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Surinam (Dutch colony)

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For the later Republic of Suriname, seeSuriname.
Colony of Surinam
Kolonie Suriname
1667–1954
Coat of arms of
Coat of arms
Anthem:"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe"(Dutch)
"'William of Nassau"
noicon
Suriname in 1954
Suriname in 1954
StatusColony of theDutch Republic(1667–1795)
Colony of theBatavian Republic(1795–1799, 1802–1804)
Occupied territory of theUnited Kingdom(1799–1802, 1804–1815)
Colony of theNetherlands(1815–1954)
CapitalParamaribo
Common languagesDutch(official)
11 other languages
8 native languages
Head of state
• 1667–1702
Willem III(first)
• 1948–1954
Juliana(last)
Governor General
• 1667
Maurits de Rama(first)
• 1689–1696
Johan van Scharphuizen
• 1949–1954
Jan Klaasesz
History
26 February 1667
31 July 1667
15 December 1954
CurrencyDutch guilder,Spanish dollar
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Surinam (English colony)
Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Today part ofSuriname

Surinam(Dutch:Suriname), also unofficially known asDutch Guiana,was a Dutchplantation colonyinthe Guianas,bordered by the equally Dutch colony ofBerbiceto the west, and the French colony ofCayenneto the east. It later borderedBritish Guianafrom 1831 to 1966.

History[edit]

The colonization of Suriname[edit]

See also:History of Suriname
Map of the Guianas from 1700

Surinam was a Dutch colony from 26 February 1667, when Dutch forces capturedFrancis Willoughby'sEnglishcolony during theSecond Anglo-Dutch War,until 15 December 1954, when Surinam became aconstituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.The status quo of Dutch sovereignty over Surinam, and English sovereignty overNew Netherland,which it had conquered in 1664, was kept in theTreaty of Bredaof 31 July 1667, and again confirmed in theTreaty of Westminsterof 1674.[1]

After theother Dutch colonies in the Guianas,i.e.,Berbice,Essequibo,Demerara,andPomeroon,were lost to the British in 1814, the remaining colony of Surinam was often referred to asDutch Guiana,especially after 1831, when the British merged Berbice, Essequibo, and Demerara intoBritish Guiana.As the term Dutch Guiana was used in the 17th and 18th centuries to refer to all Dutch colonies in the Guianas, this use of the term can be confusing (see below).

Dutch Guiana[edit]

Flag of Suriname (1959–1975)

Although the colony has always been officially known as Surinam or Suriname, in both Dutch[2]and English,[3]the colony was often unofficially and semi-officially referred to as Dutch Guiana (Dutch:Nederlands Guiana) in the 19th and 20th century, in an analogy toBritish GuianaandFrench Guiana.Historically, Suriname was only one of many Dutch colonies inthe Guianas,others beingBerbice,Essequibo,Demerara,andPomeroon,which after being taken over by the United Kingdom in 1814, were united into British Guiana in 1831. The Dutch also controllednorthern Brazilfrom 1630 to 1654, including the area that, when governed by Lisbon, was calledPortuguese Guiana.Thus, before 1814, the termDutch Guianadescribed not only Suriname, but all the colonies under Dutch sovereignty in the region taken together: a set of polities, with distinct governments, whose external borders changed much over time.[4]

Slave labor in the colony[edit]

An illustration of a Dutch plantation owner and slave fromWilliam Blake's illustrations of the work ofJohn Gabriel Stedman,first published in 1792–1794

The economy of the Colony of Suriname depended upon people enslaved at its plantations. Slave labour was mostly supplied by theDutch West India Companyfrom its trading posts in West Africa, to produce their crops.Sugar,cotton,andindigowere the main goods exported from the colony to theNetherlandsuntil the early 18th century, whencoffeebecame the single most important export product of Surinam. Planters' treatment of the slaves was notoriously bad.[5]The historianC.R. Boxerwrote that "man's inhumanity to man just about reached its limits in Surinam",[6]and many slaves escaped the plantations. TheAmsterdam Stock Exchangecrashed in 1773, which dealt a severe blow to the plantation economy that was further exacerbated by the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807.[7]This abolition was adopted byWilliam I of the Netherlands,who signed a royal decree in this regard in June 1814, and who concluded theAnglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treatyin May 1818. Many plantations went bankrupt as a consequence of the abolition of slave trade. Without supply of slaves, many plantations were merged to increase efficiency.

