Grandees of Spain,ministers, either from the central government ("ministros") or from autonomous government ("consejeros"), as well as regional presidents. Mayors and town councils[citation needed].
  • His/Her Illustriousness (su ilustrísima) – marquesses, counts, viscounts, junior ministers either from the central government ("secretarios de estado") or from autonomous government ("vice-consejeros"), justices ("magistrados"), certain prosecutors, members of the royal academies and the holders of certain Spanish decorations.
  • His/Her Most Excellent and Magnificent Lord – Rector of a university.
  • His Lordship/Her Ladyship (su señoría) – barons, seigneurs, members of parliament, judges, court clerks.

Thailand[edit]

  • His/HerMajesty– The King and Queen of Thailand.
  • His/Her Royal Highness – Prince and princess of Thailand (used for children and grandchildren of the king)from "Chao-Fa"(เจ้าฟ้า)(the most senior rank of prince/princess) to "Phra Chao Worawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao"(พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้า)(a mid-level, lesser class of prince and princess thanChao Fa). This style is also used for princess consort (now obsolete).
  • His/Her Highness – Prince and princess of Thailand of the rank "Phra Worawong TherPhra Ong Chao"(พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้า)which are born in the title asMom Chaoto whom the king later granted this higher title, either as recognition of merit, or as a special favour.
  • His/Her Serene Highness – Prince and princess of titleMom Chao(m)/Mom Chao Ying (f) (หม่อมเจ้า/หม่อมเจ้าหญิง,abbreviated in Thai as ม.จ. or in English as M.C.) is the most junior class still considered royalty. This is normally when surnames first appear among royal lineages. They are either: Children of a maleChao Faand acommoner.Children of a malePhra Ong Chao.Informally, they are styled "Than Chai" (m)... / "Than Ying" (f)...(ท่านชาย.../ท่านหญิง...).
  • The Honourable –Mom Rajawongse(หม่อมราชวงศ์,RTGS: Mom Ratchawong; abbreviated in Thai as ม.ร.ว. or in English as M.R. and also translated into English asThe Honourable) is the title assumed by children of male Mom Chao. The title is pronounced "Mom Rachawong". Informally, they may be styled as "Khun Chai" (m).../ "Khunying" (f)...(คุณชาย.../คุณหญิง...).

United Kingdom[edit]

Main article:Forms of address in the United Kingdom

"The Right Honourable" is added as a prefix to the name of various collective entities such as:

  • The Right Honourable the Spiritual and Temporal Lords (of the Kingdom of England) in theHouse of Lords.
  • The Right Honourable the Lord-Commissioners of theBoard of Admiralty.
  • The Most Honourable– marquesses, The Lords of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
  • His Worship is an honorific prefix formayors,justices of the peaceandmagistratesin present or formerCommonwealth realms.In spoken address, these officials are addressed as Your Worship or referred to as His Worship. In Australia all states now useYour Honouras the form of address for magistrates (the same as has always been used for judges in higher courts).
  • The Much Honoured– Scottish feudal barons and lairds

Styles existing through marriage in the United Kingdom[edit]

Styles can be acquired through marriage, although traditionally this applies more to wives of office-holders than to husbands. Thus, in theUnited Kingdom,Anne, Princess Royal,is styled Her Royal Highness (HRH), her husband, SirTimothy Laurence,bears no courtesy style by virtue of being her husband (although his mother-in-law, Queen Elizabeth II, has since knighted him), nor do her children bear any title or style, by right or tradition, despite being in the line of succession to the Crown, until 2015 subject to theRoyal Marriages Act 1772.In contrast, whenSophie Rhys-JonesmarriedPrince Edward,she became HRH the Countess of Wessex (&c.) and their children are entitled (although they do not use them) to the princely prefix and the style of HRH, and do bearcourtesy titlesderived from their father.

Styles and titles can change when a marriage is dissolved. The LadyDiana Frances Spencerheld the style Her Royal Highness during her marriage to HRH The Prince of Wales and the titlePrincess of Wales.When the couple divorced she lost her style: she became insteadDiana, Princess of Wales.(although she fit the criteria which customarily accords the prefix of "Lady" to the daughter of an earl, and she had been known as such prior to marriage, she did not revert to that title following divorce).

