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Tadeusz Mazowiecki

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Tadeusz Mazowiecki
OOBOPR
Mazowiecki in September 1990
Prime Minister of Poland
In office
24 August 1989 – 12 January 1991
PresidentWojciech Jaruzelski
Lech Wałęsa
DeputyLeszek Balcerowicz
Czesław Janicki
Jan Janowski
Czesław Kiszczak
Preceded byEdward Szczepanik(Exile)
Czesław Kiszczak
Succeeded byJan Krzysztof Bielecki
Chairman of the Freedom Union
In office
23 April 1994 – 1 April 1995
Preceded byHimself(AsChairman of the Democratic Union)
Succeeded byLeszek Balcerowicz
Chairman of the Democratic Union
In office
20 May 1991 – 24 April 1994
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHimself(AsChairman of the Freedom Union)
Personal details
Born(1927-04-18)18 April 1927
Płock,Poland
Died28 October 2013(2013-10-28)(aged 86)
Warsaw,Poland
Political partyPAX Association(1949–1955)
Znak(1961–1972)
Solidarity(1980–1991)
Democratic Union(1991–1994)
Freedom Union(1994–2005)
Democratic Party(2005–2006)
Spouse(s)Krystyna (d.1948)
Ewa (d.1970)
Children3
ProfessionAuthor, journalist,social worker
AwardsOrder of the White Eagle (Poland)Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria ArtisOrder Ecce Homo (Poland)Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke GediminasLegion of HonourOrder of St. Gregory the GreatOrder of Merit of the Republic of HungaryOrder of Merit of the Italian Republic
Signature
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Liberalism in Poland
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Related topics
Tadeusz Mazowiecki bust,Sarajevo

Tadeusz Mazowiecki(IPA:[taˈdɛ.uʂmazɔˈvjɛt͡skʲi]ⓘ;18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polishauthor,journalist,philanthropistand politician, formerly one of the leaders of theSolidaritymovement, and the firstnon-communist Polish prime ministersince 1946, having held the post from 1989 to 1991.[1]

He was the founder and leader ofDemocratic UnionandFreedom Union.Between 1991–2001, he was a member of thePolish Parliament.In the years 2010–2013, he served as advisor to PresidentBronisław Komorowski.He is the recipient of Poland's highest order of merit, theOrder of the White Eagle.

Biography

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Tadeusz Mazowiecki was born inPłock,Poland on 18 April 1927 to aPolish noble family,which uses theDołęga coat of arms.[2][3]Both his parents worked at the local Holy Trinity Hospital: his father was a doctor there while his mother ran a charity for the poor.[4]His education was interrupted by the outbreak ofWorld War II.During the war he worked as a runner in the hospital his parents worked for.[4]After the German forces had been expelled from Płock, Tadeusz Mazowiecki resumed his education and in 1946, he graduated from"Marshal Stanisław Małachowski" Lyceum,the oldesthigh schoolin Poland and one of the oldest continuously operating school in Europe.[4]He then moved toŁódźand then toWarsaw,where he joined the Law Faculty of theWarsaw University.However, he never graduated and instead devoted himself to activity in various Catholic associations, journals and publishing houses.[5]

Catholic activist

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PAX and WTK

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Already during his brief stay at the Warsaw University Mazowiecki joined theCaritas Academicacharity organisation, he also briefly headed the University Printing Cooperative between 1947 and 1948.[5]In 1946 he also joinedKarol Popiel'sLabour Party.However, later that year the party was outlawed by the newStalinistauthorities of Soviet-controlled Poland. Almost all other non-communist organisations soon also became a target of state-sponsored repressions.

One of the exceptions was thePAX Association,the only large Catholic organisation supported by the Communist authorities – and supporting the authorities in their conflict with the Catholic clergy.[6]Mazowiecki joined PAX in 1948, initially as one of the leaders of the youth circles. He openly criticisedBolesław Piasecki's vision of the association and his allegiance to theCommunists.[6]He nevertheless rose through the ranks of various journals published by the association. Initially, a journalist in theDziś i Jutroweekly, in 1950 he became the deputy editor-in-chief ofSłowo Powszechnedaily newspaper. In 1952 the conflict between Piasecki and the opposition within the PAX (the so-called Fronda, composed mostly of young intellectuals) led to Mazowiecki being expelled from the daily and relegated to a less prominent role of an editor of newly createdWrocławski Tygodnik Katolików(Wrocław Catholic Weekly,WTK).[7]Until 1955 he served as the editor-in-chief of that journal, he also remained one of the leaders of the opposition within the association, criticising Piasecki and his associates for their conflicts with the Catholic hierarchy, loyalty to the communist authorities, and lack of democratic procedures within PAX.[8]For that he was eventually dismissed from the WTK and eventually in 1955 expelled from the association altogether.[9]