Abolition of slavery[edit]

Slavery was eventually abolished on 1 July 1863, althoughslaveswere only released after a ten-year transitory period in 1873.[8]This spurred the immigration ofindenturedlabourers fromBritish India,aftera treaty to that effecthad been signed between the Netherlands and theUnited Kingdomin 1870. Apart from immigration from British India,Javaneseworkers from theDutch East Indieswere also contracted to work on plantations in Surinam.[9]At the same time, a largely unsuccessful attempt to colonize Surinam withimpoverished farmers from the Netherlandswas started as well.

The natural resources of Suriname[edit]

In the 20th century, the natural resources of Surinam, which includerubber,goldandbauxite,were exploited.

Dutch Guaiana (1818 map)

Thegold rushthat followed the discovery of gold on the banks of theLawa Riverspurred the construction of the Lawa Railway in 1902, although construction was halted after gold production proved disappointing. In the 1930s, the grandmother of Hennah Draaibaar discovered more than 80 kilos of gold, which made her briefly the richest woman in Surinam; the Dutch took most of the gold to the Netherlands.[10]

In 1916, theU.S.aluminiumcompanyAlcoabegan mining bauxite on the banks of theCottica River,near the village ofMoengo.In 1938, the company built an aluminiumsmelterinParanam.

The 1930s were a difficult time for Suriname. The Great Depression created great unemployment. Surinamese guest workers in Curaçao and other islands of the Netherlands Antilles returned to Suriname because there was no more work, which exacerbated the problem. No more funds came in and more unemployed people were added. To provide work, roads were built to Domburg and Groningen, and the Meursweg was constructed. The Salvation Army set up a soup kitchen to relieve the worst of necessities. However, this was not enough, and there was a great deal of unrest among the population in 1931, leading to demonstrations and street riots with looting. Nationalist Anton de Kom then came to Suriname to set up a workers' organization there: he established a consultancy firm, but when he organized a demonstration against governorJohannes Kielstra,he was imprisoned. A rally to get him released led toBlack Tuesday,in which 2 people were shot. De Kom was then put on a boat to the Netherlands. The Dutch Prime Minister Colijn stated in the Lower House in 1935:

Dutch Guiana in 1826
"Everything that has been tried in Suriname, it all simply failed. Things are not easy. And that is why I wanted someone to get up in the Netherlands who knew what could be done. I will do the possible."

However, the situation had improved somewhat on the eve of the Second World War.

Partly due to the importance of Surinamese aluminium for the allied war effort, United States troops were stationed in Surinam under an agreement with theDutch government in exileon 23 November 1941. Under the provisions of theAtlantic Charterof August 1941, the Dutch government in exile promised to end the colonial relations between the Netherlands and its overseas possessions, promising them far-reaching autonomy and self-rule. This was eventually accomplished by the proclamation of theCharter for the Kingdom of the Netherlandson 15 December 1954, which constituted a Kingdom in which the Netherlands, theNetherlands Antilles,andSurinameparticipated on a basis of equality. In 1975, Suriname left the Kingdom of the Netherlands to become the independent country ofSuriname.

Administration[edit]

Suriname (circa 1914) in the Encyclopedia of the Dutch West Indies, by Surinamese cartographerHerman Benjaminsand Dutch ethnographerJohannes Snelleman.

From 1683, the colony was governed by theSociety of Suriname,a company composed of three equal shareholders, being the city ofAmsterdam,the familyVan Aerssen van Sommelsdijck,and theDutch West India Company.Although the organization and administration was of the colony was limited to these three shareholders, all citizens of theDutch Republicwere free to trade with Suriname.[11]Also, the planters were consulted in aCouncil of Police,which was a unique feature among the colonies of Guiana.[12]

In November 1795, the Society was nationalized by theBatavian Republic.From then on until 1954, the Batavian Republic and its legal successors (theKingdom of Hollandand theKingdom of the Netherlands) governed the territory as a national colony, barring a period of British occupation between 1799 and 1802, and between 1804 and 1816.