When applied to the currentPrincess of Wales,inclusion of a definite article ( "The Princess of Wales" ), is, like HRH, part of the style which accompanies the title. WhenKing Charles III(Then; HRH the Prince of Wales) was remarried toCamilla Parker-Bowlesin compliance with the Royal Marriages Act, she lawfully became HRH The Princess of Wales but, as was the announced intention prior to the couple's wedding, she continues to use the lesser title derived from her husband'sDuchy of Cornwalland was known as HRH The Duchess of Cornwall, until the accession of her husband as King, because of the strong association to the late Diana, Princess of Wales.

From the divorce until her death in 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales ceased to hold any royal style, although the monarch declared that she remained a Princess of the United Kingdom and in occasions when members of the Royal Family appeared in public, she continued to be accorded the same royal precedence.

WhenSarah Fergusonwas divorced from her husband, HRHPrince Andrew, Duke of York,she too lost her HRH style, the rank as a British Princess and was re-styled as "Sarah, Duchess of York".

In 1936,Wallis Simpsonwas denied the HRH style byGeorge VIwhen she married his older brother, the formerEdward VIII,who became HRH the Duke of Windsor following his abdication and receipt of a peerage.

United States[edit]

The names of most current and former elected federal and state officials and judges in the United States are styled "The Honorable"in writing, (e.g.," The Honorable Mike Rawlings, Mayor of the City of Dallas "). Many are addressed by their title in conversation as" Mister "or" Madam "(" Mr. President "," Madam Mayor ") or simply by their name with their appropriate title e.g.," Senator Jones "or" Commissioner Smith ".[30][31]

Continued use of a title after leaving office depends on the office: those of which there is only one at a time (e.g., president, speaker, governor, or mayor) are only officially used by the current office holder.[citation needed]However, titles for offices of which there are many concurrent office holders (e.g., ambassador, senator, judge, professor or military ranks, especiallycoloneland above) are retained for life: A retired U.S. Army general is addressed as "General (Name)" officially and socially for the rest of their life. Military retirees are entitled to receive pay and are still counted as members of the United States Armed Forces. Accordingly, all retired military ranks are retained for life pursuant to Title 10 of the United States Code. In the case of the President, while the title is officially dropped after leaving office[citation needed]– e.g., Dwight Eisenhower reverted to his prior style "General Eisenhower" in retirement – it is still widely used as an informal practice; e.g., Jimmy Carter is still often called President Carter. The Vice President is typically referred to as "former Vice President", such as "former Vice President Mike Pence." Similarly, governors are typically addressed in later life as "Governor (Name)", particularly if running for further political office.Mitt Romney,for example, was frequently referred to as "Governor Romney" during his2012 presidential campaignand was addressed as such formally in the debates,[32][33]having beenGovernor of Massachusettsuntil 2007.[30][31]