Involvement in Communist propaganda

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Despite criticizing Piasecki, Mazowiecki offered his own support to the Communist authorities, expressed in press articles and other publications. In 1952, he published apamphlettitledThe enemy remains the same(Wróg pozostał ten sam,co-authored withZygmunt Przetakiewicz,then editor-in-chief ofWTK) imputing an alliance betweenPolish anti-communist resistance movementand Nazi war criminals.[10]In a press article published inWTKin 1953, Mazowiecki fiercely condemnedCzesław Kaczmarek,then Bishop ofKielce.Kaczmarek, groundlessly accused by the Communists of being anAmericanandVaticanspy, was later sentenced to 12 years in prison.[citation needed]

Club of Catholic Intelligence and 'Więź'

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Having left PAX, together with a group of his former colleagues Tadeusz Mazowiecki started cooperation with theTygodnik Powszechnyweekly,Po prostujournal and theCrooked Circle Club.[11]While these journals were formally dependent on PAX, they were increasingly liberal and independent. Eventually, during thePolish Octoberof 1956 Tadeusz Mazowiecki became one of the founders of the All-Polish Club of Progressive Catholic Intelligentsia, the predecessor ofClub of Catholic Intelligentsia(KIK), the first all-national Catholic organisation independent of the Communist authorities in post-war Poland.[12]Until 1963 he served as a board member of KIK.[13]He was also a founding member of theWięźCatholic monthly in 1958 and served as its first editor-in-chief.[14][15]While relatively independent from the Communist authorities, the monthly was also independent from the Catholic hierarchy, which often led to conflicts with both.[16][17]In his texts published inWięźMazowiecki, inspired byEmmanuel Mounier'spersonalistideas, sought intellectual dialogue with members of left-leaning lay intelligentsia.[18][19]

Mazowiecki was a friend and confidant ofPope John Paul II.

Politician and dissident

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One of the lasting effects ofWładysław Gomułka's rise to power during thePolish October1956 was the dissolution of PAX. A group of former PAX dissenters, the "Fronda", along with some of the professors of theCatholic University of Lublinapproached Gomułka in 1956. In exchange for their support, Gomułka accepted the creation ofZnak Associationalong with its publishing house, the only such venture independent from the communist government in contemporary Poland. Moreover, a small group of 12 Catholics associated with the Znak were allowed to run in thePolish legislative election of 1957,among them Tadeusz Mazowiecki. While the 12 members of parliament elected that year were formally independent, they formed the first form of opposition to the rule of thePolish United Workers' Partywithin the PolishSejm,dubbed the "MP circle of Znak" (Polish:koło poselskie Znak). Mazowiecki remained a member of the Sejm until 1971, serving hissecond,thirdandfourth termsas a member of the Catholic "party".[20]

During his parliamentary career, he was an active member of the Commission on Education and the Commission on Work and Social Matters.[21]As Poland was effectively aone-party state,the role of the token opposition was mostly symbolic. However, some of Mazowiecki's speeches andinterpellationsmade a large impact on Polish society. Such was the case of his critique of the official curriculum of Polish schools underlining the crucial role ofKarl Marx'shistorical materialism,[22]or his isolated protest against the new Assemblies Act, effectively putting an end even to a theoreticalfreedom of assemblyin Poland.[23]In 1968 he was the only member of parliament to raise the issue of the brutal suppression of the students' demonstrations during the1968 Polish political crisis.[24]In the aftermath of the bloodyquelling of the 1970 protests,in which 42 people were killed by the army and theCitizens' Militia,Tadeusz Mazowiecki unsuccessfully demanded that the matter be investigated in order to find those responsible for the bloodshed.[1][25]This and similar acts of questioning the actions of the Communist authorities made Mazowiecki one of the unwanted members of parliament and consequently in 1972 the party did not allow him to run for his fifth term.[26]

Having left the Sejm, Mazowiecki became the head of Warsaw chapter of the Club of Catholic Intelligentsia and one of the best-known Polish dissidents. In early 1976, soon after the publication of theLetter of 59,Mazowiecki initiated a similar letter to the PUWP signed by most members of the former Znak circle.[27]Although not a member of theWorkers' Defence Committee,he supported it on numerous occasions, notably in the aftermath of theJune 1976 protestsinRadomandUrsus.[28][29]An heir to a long tradition oforganic work,on 22 January 1978 Tadeusz Mazowiecki, together with other Polish dissidents, includingStefan Amsterdamski,Andrzej CelińskiandAndrzej Kijowski,became one of the founding members of the Society of Scientific Courses, the predecessor of theFlying University.[30]

