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Swifties

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Taylor Swiftinteracting with the Swifties gathered outside theGood Morning Americastudio in New York City (2012)

Swiftiesare thefandomof the American singer-songwriterTaylor Swift.Regarded by journalists as one of the largest, most devoted and influential fan bases, Swifties are known for their high levels of participation, creativity, community andfanaticism.They are a subject of widespread coverage in themainstream media.[1]

Critics have opined that Swift has redefined artist–fandom relationships by establishing an intimate connection with Swifties. She has frequently engaged with, helped, credited and prioritized her fans, while the latter have offered unprecedented support and interest in her works irrespective ofher wavering reception in the media.They continued to support Swift through her genre transitions and unexpected artistic pivots, helped her during her highly publicized controversies such asthe 2019 masters dispute,instigated thepolitical scrutiny of Ticketmasterthat led to implementation of various laws, and stimulated economic growth with the culturalimpact of the Eras Tour.Swift's releases, promotional efforts and fashion have garnered attention for incorporatingEaster eggsand clues that are decoded by Swifties and considered part of hermusical universe.The word Swiftie(s) was added to theOxford Dictionary of Englishin 2023.

Swifties have had an impact on themusic industryandpopular culture.Cultural analyseshave variably described them as acommunity of interest,asubculture,and a near-metaverse,while academics have studied them for theirconsumerism,content creation,social capital,collective effervescence,organizing prolificacy, andinterpersonal relationships.Swifties have also been a subject of criticism, with some members of the fanbase displaying disregard for Swift's privacy by publicizing her real-time locations. Media outlets have reported that some online Swifties engage inverbal attackof individuals, including celebrities, who malign Swift, while some others criticize Swift for a plethora of political and personal reasons.

History[edit]

Taylor Swiftbegan writing, recording and releasingcountry musicin 2006. Before releasing her debut single, "Tim McGraw"(2006), Swift had been usingsocial networking websites.She was one of the first country artists to use theInternetas amarketingtool for her music, predominantly promoting herself onMyspaceand connecting with listeners who liked her music when it played on radio.[2][3][4]She created her MySpace account on August 31, 2005, a day before her then-label,Big Machine Records,was inaugurated. Swift's songs on MySpace collected more than 45 million listens, whichScott Borchetta,the label CEO, provided to "skeptical" country radio programmers to convince them of existing fans for Swift's songs.[5]

Swift released herself-titled debut studio albumin the United States in October 2006. It sold 40,000 copies in its first week,[6]but became asleeper hitas its sales remained consistent over time,[7]reaching one million copies in November 2007.[8]It garnered its highest sales week in January 2008, with 187,000 copies.[9]This sleeper success contributed to a rapid increase in Swift's notability within and beyond the country music scene.Taylor Swiftspent 24 weeks at the number-one spot of the U.S.Top Country Albumschart and became the longest-running album from the 2000s decade on the all-genreBillboard200.[10][7]Her follow-up album,Fearless,was released in November 2008 and becamethe best-selling album of 2009.It achieved significant international success beyond theAnglosphere,[11][12]where country music was then not popular,[13][12]and its singles "Love Story"and"You Belong with Me"became crossover successes onpop radio,[14]catapulting Swift to mainstream fame and widening her audience.[15][16]The success planted dedicated fanbases for Swift in overseas markets such as the United Kingdom,[11]Ireland, Brazil, Philippines, China, Vietnam, Taiwan,[12]India,[17]and Japan.[18][19]Her subsequent albums, which saw her experiment withpop,rock,electronic,folk,andalternativestyles, helped enlarge her fanbase and diversify itsdemographicsin the following decades.[20][21]

Etymology[edit]

The word "Swiftie" for a Swift fan gained popularity in the late 2000s.Etymologically,the word is formed from Swift's name and thesuffix"ie" (or sometimes "y" as in "Swifty" ), which is often used indiminutivesto imply affection.[22]Swift stated in a 2012Vevointerview that her fans call themselves "Swifties", which she found "adorable".[23]Swift filed the term fortrademarkin March 2017.[24]In 2023,Oxford Dictionary of Englishdefined Swiftie as anounmeaning "an enthusiastic fan of the singer Taylor Swift." As per the dictionary, some words thatcollocatewith Swiftie in popular usage are "fandom", "die-hard", "hardcore" and "self-proclaimed".[22]According toDictionary.com,the term Swiftie often implies that the person is "a very passionate and loyal fan—as opposed to just a casual listener."[25]