  • The names of judges are styled "The Honorable" in writing, and orally in court as "Your Honor", or by name after "Judge".Chief justices of supreme courtsare addressed orally as "Mr. or Madam Chief Justice" or "Chief Justice"; associate justices by name with "Justice" (or, simply "Justice" ).
  • The names of mayors are styled "The Honorable" in writing. In municipalities (e.g., New York City and Chicago), mayors are addressed in conversation as "Your Honor". This may be a vestige of the fact that the mayors (and some others) were alsomagistratesof the court system.
  • His or Her Excellency (oral address "Excellency", "Your Excellency" ) was once customarily used of governors of states, though this has given way to "The Honorable", the form used to address all elected officials in the United States. "Excellency" has continued in theCommonwealthsofMassachusettsandVirginiaand the states ofSouth Carolina,Georgia,New Hampshire,andConnecticut.
  • The names of members of the House of Representatives are similarly styled in writing as "The Honorable". Orally they are traditionally addressed by name as "Mr." or "Ms.", but as a practice are sometimes addressed as "Representative" or "Congressman" or "Congresswoman" when it is necessary or desirable to specify the member's status. It is advisable to follow the preference of the individual official. Following precedence in Westminster style of parliament, when writing their own names, especially on stationery andfranks,Representatives have upon occasion followed their names with "M.C." (Member of Congress).[34]The names of senators similarly are addressed in writing as "The Honorable" and orally as "Senator". Where Representatives may have used "M.C.", Senators have used "U.S.S." (United States Senator).[35]However, neither form is currently used by members in Washington, DC. On the actual floor of the houses during debate, members commonly refer to one another as the gentleman or gentlewoman from their appropriate state (e.g., "As my friend, the distinguished gentleman from Ohio, just said..." or "I yield three minutes to the gentleman from New York, Mr. Smith" ). In debate, senators sometimes refer to colleagues as the junior or senior senator from a state, (e.g., "I disagree with my dear friend, the junior senator from Ohio..." ). Senators also commonly use this form of address.
  • While the term "Esquire",abbreviated" Esq. "after the name (John Jones, Esq.), has no legal meaning in the U.S. and may be used by anyone (or at least, customarily, by any male), it is correctly used when addressing lawyers in correspondence as an indication of their profession. At least one American jurisdiction, the District of Columbia, limits the use of" Esquire "(and similar terms) to licensed attorneys.[36]Although some authorities previously urged that use of "Esq." should be restricted to male lawyers, today the term is used for both male and female attorneys. The academic post-nominalJ.D.(Juris Doctor) may be used by graduates of law schools who are not members of the bar of any state or who are working outside the legal profession.
  • In academic fields, it is customary in the U.S. to refer to those holding any level of professorship (professor, assistant professor, associate professor, adjunct professor, etc.) as "Professor" – as in "Professor Jones" – orally or in writing. In writing, "professor" is often abbreviated as "Prof.", as in "Prof. Jones". Those holding academic doctorates are frequently referred to as "Dr. Jones."
  • Military personnel of any functionality (doctors, lawyers, engineers, cooks, fighter pilots, motor pool drivers, commanding officers, security guards... officers and enlisted... leaders and followers) are always addressed by rank + name; with the exception ofchaplains,who are addressed as "Chaplain" and are addressed in writing with their rank in parentheses, e.g.: "Chaplain (Major) Jones". An exception to this is in the Navy, where in writing the rank is either not used, or is used before the person's name with the corps designator "CHC" indicating the officer is a chaplain put behind their name. e.g.: "LT George Burdell, CHC, USN". In the United States Navy, there is an internal practice aboard ships that junior officers who are not in command may be addressed by their rank or as "Mister/Miss X" as in "Lieutenant Junior Grade Smith" or "Miss Smith". This practice is also followed within the United States Coast Guard, both aboard ship and ashore. Junior officers in both services are understood to be those oflieutenant commanderand below. Senior officers (commanderand above) are addressed by their rank as in "Commander Smith" or "Admiral Smith". While officially this manner of address is supposed to be from a senior rank to a junior rank, i.e. captain to lieutenant, in practice it is not unknown for enlisted personnel to refer to junior officers as Mister as well. While commonly referred to by their rank, i.e. Seaman/Airman/Fireman/Petty Officer X or (Senior/Master) Chief X, on formal occasions, e.g. weddings, an enlisted man's full title is sometimes used, starting with their rating, then their rank, and their name, e.g. Electronics Technician Second Class X or Chief Gunner's Mate Y. When written, e.g. in formal invitations, the enlisted man's name is written as "Serviceman's name,USN/USMC/USA/USAF/USCG ", without one's rank preceding their name, unlike commissioned officers.
  • Any officer in command of a ship is referred to as Captain for the period of their command or in reference to the ship, regardless of what rank they normally hold.[30][31]
  • Retired military personnel may continue to be addressed by their rank at the time of their retirement. Those who held 'brevet' ranks higher than their permanent rank (permanent Army officers who held temporary rank in volunteer regiments during the American Civil War) also held this honor; though all such individuals have now perished, this usage is often seen in historical or fictional sources placed in the 1865–1900 period.[30][31]
  • Hamilton v. Alabama,376 U.S. 650 (1964), is aUnited States Supreme Courtcase in which the court held that anAfrican-Americanwoman,Mary Hamilton,was entitled to the same courteous forms of address customarily reserved solely for whites in theSouthern United States,[37]and that calling a black person by their first name in a formal context was "a form of racial discrimination".[38]