Solidarity and the fall of Communism

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In August 1980, he headed the Board of Experts, which supported the workers from Gdańsk who were negotiating with the authorities.[1]From 1981, he was the editor-in-chief of theTygodnik Solidarnośćweekly magazine.[31]After martial law was declared in December 1981 he was arrested and imprisoned in Strzebielnik, then in Jaworz and finally inDarłówek.[citation needed]

He was one of the last prisoners to be released on 23 December 1982.[1]In 1987, he spent a year abroad, during which he talked to politicians and trade union representatives. Starting in 1988, he held talks in Magdalenka. He firmly believed in the process of taking power from the ruling Polish United Workers' Party through negotiation and thus he played an active role in thePolish Round Table Talks,becoming one of the most important architects of the agreement by which partially free elections were held on 4 June 1989. While the Communists and their satellites were guaranteed a majority in the legislature, Solidarity won all of the contested seats in a historic landslide.[1]

The Communists had originally planned for Solidarity to be a junior partner in the ensuing government. However, Solidarity turned the tables on the Communists by persuading the Communists' two satellite parties to switch their support to Solidarity. This would all but force Communist PresidentWojciech Jaruzelskito appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister, heading the first government in 45 years that was not dominated by Communists. At a meeting on 17 August 1989, Jaruzelski finally agreed toLech Wałęsa's demand to pick a Solidarity member as the next prime minister. Walesa chose Mazowiecki as a Solidarity candidate to lead the coming administration. On 21 August 1989 General Jaruzelski formally appointed Mazowiecki as Prime Minister-designate. On 24 August 1989, he won a vote of confidence in the Sejm. He thus became the first Polish prime minister in 43 years who was not either a Communist or afellow traveler,as well as the first non-communist Prime Minister of an Eastern European country in over 40 years.[32]

Prime minister

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See also:Cabinet of Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki with US PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushin White House, 1990

On 13 September 1989 during his longinvestiturespeech outlining the extensivepolitical agendaof his nominated cabinet prior to the mandatoryconfidence vote,Mazowiecki grew weak necessitating a one-hour break in proceedings. However, the government was approved by a vote 402–0, with 13 abstentions. Mazowiecki's government managed to carry out many fundamental reforms in a short period. The political system was thoroughly changed; a full range of civil freedoms as well as a multi-party system were introduced and the country's emblem and name were changed (from thePeople's Republic of Polandtothe Republic of Poland).On 29 December 1989, the fundamental changes in thePolish Constitutionwere made. By virtue of these changes, the preamble was deleted, the chapters concerning political and economic forms of government were changed, the chapters concerning trade unions were rewritten and a uniform notion of possession was introduced.[33]

Mazowiecki used enormous popularity and credibility of the Solidarity movement to transform the Polish economy by a set of deep political and economic reforms.[34]Better known under the name ofBalcerowicz Planafter Mazowiecki's minister of finance,Leszek Balcerowicz,the reforms enabled the transformation of the Polish economy from acentrally-planned economyto amarket economy.[34]The reforms have prepared the ground for measures stopping thehyperinflation,introducing free-market mechanisms and privatisation of state-owned companies, houses and land.[citation needed]The plan resulted in reduced inflation and budget deficit, while simultaneously increasingUnemploymentand worsening the financial situation of the poorest members of society. In 1989, in his first parliamentary speech inSejm,Mazowiecki talked about a "thick line"(gruba linia): "We draw a thick line on what has happened in the past. We will answer for only what we have done to help Poland to rescue her from this crisis from now on". Originally, as Mazowiecki explains, it meant non-liability of his government for damages done to the national economy by previous governments.[35]

Later years

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In 1991 Mazowiecki was appointed the United Nations'Special Rapporteuron theSituation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia.In 1993 he issued a report on human rights violations in the Former Yugoslavia but two years later Mazowiecki stepped down in protest at what he regarded as the international community's insufficient response to atrocities committed during the Bosnian war, particularly theSrebrenica massacrecommitted by the Serb army that year.[36]

T. Mazowiecki with PresidentBronisław Komorowski,former presidentAleksander Kwaśniewskiand Minister of EducationKatarzyna Hall