Relationship with Swift[edit]

A fan poster by a Swiftie

Swift maintains a close relationship with Swifties, to whom many journalists attribute her cultural influence.[26][27]ToThe Washington Post,Swift and Swifties are "all part of one big friend group".[28]She has "revolutionized" the relationship a celebrity can have with fans, according toThe New York Times.[29]Many fans feel connected to her as they "have grown up with her and her music."[30][31]Lora Kelley ofThe Atlanticstated that Swift "understands the power of the group experience."[32]Her connection with fans is considered unique for artists of her stature; she has interacted with them on social media, sent them gifts, hand-selected them to attend intimate concerts or meet-and-greets, made surprise visits, participated in some of their functions (such as aweddingor abridal shower), and gifted free tickets to disadvantaged or medically ill fans.[27][33][34]Swift's habit of lurking her fans online has been referred to as "Taylurking" by the fans.[35]

In June 2010, Swift hosted a 13-hour meet-and-greet as a part of theCMA FestivalinNashville, Tennessee.In 2014, 2017 and 2019, she hosted the "Secret Sessions", a series of pre-release album-listening parties for fans at her houses,[36][37]and a 2014Christmasevent dubbed by the fans as the "Swiftmas," where Swift sent packages of early Christmas presents to fans and hand-delivered some of them.[38]Swift has also written songs in honor of her fans, such as "Long Live"(2010)[39]or "Ronan"(2012); the latter is acharity recordabout a fan's four-year-old son who died ofneuroblastoma.[33]In 2023, she invited 2,200 fans to the world premiere of her concert film,Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour,free of cost.[40]Zoya Raza-Sheikh ofThe Independentreported that Swift "remains at the forefront of delivering fan-based experiences to cultivate an ever-growing following. Whether it's personal invites to the singer's house for album listening parties, aka Secret Sessions, or pre-show hangouts, she continues to put her fans first."[35]

Swift taking pictures with fans outside theToronto International Film Festivalin 2022

With her large fanbase, Swift is one of the most followed people onsocial media.[41][42][43]According to ticketing executive Nathan Hubbard, Swift was the first musician ever "to be natively online."[44]Rolling Stonecritic Brittany Spanos opined that Swift grew her fanbase on social media: "She was usingTumblrway past its prime.Twitter.She's now onTikTok,commenting on people's videos. "[4]The part of TikTok dominated by Swifties is known as "SwiftTok".[35]A 2024 qualitative study of Swifties credited "Swift's constant self-disclosure and authentic persona on social media" for the Swifties' exceptional relationship with Swift.[45]

The nicknames generally used by Swifties for Swift include "Blondie" (referencing her blonde hair), "T-Swizzle" (after the lyrics in Swift's 2009parodysong "Thug Story"with American record producerT-Pain), and "The Music Industry" (referring toher influence on the music industry).[46]Chinese Swifties dubbed her "Meimei" ( môi môi ), apunbased on theChinese character"Mei" ( môi ) for "unlucky" that has since been adopted byChinese state media.[47][48]

Swift has donated to fans to cover their academic loans, medical bills, rent or other expenses.[49]In 2018, she bought a house for a homeless and pregnant fan.[50]Her high donation to a fan withleukemiaonGoFundMein 2015 caused thecrowdfundingplatform to expand its donation cap.[51]In 2023, thousands of Swifties collectively donated US$125,000 via GoFundMe to the family of a fellow Swiftie who was struck and killed by a drunk driver on his way home from a Swift concert. Much of the donated amount was given in portions of $13, Swift's favorite number.[52]

While Swifties are generally perceived as a fandom unanimously supportive of Swift, members of the fanbase have also criticized her a number of times throughout the years. Reasons include insufficient political activism from Swift, such as duringDonald Trump's election as the 45th president of the U.S.[53][54]or theIsraeli-Palestinian conflict,[55][56]and the individuals she has been associated with in the media, such asMatty Healy,who is known for his controversial statements.[57]Swift has also criticized her fans or some of her fans in certain lyrics of her eleventh studio album,The Tortured Poets Department(2024), prominently in the tracks "But Daddy I Love Him"and" Who's Afraid of Little Old Me? "for encroaching on her private life.[58]

Lore and community[edit]

"Her use of symbols and imagery has only grown over time, to the point that if you look deep enough into Swift World, her fans seem as if they are practically speaking another language with abbreviations, coded catchphrases and references that only they understand."