Former styles[edit]

All former monarchies had styles, some, as in the Bourbon monarchy ofFrance,extremely complicated depending on the status of the office or office-holder.Otto von Habsburg,who was Crown Prince ofAustria-Hungary(1916–1918), had the style 'His Imperial and Royal Highness'. He was last addressed as such by church figures during the funeral of his late mother, Empress-QueenZita of Austria-Hungaryin 1989, although the use of these styles has been prohibited in Austria since 1920.[39]

For the styles of address to government officials inImperial Russia,seeTable of Ranks.

The names of some offices are alsotitles,which are retained by the office holder for life. For example, holders of titles of which there are many at the same time, such as ambassadors, senators, judges, and military officers, who retire retain use of their hierarchical honorific for life. Holders of titles of which there is only one office holder at a time such as president, chief justice or speaker revert to their previous honorific when they leave office out of deference to the current office holder.

Other parallel symbols[edit]

Styles were often among the range of symbols that surrounded figures of high office. Everything from the manner of address to the behaviour of a person on meeting that personage was surrounded by traditional symbols. Monarchs were to be bowed to by men and curtsied to by women. Senior clergy, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church, were to have their rings (the symbol of their authority) kissed by lay persons while they were on bended knee, while cardinals in an act of homage at the papal coronation were meant to kiss the feet of the Supreme Pontiff, thePope.

Many of these traditions have lapsed or been partially abandoned. At his inauguration as pope in 1978 (itself the abandonment of the traditional millennium-old papal coronation),Pope John Paul IIhimself kissed cardinals on the cheeks, rather than follow the traditional method of homage of having his feet kissed.

Similarly, styles, though still used, are used less often. The formerPresident of Ireland,Mary McAleese,was usually referred to asPresident Mary McAleese,notPresident McAleese,as had been the form used for the first six presidents, from President Hyde to President Hillery.Tony Blairasked initially to be calledTony.First names, or evennicknames,are often widely used among politicians in the US, even in formal situations (as an extreme example, PresidentJames Earl "Jimmy" Carterchose to take the Oath of Office using his nickname). One notable exception involves judges: a judge of any court is almost invariably addressed as "Your Honor" while presiding over his or her court, and often at other times as well. This style has been removed in theRepublic of Ireland,where judges are addressed only as "Judge".

However, styles are still widely used in formal documents and correspondence between heads of state, such as in aletter of credenceaccrediting an ambassador from one head of state to another.

Self-styled[edit]

The termself-styled,orsoi-disant,roughly means awarding astyleto oneself, often without adequate justification or authority, but the expression often refers to descriptions ortitles(such as "aunt", "expert", "Doctor", or "King" ), rather than truestylesin the sense of this article.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1Though the Republic of Ireland does not possess a Privy Council, the style is still used. TheLord Mayor of Dublinis still styled the Right Honourable, as previous lord mayors of Dublin wereex-officiomembers of the formerIrish Privy Counciluntil its abolition in 1922.

References[edit]