After theBatavian Republictook over in 1795, the Dutch government issued variousgovernment regulations for Suriname(Dutch:Regeringsreglement voor Suriname), establishing the government of the colony. In 1865, a new government regulation replaced the previous regulation of 1832, which theoretically gave Suriname some limited self-rule.[13]The colonial elite was given the right to elect a Colonial Council (Dutch:Koloniale Raad) which would co-govern the colony together with the Governor-General appointed by theDutch crown.Among others, the Colonial Council was allowed to decide over the colony's budget, which was subject to approval by the Dutch crown, but which did not see any involvement of Dutch parliament.[13]

BaronAarnoud van Heemstra,the governor of Suriname in 1923

In the wake of the 1922 Dutch constitutional revision, in which the term "colony" was replaced by "overseas territory", the 1865 government regulation was replaced by theBasic Law of Suriname(Dutch:Staatsregeling van Suriname) on 1 April 1937. This Basic Law renamed the Colonial Council to Estates of Suriname (Dutch:Staten van Suriname) and increased the membership from 13 to 15.

After theSecond World War,during which theDutch government in exilehad pledged to review the relationship between the Netherlands and its colonies, the Basic Law was heavily revised. In March 1948, revisions to the Basic Law were adopted by Dutch parliament, which introduceduniversal suffragefor both men and women, which increased the membership of the Estates from 15 to 21, and which introduced a College of General Government (Dutch:College van Algemeen Bestuur) which was to assist the Governor in the everyday government of the colony, and which was the precursor to the Cabinet of Ministers.[14]The new constitution took effect in July 1948.

Military[edit]

In 1868 the Dutch government created theNetherlands Armed Forces in Suriname(TRIS) which served as the Dutch colonial army in Suriname.[15]This meant that like theRoyal Netherlands East Indies Army(KNIL) in theDutch East Indies,TRIS fell under the responsibility of the Dutch Ministry of Colonies, instead of the Dutch Ministry of Defense. The size of the TRIS army was, however, small, compared to the KNIL army for the former colony ofIndonesia,it consisted of two infantry and two artillery companies. In total 636 soldiers served in the TRIS army. These soldiers were tasked with patrolling and policing duties within the Dutch colony of Surinam.[16]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Oostindie 2005,pp. 7–8.
  2. ^See for examplethis royal decreeArchived2016-03-03 at theWayback Machineseparating Suriname from Curaçao and Dependencies (1845).
  3. ^In treaties between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the colony is consistently referred to as theColony of Surinam,e.g.Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands, relative to the Emigration of Labourers from India to the DutchColony of Surinam,theAccession of the Dutchcolonies of Curaçao and Surinamto the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property.
  4. ^This is, e.g., how Jan Jacob Hartsinck uses the term in hisBeschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America(Hartsinck 1770,pp. 257).
  5. ^Streissguth, Tom (2009).Suriname in Pictures.Twenty-First Century Books. pp.23–.ISBN978-1-57505-964-8.
  6. ^C.R. Boxer(1990).The Dutch Seaborne Empire.Penguin. pp. 271–272.ISBN9780140136180.
  7. ^Buddingh' 1999,p. 57.
  8. ^Bakker 1993,p. 76.
  9. ^Bakker 1993,p. 105.
  10. ^"Grandma and the great gold rush of Suriname".BBC. 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  11. ^Meiden, G.W. (2008) Betwist Bestuur. De eerste eeuw bestuurlijke ruzies in Suriname 1651-1753, p. 11.
  12. ^Buddingh, H. (1995) Geschiedenis van Suriname, p. 26.
  13. ^abA.F. Paula (1989)."Koloniale Raad".Hoofdmomenten uit de Staatkundige Ontwikkeling van de Nederlandse Antillen.Archived fromthe originalon 19 December 2012.Retrieved30 May2012.
  14. ^"Wat gebeurde er op 28 januari 1948?".Suriname.nu. 1989.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2017.Retrieved30 May2012.
  15. ^De historie van de TRIS:http://www.trisonline.nl/de-tris/de-historie-van-de-tris/Archived2017-07-02 at theWayback Machine
  16. ^Ibidem.

Further reading[edit]

Online[edit]

External links[edit]

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