Emily Yahr,The Washington Post(2022)[59]

Journalists describe Swift's works, celebrity, and the fanfare surrounding them as a world of its own, dubbing it a music "universe"subject to analyses by Swifties. Propagated by her prolific use ofEaster eggsand "unusually close connection with her fans",[28][60]Swift is a source ofmythin popular culture. Her outfits, accessories,diction,color coding, andnumerologyhave also been Easter eggs.[61][62]Swifties are known for their fan theories, having gained a reputation as "the best online sleuths" for breaking down and associating various elements they consider as clues or Easter eggs.[63][64]According to Bruce Arthur ofToronto Star,"Swift is followed by fans whose dedication to her mythology is Byzantine and layered and complex and messianic."[65]

GlamourandThe Washington Posttermed the lore as the Taylor Swift Cinematic Universe.[66][67]Entertainment Weeklycalled it Taylor Swift Musical Universe— "a pop star known for prodigious hint-dropping, whose fans turn every piece of info into an onlinearchaeological dig."[68]InThe Guardian,Adrian Horton said "Swiftverse" is asubcultureof mass media, cultivated by "years ofworldbuildingand Swiftian mythology ",[62]while Alim Kheraj wrote Swift turned pop music into a "multiplayer puzzle" involving fanbase commitment, which other artists have attempted to reproduce.[69]According to Sinéad O'Sullivan inThe New Yorker,the Swiftverse is "a fan universe, filled with complex, in-sequence narratives that have been contextualized through multiple perspectives" across Swift's albums.[70]

Andrew Unterberger ofSpinwrote that symbolisms are "inextricable elements of the Taylor Swift experience" and key to understanding her work.[71]To Caroline Mimbs Nyce ofThe Atlantic,Swift's fandom is nearly ametaverse:"a huge virtual community unmoored from a single platform, based on a world around Taylor Swift, missing only the 3D virtual space to hang out in."[72]According to Yahr, Swift enjoys embedding "clues, hints and puzzles" in her works, social media posts and interviews, constructing a self-mythology that fans believe could have a hidden meaning and attempt to decode, such as a release date, song or album title or an artistic element.[59]Madeline Merinuk ofTodayobserved how Swift's easter eggs, which originated as short messages hidden within elaborate CD packaging, have become more innovative and intricate over time.[73]The critical analysis is referred to as "Swiftology" in the media.[74][71]For instance, "the scarf"mentioned in" All Too Well "has been a topic of mythology.[75][76][77]

Swift is known for her album rollouts and promotional concepts, often referred to as "eras".[78][79][80]Each era is characterized by an aesthetic idea, color palette, mood, and a fashion style.[81][82][83]As such, Swift has reinvented her image and style throughout her career, which Ashley Lutz ofFortunefelt aided in broadening her fanbase.[61]Todaysenior editor Elena Nicolaou reported on how Swifties, who are mostlymillennials,have incorporated Swiftie culture into their weddings and other events.[84]

Sociological characteristics[edit]

Swifties made and sharedfriendship braceletsatthe Eras Tour(2023–2024), inspired by the song "You're on Your Own, Kid".The number 13, as Swift's favorite andluckynumber, is often referenced by the fans as well.

Swifties have been described as a loyal fanbase with high levels of participation and creativity;[85]devoted fans in overseas countries such as China translate her lyrics and coordinate large-scale Swift-related events.[48]Their positive reception ofReputation,which was released after her 2016 controversy, demonstrated their commitment to her, irrespective of a tonal shift in her artistry and public perception.[86]Billboardwrote the unprecedented success of Swift's re-recorded albums was further evidence of their loyalty.[87]According to Willman, the re-records' success inspired other artists to "weaponize fans in their business disputes".[88]AuthorAmanda Petrusichdescribed Swifties' allegiance as both "mighty and frightening".[89]The Guardiancritic Rachel Aroesti wrote, "You can't argue with her fanbase, immaculately devout and mind-bogglingly populous."[90]Swifties are a "force" — "a large and powerful group", according to the music professor Paula Harper from theUniversity of Chicago.[91]

refer to caption
Filipino drag queenTaylor Sheesh,known for impersonating Swift, rose to fame due to Swifties.[92]

