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Typical warbler

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Typical warblers
Garden warbler(Sylvia borin)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Sylviidae
Genus: Sylvia
Scopoli,1769
Type species
Motacilla atricapilla(Eurasian blackcap)
Species

See text

Synonyms

ParisomaSwainsoninRichardson,1832

Thetypical warblersare smallbirdsbelonging to thegenusSylviain the "Old World warbler" (or sylviid warbler)familySylviidae.[1][2]

There are seven species in the genus.[1][2][3][4]Typical warblers occur in thetemperatetotropicalregions ofEurope,western and centralAsia,andAfrica,with the highest species diversity centred on theMediterranean.

They are strongly built, with stouter legs and a slightly thicker bill than many otherwarblers.Theplumageis in varying shades of grey and brown, usually darker above and paler below, with bluish or pinkish tones in several species; several also have orange-brown orrufousfringed wing feathers. The tail is square-ended in most, slightly rounded in a few, and in several species has white sides. Many of the species show somesexual dimorphism,with distinctive male and femaleplumages,with the males in many having black or bright grey on the heads, replaced by brown, brownish-grey or similar dusky colours in females; about a third of the species also have a conspicuous red eye ring in males. Species breeding in cool temperate regions are stronglymigratory,while most of those in warmer regions are partially migratory or resident. They are active warblers usually associated with open woodland, scrub, hedges or shrubs. Their diet is largely insectivorous, though several species also eat fruit extensively, mainly small berries such aselderandivy,particularly from late summer to late winter; one species (blackcap) also frequently takes a wide variety of human-provided foods on birdtables in winter.[2][5]

Taxonomy and systematics

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The genusSylviawas introduced in 1769 by the Italian naturalistGiovanni Antonio Scopoli.[6]Scopoli did not specify atype speciesbut this was designated as theEurasian blackcap(Sylvia atricapilla) byCharles Lucien Bonapartein 1828.[7][8]The genus name is fromModern Latinsilvia,a woodland sprite, related tosilvameaning "a wood".[9]

The typical warblers are now known to form a major lineage in acladecontaining also theparrotbillsand sometaxaformerly considered to beOld World babblers.[10][11]The other "Old World warblers" have been moved to their own families, entirely redelimiting theSylviidae.[12]

Amolecular phylogeneticstudy usingmitochondrialDNA sequence data published in 2011 found that the species in the genusSylviaformed two distinct clades.[13]Based on these results, the ornithologistsEdward DickinsonandLeslie Christidisin the fourth edition ofHoward and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World,chose to split the genus and moved most of the species into a resurrected genusCurrucaretaining only theEurasian blackcapand thegarden warblerinSylvia.In an additional change they moved theAfrican hill babblerandDohrn's thrush-babblerintoSylvia.[14]The split was not made by theBritish Ornithologists' Unionon the grounds that "a split into two genera would unnecessarily destabilize nomenclature and results in only a minor increase in phylogenetic information content."[15]

Extant species

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The genus as currently circumscribed includes the following species:[16]

References

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  1. ^abGill, Frank;Donsker, David (eds.)."Sylviid babblers, parrotbills & white-eyes".World Bird List Version 6.3.International Ornithologists' Union.Retrieved4 August2016.
  2. ^abcDel Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A., & Christie, D. (editors). (2006).Handbook of the Birds of the World.Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions.ISBN84-96553-06-X.
  3. ^Helbig, A. J. (2001). The characteristics of the genus: Phylogeny and biogeography of the genusSylvia.Pages 24–28 in: Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G., Helbig, A. J., & Harris, A.Sylvia Warblers.Helm Identification GuidesISBN0-7136-3984-9
  4. ^Jønsson, K. A. & Fjeldså, J. (2006). A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri).Zool. Scripta35 (2): 149–186.doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x(HTML abstract)
  5. ^Snow, D. W., & Perrins, C. M. (1998).The Birds of the Western Palearctic(Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-854099-X.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio(1769).Annus I historico-naturalis(in Latin). Lipsiae (Leipzig): C.G. Hilscheri. p. 154.
  7. ^Bonaparte, Charles Lucien(1828).American Ornithology; or, The Natural History of Birds Inhabiting the United States, Not Given By Wilson.Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey. p. 17.
  8. ^Mayr, Ernst;Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986).Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 11.Vol. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 270.
  9. ^Jobling, James A (2010).The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names.London: Christopher Helm. p.376.ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
  10. ^Alström, P.; Ericson, P. G. P.; Olsson, U.; Sundberg, P. (2006). "Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.38(2): 381–397.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015.PMID16054402.
  11. ^Cibois, Alice (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of babblers (Timaliidae)".The Auk.120(1): 35–54.doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0035:MDPOBT]2.0.CO;2.JSTOR4090138.
  12. ^Cai, T.; Cibois, A.; Alström, P.; Moyle, R.G.; Kennedy, J.D.; Shao, S.; Zhang, R.; Irestedt, M.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Gelang, M.; Qu, Y.; Lei, F.; Fjeldså, J. (2019)."Near-complete phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the world's babblers (Aves: Passeriformes)".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.130:346–356.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010.
  13. ^Voelker, Gary; Light, Jessica E. (2011)."Palaeoclimatic events, dispersal and migratory losses along the Afro-European axis as drivers of biogeographic distribution inSylviawarblers ".BMC Evolutionary Biology.11(163): 163.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-163.PMC3123607.PMID21672229.
  14. ^Dickinson, E.C.;Christidis, L.,eds. (2014).The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, Volume 2: Passerines(4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press.ISBN978-0-9568611-2-2.
  15. ^Sangster, G.;et al. (2016). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: 11th report".Ibis.158(1): 206–212.doi:10.1111/ibi.12322.
  16. ^Gill, F.;Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (eds.)."Family Sylviidae".IOC World Bird List.Version 10.1. International Ornithological Congress.Retrieved1 July2020.

Further reading

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  • Brambilla, Mattia; Vitulano, Severino; Spina, Fernando; Bacetti, Nicola; Gargalllo, Gabriel; Fabbri, Elena; Guidali, Franca; Randi, Ettore (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of theSylvia cantillanscomplex: Cryptic species within the Mediterranean basin ".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.48(2): 461–472.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.013.PMID18590968.
  • Svensson, Lars (2013)."A taxonomic revision of the Subalpine WarblerSylvia cantillans"(PDF).Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club.133:240–248.
  • Svensson, Lars (2013). "Subalpine Warbler variation and taxonomy".British Birds.106(11): 651–668.
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