Jump to content

Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromTahu FM)
"Te Upoko O Te Ika" redirects here. For the Anglican Māori bishopric, seeTe Pīhopatanga o Te Upoko o Te Ika.

Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori
National Māori Radio Network
Iwi Radio Network Logos 2015
Broadcast areaNew Zealand
Frequency(variousAM/FM)
Programming
Language(s)English,Māori,Cook Islands Māori
FormatIndigenous radio
Ownership
OwnerIndependent iwi trusts
Technical information
ClassTerrestrial/Internet
Links
WebcastLive streams
WebsiteOfficial website

Te Whakaruruhau o Ngā Reo Irirangi Māori(National Māori Radio Network) is aNew Zealandradio networkconsisting ofradio stationsthat serve the country's indigenousMāoripopulation. Most stations receive contestable government funding fromTe Māngai Pāho,the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency, to operate on behalf of affiliatediwi(tribes) orhapū(sub-tribes). Under their funding agreement, the stations must produce programmes in theMāori language,and must actively promoteMāori culture.[1]

Most stations combine an English-languageurban contemporaryplaylist during "breakfast"anddrive-timeshows withfull-service broadcastingand Māori-language programmes at other times of the day.[2]They have their own local shows, personalities and breakfast programmes, and broadcast through both terrestrial frequencies and online streams. There are regular segments updating people about local events, and teaching people the Māori language andtikanga(customs).[3]The stations also produce local news shows, Māori music, educational programmes, comedies and dramas.[4][5]

The network oversees the sharing of news bulletins, the pooling of resources and the production of network programmes.Radio WaateainManukauoperates the network news service and produces network programmes. Its chief executive,Willie Jackson,also serves as association chairman.[6]Programmes are shared and simulcast on a high-speedwide area network.[7]Almost every Māori person in New Zealand lives within the range of an iwi radio frequency, but transmission issues have been reported in remote areas.[8]

History

[edit]

Early Māori broadcasting (1928–1978)

[edit]

The first Māori language to be broadcast on the radio were songs. A programme of Māori history, stories and songs were broadcast around the country onWaitangi Day1928, and a regular programme featuring correct pronunciation of Māori began the same year. Māori broadcasters were appointed: Lou Paul ofNgāti Whātuain Auckland, Kīngi Tāhiwi ofNgāti Raukawain Wellington, Te Ari Pītama ofNgāi Tahuin Christchurch, and broadcasting pioneer Airini Grenell ofNgāi Tahuin Dunedin.[9]The first programme entirely in the Māori language was a news bulletin aboutWorld War IIand local Māori issues, presented by Wiremu Bill Parker in 1940. Other shows followed, includingNga pao me nga pakiwaitara a te Maori: song and story of the Maori,based in Wellington, andTe reo o te Māori,broadcast from Napier.

Leo Fowler set up a Māori Programmes Section of theNew Zealand Broadcasting Corporation(NZBC) in 1964, and, alongside Bill Kerekere took a mobile broadcasting studio to important Māori events. The department produced the English language Māori affairs programmeTe puna wai kōreroand helped increase airtime for Māori music and show bands, including the Patea Māori Club hitPoi E.[10]Te Reo o Aotearoa, a Māori and Pacific unit of the NZBC's successorRadio New Zealand,was set up in 1978 to produce Māori and Pacific programmes.[11]

Campaign for iwi stations (1978–1990)

[edit]

By the 1970s state broadcasters broadcast less than 90 minutes of Māori language and Māori interest programming a week, and there were growing concerns about the decline in fluent Māori speakers.Victoria University of Wellington's Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student radio stationRadio Activein 1983.[12]Other part-time Māori radio stations were also set up by young volunteers:Ōtaki's Te Reo o Raukawa in 1985, andMangamuka's Tautoko Radio andRuatōria's Radio Ngāti Porou in 1987.[13]The establishment of a Māori Radio Network was also discussed at a hui or gathering atTakapuwahiaMarae inPorirua.Te Reo o Poneke gained a full-time license in 1987, becoming the pan-tribal Wellington radio station Te Upoko O Te Ika.[14]The first bilingual school opened atRuatokiinUrewerain 1978, and theMāori Language Commissionwas formed when Māori language became an official language in 1987.[15]However, Māori culture continued to be underrepresented onNew Zealand radio.[16]