Theconsumeristphenomenon of participating in or purchasing anything related to Swift has been termed "the Taylor Swift effect" by publications.[93][94][95]To business scientists Brendan Canavan and Claire McCamley, the relationship between Swift and Swifties representspost-postmodernconsumerism.[96]SociologistBrian Donovan opined, "it is easy to dismiss the frenzy surrounding Swift as mindlessheroworship. Yet, the Swifties have shown the power of fandom to create social bonds that transcend consumerism. "[97]He praised Swift's ability to "tap into the collector mindset in her fandom".[98]Arthur opined, "People like to frame Swifties as an extreme case, but it sort of functions the same way as in sports."[65]Claire Cohen opined inThe Standardthat there is an underlyingmisogynyin the way Swifties are portrayed by the media, often male authors, as "someVictorianhysteria; irrational and shallow ". Cohen stated that" liking her music is looked down on by those who consider themselves arbiters of what's culturally 'good enough', in the same way asromantic literatureby women is written-off as mere 'chick lit'. "[99]

The fan frenzy, generally termed "Swiftmania",[100]has been considered the 21st-century equivalent toBeatlemaniaby journalists such as Jon Bream ofStar Tribune,who said "Swift has achieved a once unthinkable monoculture, a zeitgeistian redux of Beatlemania".[101][102]Shows and television programs featuring Swift often experience viewership peaks due to Swifties.[103][104]Apart from music artists who have cited Swift as an influence, such asOlivia Rodrigo,HalseyandCamila Cabello,various other celebrities have described themselves as Swifties.[105][106]

Industrial impact[edit]

See also:Cultural impact of Taylor Swift

Swifties have been widely covered for their support for Swift in terms of her commercial success. Swift is known for her large CD andvinylsales despite the 21st-century music scene having shifted to a largely digital industry.[107]From 2014 to 2015, Swift contested music streaming servicesSpotifyandApple Musicto regulate their policies to protectartists' integrity.[26][108]She announced that1989,her first-everpop musicalbum, would not release on Spotify, protesting the platform's "minuscule" payments to musicians.[109]Some journalists, such as Nilay Patel ofVox,criticized Swift's beliefs; Patel said that the Internet sabotaged thealbum formatand claimed that most fans would not shop for a Swift CD anymore.[110]Many industry personnel felt that Swift's departure from country music and streaming platforms would impact the album's sales.[111]Publications predicted1989to not sell over one million copies in its first week like her previous albumsSpeak Now(2010) andRed(2012) did.[112][113]However,1989was an unprecedented success for Swift despite the lack of streaming support, widely purchased by fans as CDs fromTarget;[114]the album sold 1.28 million copies in its opening week.[114]In the2020s,Swifties have also been credited with being one of the factors behind thevinyl revival.[115]Swift's albumLPvariants have been sold exclusively at small businesses, driving their profits.[116][117]

Swift's fans increased the publicity surroundingher 2019 masters disputewith Big Machine and American businessmanScooter Braunand drove the success of her re-recording efforts.[88][118][119]An online petition launched by a fan onChange.org,calling Braun and Borchetta "to stop holding Swift's art hostage", garnered 35,000 plaintiffs in its first three hours. Michael Jones, a managing director of Change.org, described the petition as "one the fastest-growing petitions on the platform this month".[120]Braun, however, claimed that Swift "weaponized" her fanbase by making the dispute public.[121]Swifties also discovered that the Carlyle Group, a partner of Braun in the dispute, supplies weapons tothe civil war in Yemen,which was confirmed by publications such asThe New York Times.[122][123][124]

