Suspension (body modification)

Body suspensionmeans the act of rigging a human body to hang from implements that have been placed through temporary perforations in the skin.

A number of health concerns might be associated with the practice, such as excessivebleeding,fainting,fall injuries,andinfections.

Indian man with hooks in his back at the festival ofCharak-Puja

History

"The Cutting Scene, Mandan O-kee-pa Ceremony" byGeorge Catlin,circa 1832

Body suspension has historically been practiced by different cultures around the world. TheThaipusamfestival, celebrated by theTamilHinducommunity on the full moon in theTamil monthofThai(January/February), features body suspension.TheCharak Puja,aHindufolkfestivalin honour of the godShiva,has also featured body suspensions for thousands of years.

In North America theOkipaceremony - which includes piercing and suspension - has been a major part ofMandanreligious life. This ceremony of thePlains Indianstribe first became known outside the tribe in 1832. This complex ceremony about the creation of the earth was glimpsed, and then aspects of it depicted for a non-Native public, by painterGeorge Catlin.The piercing and suspension is only one part of theOkipaceremony.

Modern-day suspensions, as performed by non-Natives, are influenced by theModern Primitivismmovement and based onimitations ofCatlin's artworkcombined with the experimental creations of fellow performance artists. Artists involved in creating modern suspension experiences includeAllen Falkner,who first introduced suspension as a secular activity; the researcherStelarc,who performed suspensions in the 70s and 80s, including hanging himself between skyscrapers,Fakir Musafar(Roland Loomis), and singerMiguel.

Method

The process is very delicate and is typically done carefully by an experienced individual orprofessionalof the field in order to avoid serious injury. Suspension may require and often has a small group who handle preparations and the process itself. The actual act of being suspended may take up a tiny portion of time compared to the time involved in preparation, though some people remain suspended for hours.

Two body hooks inserted in the back of a woman, to which suspension chain is yet to be attached

The suspendee's body is studied to decide the proper placement, number, and size of metal hooks which are pierced into the skin to lift the person off the ground. Depending on the position in which the body is to be suspended, multiple hooks are sometimes located around the shoulders, upper arm, back, and the knees. Finding the proper hook placement and number involves basic geometry and an acute understanding ofhuman anatomyandphysiology,as well as the durability of the individual'sskin.If the number of hooks are too few, the suspended individual's skin will be unable to withstand the body's weight and will rip.The amount of weight that each hook supports must be distributed evenly throughout the entire body.

Ablock and tackleintended for rock climbing and rope that attaches to the hooks is used to slowly and carefully lift an individual a foot or two off the ground — where they may remain relatively motionless for a predetermined period of time. Some also choose to have more dynamic suspensions, where they swing or are pushed around the area.

Equipment

Rigging

There are two main types of rigging: dynamic and static. Dynamic rigging primarily uses ropes, or something similar, and one long piece is used to connect the suspender to the apparatus. In static rigging, each hook is attached to the apparatus separately.

The apparatus is usually rigged to a tree, ceiling, scaffolding, etc. using pulleys, a winch or a backhoe.

Types of suspensions

Topless men and women pulling a car using ropes attached to flesh hooks inserted in their backs. The participants are not suspended from top in this case. Scene fromDoo Dah Parade,Ohio,USA, 2011.

Chest

Achest suspension,sometimes incorrectly referred to as an "O-Kee-Pa", is a suspension in which the hook(s) are placed in the chest. Typically two hooks are used for this type of suspension. This wasinitially named aftertheOkipaceremony of theMandanpeople, and popularized under that name byFakir Musafar.The modern, secular suspension performance, however, is not an accurate replication of theOkipaceremony. In respect to the Mandan people, the "O-Kee-Pa" name is no longer used to reference this position.

Coma

Acoma suspensionis a suspension in which the hooks are placed in the chest, torso and legs, usually in two rows, such that the suspendee is lying face up. The name of this position comes from the similar imagery in the movieComa.

Knee

This suspension takes place hooked from the knees and hung vertically with the head closest to the ground and the knees at the top. There is no standard for hook placement on this suspension, as it depends almost solely on the anatomy of the suspendee. Some people refer to this as a "Falkner" suspension sinceAllen Falkneris the first known person to ever attempt this particular configuration. This style is relatively new, but is quickly growing in popularity. It is not considered to be an extremely painful suspension, but the drawbacks include lower back pain and ripping of skin in the areas around the knees. Another factor of this suspension is the increased blood pressure to the brain due to the inverted position, which can lead to disorientation and cause headaches.

Back

A Back suspension or often called asuicide suspensionis a suspension in which the hook(s) are placed in the upper back, such that the suspendee is hanging upright. This type of suspension is namedsuicidedue to its similarity in appearance to someone who hashangedthemselves.

Resurrection

Aresurrection suspensionis a suspension in which the suspended person is held up by hooks, usually in two rows on the belly; it gives the impression of rising from death as the suspendee is curved backwards facing up.

Crucifix

Hook suspension at an event

Acrucifix suspensionis a variation on a suicide suspension in which hooks are also placed in the arms, such that the suspendee appears to be hanging on a cross, with his or her arms held out to the side.

Superman

Asuperman suspensionis the inverse of a coma suspension - the hooks are placed in the back and legs, usually in two rows, such that the suspendee is lying face down. This type of suspension is namedsupermandue to the similarity in appearance toSupermanflying.

Other

Other variations exist, using any number from one to dozens of hooks. The rebirth suspension is usually performed with 4 to 6 hooks in the back, with the suspendee in the fetal position, face down. Some hang from calves, ankles, knees, or buttocks. This can even include facial suspension. The "Angel" Suspension is six or eight hooks in the back where the outline of an angel's wings would be.

See also

• Body modification
• Fakir Musafar
• Modern primitive
• Play piercing
• Suspension bondage

Further reading

• Favazza, Armando (2011).Bodies under Siege: Self-mutilation, Nonsuicidal Self-injury, and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry.Johns Hopkins University Press.ISBN978-0801853005.

• Mails, Thomas (1998).Our Hero: Sundancing: The Great Sioux Piercing Ritual.Council Oak.ISBN978-1571780621.

• Pitts, Victoria (2003).In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification.Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-0312293116.

• Vale, V.;Juno, Andrea (1989).Modern Primitives: Tattoo, Piercing, Scarification- An Investigation of Contemporary Adornment & Ritual.Re/search.ISBN978-0940642140.

External links

• Suspension.org
• Body suspension videos from Ritual Flesh Suspension Team
• Gallery of marionette suspension pictures
• Suspension pictures
• BME Encyclopedia: SuspensionArchived2012-09-10 at theWayback Machine
• An elaborate 27 hook, 18 transition suspensionby Miss Crash
• An informal suspension communityinSt. Petersburg, Russia
• Body suspension art installation videos from The Skin Project