  1. ^"style: meaning and definitions".Random House Unabridged Dictionary.Infoplease. 1997.Retrieved4 January2011.
  2. ^"Definition of style".Oxford Dictionaries Online.Oxford University Press. 2010.Retrieved4 January2011.[dead link]
  3. ^Samir, Mohamed (November 12, 2022)."10 Rules of Appearing in Court".badott.com.RetrievedMarch 16,2024.
  4. ^"No. 4 of 2005 – Form of Address".Practice Directions.Magistrates Court of Tasmania. 4 September 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 10 March 2011.Retrieved4 January2011.
  5. ^SeeSubstantive title
  6. ^"His Majesty Emperor Hirihito of Japan, K. G., 29 April 1901 - 7 January 1989".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society.36:241–272. December 12, 1990.doi:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032.ISSN0080-4606– via royalsocietypublishing.
  7. ^Colegrove, Kenneth (August 8, 1932)."The Japanese Emperor".American Political Science Review.26(4): 642–659.doi:10.2307/1946532.ISSN0003-0554– via American Political Science Review.
  8. ^A.F. Pollard (5 January 2007).HENRY VIII.Chehab Pubber. p. 244. GGKEY:HQGF65AUEWU.
  9. ^Angus Stevenson, ed. (2007).Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.Vol. 1, A–M (Sixth ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 737.ISBN978-0-19-920687-2.
  10. ^abTourtchine, Jean-Fred (September 1987). "Le Royaume de Portugal - Empire du Brésil".Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes (CEDRE).III:103.ISSN0764-4426.
  11. ^abWood, Paul (1 August 2005)."Life and legacy of King Fahd".BBC News.Retrieved6 April2011.
  12. ^"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz".Archived fromthe originalon 20 January 2011.Retrieved6 April2011.
  13. ^abPennell, Richard (11 March 2016). "What is the significance of the title 'Amīr al-mu'minīn?'".The Journal of North African Studies.21(4): 623–644.doi:10.1080/13629387.2016.1157482.S2CID148543546.
  14. ^abValentine, Simon, Ross.Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice.Columbia University Press. p. 208.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^"MARIE ANTOINETTE, By Campan".www.gutenberg.org.Retrieved2024-03-16.
  16. ^"Babel | Doing business in France".www.babelgroup.co.uk.Retrieved2024-03-16.
  17. ^"Why are surgeons in the UK called Mr...",rcseng.ac.uk
  18. ^abcdef"Styles of address » Religious dignitaries".Government of Canada. 16 October 2017.
  19. ^"Style Guide".Episcopal Church.Retrieved17 June2013.
  20. ^"Frequently Asked Questions".Trinityambler.com.Retrieved17 June2013.
  21. ^"Honoring the Priesthood".churchofjesuschrist.org.Retrieved11 February2015.
  22. ^Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York. 1966. p. 1719
  23. ^"The title 'The Honourable' for Governors-General".www.legislation.gov.au.
  24. ^"Contact".Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2011.Retrieved5 January2011.
  25. ^"Guernsey Feudal Dues Law - Use of Styles".
  26. ^"DPMC - New Zealand Honours: The Honourable and the Privy Council".Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.Archived fromthe originalon 2 September 2011.
  27. ^ab"National Awards of Jamaica"Archived2021-12-20 at theWayback Machine,Jamaica Information Service, accessed 12 May 2015.
  28. ^"President no more 'His Excellency'".The Times of India.2012-10-10.ISSN0971-8257.Retrieved2024-03-16.
  29. ^"1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines".Chan Robles Virtual Law Library– via www.chanrobles.com.
  30. ^abcdVanderbilt, Amy (1995).The Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette(50th Anniversary ed.). Doubleday.ISBN9780385413428.
  31. ^abcdConetsco, Cherlynn (2009).Service Etiquette(5th ed.). Naval Institute Press.ISBN9781591143574.
  32. ^"CPD: October 22, 2012 Debate Transcript".www.debates.org.
  33. ^"October 16, 2012 Debate Transcript, Obama vs Romney".Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2015.
  34. ^See, e.g.,File:Congressional Frank 1921 T.S. Butler.jpg(scan of a Representative's frank).
  35. ^See, e.g.,File:Franked.jpg(scan of franked envelope from a U.S. Senator).
  36. ^"Ethics Opinion 344".The District of Columbia Bar. 2011.Retrieved5 January2011.
  37. ^Bobrow, Jerry (2005).Barron's How to Prepare for the LSAT, Law School Admission Test.Barron's Educational Series. p. 587.ISBN978-0-7641-2412-9.RetrievedJuly 13,2013.
  38. ^"Call Her Miss".Time.April 10, 1964. Archived fromthe originalon July 19, 2005.RetrievedJuly 13,2013.(Subscription required.)
  39. ^"Bundesrecht: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Adelsaufhebungsgesetz"(in German).Federal Chancellery of Austria.2010.Retrieved5 January2011.

External links[edit]

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