Swift's works, including concert tours such asthe Eras Tour,are known to stimulate surrounding economies.[125]The economic impact—driven largely by Swifties and attributed to the "booming" travel,lodging,cosmetic,fashion, and food businesses[126]—booststourismrevenues of cities by large margins.[127][128][129]TheLos Angeles Timesdescribed Swifties as an economic microcosm.[130]In November 2022, the U.S. pre-sale of the Eras Tour was mishandled byTicketmaster,receivingwidespread public and political scrutiny.Due to "astronomical" fan demand,[131]the Ticketmaster websitecrashedbut 2.4 million tickets had been sold, breaking the record for the most concert tickets sold by an artist in a single day. Ticketmaster attributed the crash to "historically unprecedented"site traffic.[132][133]Fans andconsumer groupsaccused Ticketmaster of deceit andmonopoly.[134]The intense fan reactions caused several members ofU.S. Congressto highlight themergerof Ticketmaster and its parent companyLive Nation Entertainment,[135]and theU.S. Department of Justiceto open an investigation into Live Nation–Ticketmaster,[136]while several fans sued the companies for intentional deception, fraud,price fixing,andantitrust lawviolations.[137]Under pressure from U.S. presidentJoe Biden,Ticketmaster and other ticketing companies agreed to terminatejunk fees.[138]Entertainment WeeklyandThe A.V. Clublisted "Swifties vs. Ticketmaster" as one of the biggest cultural news stories of 2022.[139][140]CNN journalist Allison Morrow wrote in an article titled "One Nation, Under Swift" that Swift's fans united the parties against Ticketmaster in a way "theFounding Fathersfailed to anticipate ".[141]

Noticing the growing trend of Swift-themed dance parties in the world, industry commentators found that Swift's cultural position as a staple in the 21st-century music landscape allowednightclubsto profit from her by hosting specialized events for fans.[142][143][144]One such party is "Swiftogeddon", which began as a one-off Swiftie event inLondonand grew into a U.K.-wide club-night tour that sells out every weekend.[145]Americanreality televisionprograms such asDancing with the StarsandThe Voicehosted special Swift-themed nights in 2023.[146][147]Swiftie trends have also inspired various brands.The A.V. Clubstated that "usually, pop stars are products and fandom is the consumer", but Swifties are a product themselves. For instance, the phrase "seeminglyranch"became viral after a fan account on Twitter used it to caption a photo of Swift's snacks at aNational Football League(NFL) game, spawning a string ofmemesand causingfood companieslikeHeinz,McDonald's,KFC,Hidden ValleyandPrimal Kitchento pick it up for their products and marketing.[148][149][150]

Demographics[edit]

See also:Generational appeal of Taylor Swift

According to a 2023 survey byMorning Consult,in the U.S., 53% of adults said they were fans of Swift, of whom 44% identified as Swifties and 16% as her "avid" fans. Of the fans, 52% were women while 48% were men. Racially, the 74% of the fans were white, 13% wereBlack,9% wereAsian,and 4% from other races. Politically, 55% of the fans wereDemocratic,23% wereRepublican,and 23% wereindependent.In terms of generations, 45% are millennials, 23% arebaby boomers,21% areGeneration X,and 11% areGeneration Z.[151]Journalists have also noted an increase in Swift's boomer and Generation X fans, known as "seniorSwifties ".[98][152]

Political role[edit]

Further information:Political impact of Taylor Swift

Brooke Schultz of theAssociated Presscalled Swifties an influential voter demographic in U.S. politics: "the sheer power and size of Swift's fandom has spurred conversations abouteconomic inequality,merely symbolized by Ticketmaster ".[153]According to a 2023 survey reported byThe Times,53% adult Americans consider themselves "fans" of Swift, ratings that journalist Ellie Austin said Biden and Trump "can only dream of". Austin explained that though Swift herself isleft-aligned,some conservatives still "covet" her, making her a deciding factor in the U.S. politics.[154]In May 2023, Texas approved the law titled "Save Our Swifties", banning the use of bots to bulk-purchase tickets.[155][156]Similar bills were launched in various U.S. states and theU.S. Congress.[157][158]Internationally, presidential candidates such asGabriel Boricin Chile andLeni Robredoin the Philippines have appealed or marketed themselves to Swifties during their respective election campaigns.[159][160]

Accolades[edit]