A conflict withLech Wałęsaresulted in the disintegration of Citizens' Parliamentary Club that represented Solidarity camp. The Citizens' Parliamentary Club was divided intoCentre Agreement,which supported Wałęsa, and ROAD, which took sides with Mazowiecki. That conflict lead both politicians to compete inpresidential election at the end of 1990.Mazowiecki, who during Solidarity times was an advisor to Lech Wałęsa and strike committee in Gdańsk's shipyard, stood against Wałęsa in the election and lost to him. He did not even join the second round (he gained the support of 18.08% of people – 2,973,364 votes) and was defeated byStanisław Tymiński,a maverick candidate from Canada.[citation needed]

In 1991, Mazowiecki became a chairman of the Democratic Union (later Freedom Union), and from 1995 he was its honorary president. Together withJan Maria Rokita,Aleksander HallandHanna Suchockahe represented the Christian Democratic wing of the party. Between 1989 and 2001 Mazowiecki was a representative to the Polish Parliament (first from Poznań, later from Kraków).[citation needed]

Mazowiecki was a member of parliament in the first, second, and third term (a member of the Democratic Union), later the Freedom Union. During the National Assembly (1997) he introduced compromise preamble of Polish constitution (previously written by founders ofTygodnik Powszechnyweekly), which was accepted by the National Assembly. In November 2002, he left the Freedom Union,in the protest against abandoningChristian Democrat International,as well as his party's electoral and local coalition with theDemocratic Left AllianceandSelf-Defence PartyinWarmian-Masurian Voivodeship[citation needed].

Mazowiecki in 2007

In 2005, he became one of the founders of theDemocratic Party – demokraci.pl– created through expanding the former Freedom Union by new members, especially young people, and few left-wing politicians. He was a leader on the parliamentary list in parliamentary elections in Warsaw constituency in 2005 with 30143 votes. The highest number of votes he gained inŻoliborzdistrict, and the lowest inRembertów.Until 2006 he was the leader of its Political Council.[citation needed]

Mazowiecki received numerous awards including an honorary degree from the universities in: Leuven, Genoa, Giessen, Poitiers, Exeter, Warsaw and theKatowiceUniversity of Economics. He also received the Order of White Eagle (1995), Golden Order of Bosnia (1996), Légion d'honneur (1997), Srebrnica Award (2005), the Giant award (1995) awarded byGazeta Wyborcza(Election Gazette) in Poznań and Jan Nowak-Jezioranski Award (2004). In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of theInternational Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.[37]Mazowiecki was a member of theClub of Madrid.[38]He was a supporter of a moreunited Europe.[39]

Mazowiecki died in Warsaw on 28 October 2013,[40]having been taken to hospital the previous week with a fever.[41]Foreign MinisterRadosław Sikorskistated that he was "one of the fathers of Polish liberty and independence".[1]He was survived by three sons from his second marriage.[41]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^abcdefBBC (corporate author), p. 1
  2. ^Kopka & Żelichowski, p. 135
  3. ^Pszczółkowski, pp. 1–2
  4. ^abcPac, p. 1
  5. ^abFriszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 606
  6. ^abDudek, p. 181
  7. ^Dudek, p. 218
  8. ^Dudek, p. 219
  9. ^Dudek, pp. 219 & 222
  10. ^Jak Mazowiecki zwalczał podziemie,"Historia Do Rzeczy", issue No. 1/2013Archived1 March 2013 at theWayback Machine
  11. ^Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", p. 186
  12. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 39
  13. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 297–298
  14. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 51
  15. ^Szporer, p. 259
  16. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 89
  17. ^Friszke, "Koło posłów Znak...", p. 100
  18. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 70
  19. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 86
  20. ^Ost, p. 219
  21. ^Friszke, "Koło posłów...", p. 44
  22. ^Friszke, "Koło posłów...", pp. 46–47
  23. ^Friszke, "Koło posłów...", p. 50
  24. ^Friszke, "Koło posłów...", p. 83
  25. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 116
  26. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 128–129
  27. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", pp. 157–159
  28. ^Friszke, "Oaza na Kopernika...", p. 179
  29. ^Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", p. 398
  30. ^Friszke, "Opozycja polityczna...", pp. 501–502
  31. ^Tagliabue, "Solidarity seems on verge...", p. 1
  32. ^Baczyńska & Słowikowska, p. 1
  33. ^Tagliabue, "Poles Approve Solidarity-Led Cabinet", p. 1
  34. ^abSachs, pp. 44–46
  35. ^Leszkowicz, p. 1
  36. ^WŻ, p. 22
  37. ^Amnesty International (corporate author), p. 1
  38. ^Club de Madrid (corporate author), p. 1
  39. ^Dzieduszycka, p. 1
  40. ^Kospa et al., p. 1
  41. ^abŚcisłowska, p. 1

Bibliography

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