List of awards and nominations received by Swifties
Organization Year Award Result Ref.
Capricho Awards de Gato Nacional 2020 Fandom of the Year Nominated [161]
iHeartRadio Music Awards 2014 Best Fan Army Nominated [162]
2015 Nominated [163]
2016 Nominated [164]
2018 Nominated [165]
2019 Nominated [166]
2020 Nominated [167]
2021 Nominated [168]
2022 Nominated [169]
2023 Nominated [170]
2024 Nominated [171]
MTV Europe Music Awards 2015 Biggest Fans Nominated [172]
2017 Nominated [173]
2018 Nominated [174]
2019 Nominated [175]
2020 Nominated [176]
2021 Nominated [177]
2022 Nominated [178]
2023 Nominated [179]
MTV Fandom Awards 2015 Fandom Army of the Year Nominated [180]
Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards Aussie/Kiwi's Favourite Fan Army Nominated [181]
Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards 2023 Master Fandom Nominated [182]
Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards 2015 UK Favorite Fan Army Nominated [183]
O Music Awards 2012 Fan Army Nominated [184]
Most Extreme Fan Outreach Won
Radio Disney Music Awards 2014 Fiercest Fans Won [185]
2016 Nominated [186]
Teen Choice Awards 2014 Choice Fanatic Fans Nominated [187]
2018 Choice Fandom Nominated [188]
2019 Nominated [189]

Criticism[edit]

Swifties have received criticism for certain behaviors. Journalists have denounced theparasocial interactionsthat some Swifties have with Swift, including excessive interest in Swift's private life.[190][191]Fans have swarmed locations where she is spotted.[192]Swift herself has spoken about her lack of privacy many times. InMiss Americana,when Swift leaves herTribecaapartment surrounded by fans and spectators outside her door, she states that she is "highly aware of the fact that that is not normal."[193]

Some fans have also been reported to attack, harass or senddeath threatsonline to, anddoxother celebrities, journalists, and Internet users for various reasons, such as speaking negatively of Swift.[194][195][196]Following the masters dispute, Braun claimed that he received death threats from Swifties.[197]Vicecalled the fandom an "equal-parts welcoming yet gate-kept community caught in the throes of idealistic, obsessivecelebrity culture".[198]

Gaylor[edit]

Gaylor is aconspiracy theorythat claims Swift issecretly gay.A small faction of Swifties, who call themselves "Gaylors", support and promote the theory, believing that Swift hints at herqueernessthrough her music and lifestyle, although she has stated she is "not part of" the LGBT community but rather anally.Some Gaylors specificallyshipSwift withKarlie Kloss,Dianna Agron,or both, claiming Swift dated them in the past, and accuse Swift ofqueerbaitingif she is not gay. Most Swifties criticize Gaylor theories as far-fetched, malicious, and disrespectful to Swift. Journalists likewise dismiss it as an invasive and baseless conspiracy theory.[199][200][201]

Gaylors have alleged that a number of songs released by Swift confirm her romantic interest in women and that she was romantically involved with actressesEmma StoneandCara Delevigneas well. They claimed that Swift's 2023 song "When Emma Falls in Love"is an acknowledgement of her relationship with Stone although Swift and Stone have only referred to each other as close friends in the media. However, the majority of Swifties consider the past relationship between Stone and actorAndrew Garfieldas the inspiration for the song.[202]

In the album prologue to1989 (Taylor's Version),Swift acknowledged that her female friendships have been sexualized like thetabloid mediacoverage of her male acquaintances.[203][204]A January 2024 opinion article by writer Anna Marks, published inThe New York Times,speculated that Swift is a closeted queer person based on Marks' perceptions of Swift's lyrics and aesthetics, drawing criticism from Swifties and other readers. Subsequently,CNN Businessreported that Swift's personnel found the article "invasive, untrue and inappropriate".[205][206]

Academic study[edit]

See also:Cultural impact of Taylor Swift § Scholarly interest

Swifties have been the subject of journalistic and academic interest, studied for theirsocial capital,consumerist characteristics andinterpersonal relationships.[207][208]Their "prolific content creation, digital savvy, organizing capacity, and sometimes vicious online behaviors" are also subjects of study, as perInternet cultureresearchers Cristina López and Avneesh Chandra.[209]Donovan distinguished "Taylor Swift fans" from Swifties, opining that the latter are a subculture characterized bycollective effervescence,unlike other fanbases. Somelinguiststermed the Swifties' fan-coded, lyrics-based language a "fanilect".[207]A 2023network mappublished by López and Chandra divided Swifties into six distinct factions based on online interactions and topics of discussion.[209]A 2024 qualitative study of Indonesian Swifties claimed that the parasocial interaction with Swift and the interactions between Swifties satiates the fans' "social media gratifications for entertainment, social interactions, andinformation-seeking."[45]Various universities also host fan clubs dedicated to Swift.[210][211][212]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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