Tairawhiti Polytechnichead of Māori studies Joe Te Rito operated a part-time station, Te Toa Takitini, on the polytechnic'sGisbornecampus in 1988 and 1989, in an effort to broadcastRongomaiwahine-Ngāti Kahungunu's local elders and native speakers.[17]A year later he relaunched it as full-time station Radio Kahungunu inHastings,to increase grammatical and spoken Māori language fluency, and expose the language to homes where no one spoke it.[13]Te Rito archived more than 2000 programme recordings, which he used to study and translate the tribe's distinctivedialect,teach courses on the local spoken and written language, and provide an international model for preserving dialects in other communities inAsiaandthe Pacific.[18][19][20]

Waitangi Tribunal challenges (1990–1994)

[edit]

TheFourth Labour Governmentderegulated the radio industry during the 1980s, selling the rights to use radio frequencies to private companies. The Wellington Māori Language Board, Nga Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo, was supporting the self-funded Te Upoko O Te Ika, and claimed the Government's sell off of broadcasting spectrum amounted to theft.[21]Alongside the New Zealand Māori Council jointly, it challenged the spectrum sell off and the lack of support for Māori broadcasting. In one case brought through theWaitangi Tribunal,a permanent commission set up to investigate breaches of theTreaty of Waitangi,they argued the treaty gave them sovereignty over the airwaves and broadcast spectrum. They sought a share of the proceeds from the sale of rights to spectrum frequencies,[22]and frequencies for their own use.[23]Other cases followed through theHigh CourtandCourt of Appeal,with one case reaching thePrivy Council in London.[12]

The Government addressed the claim by instructingRadio New ZealandandTelevision New Zealandto broadcast more Māori programmes,[16]and funding the establishment of Māori-owned and Māori-controlled radio stations.[24]Twenty one iwi radio stations were started between 1989 and 1994. These were initially funded byNZ On Airfrom 1990, with six percent of broadcasting fees allocated to Māori broadcasting.[25]A call for Māori to have greater control of funding led to the establishment of a separateTe Māngai Pāhofunding agency in 1995, and this agency became funded through taxation.[7]The establishment of these stations allowed the Government to justify the sale ofRadio New Zealand's commercialNewstalk ZBandZMstations to the privately ownedAustralian Radio Networkpartnership in 1996,[26]after the sale was challenged in the High Court and Court of Appeal.[27]

Aotearoa Radio era (1994–1997)

[edit]

Several iwi applied for Government funding to establish radio stations in areas with significant Māori populations, developing an iwi-based radio network. However, the new stations struggled to survive as budgets did not cover the costs, volunteer staff lost enthusiasm, staff training was inadequate, and funding was insufficient to create professional career paths for Māori radio announcers and managers. Three stations broadcast on AM frequencies, costing an extra $100,000 a year than FM frequencies, but received the same flat rate of funding.[13] Radio Ngāti Porou station manager Ngahiwi Apanui set up a joint venture between iwi stations, the national advertising agency Māori Media Network, in 1994 to increase each station's sources of revenue.[28]The Māori Communication Network was set up in 1997.[29]

Meanwhile, the first Māori language radio network, Aotearoa Radio or Irirrangi Radio, began in Auckland on 18 July 1988 on a short-term warrant, broadcasting on 1XO 603 AM.[30]It gained a full-time warrant in 1989, extending to Tauranga on 1XV 603 AM, Wellington on 2XO 1323 AM and Christchurch on 3XQ 1323 AM.[31]Radio and television producerRay Waruwas the chief executive.[32]Teacher, lecturer and consultantHaare Williamsserved as the general manager.[33]Aotearoa Radio operated alongside the iwi radio stations, and broadcast a range of programmes on Māori issues, and gave airtime to Māori women at a time when women and Māori were both underrepresented in radio.[34]Tipene O'Regan,Beverly Adlam, Pauline Butt,Toby Curtis,Wiremu Ohia,Temuera Morrison,Dalvanius Prime,Moana Maniapoto-Jackson,Neil Gudsell,James Waerea,Libby Hakaraia,Trada Chadwick andKoro Wēterewere involved in the Māori Radio Board during this period. The network closed in 1997.[30]

Mai Media era (1997–2004)

[edit]

In June 1998, the first Māori language radio serial began airing on iwi radio,[35]and in July 1997NZ On Airbegan distributing Māori music compilation CDs to English language radio stations to promote greater air time for Māori performers and Māori language music.[36][37]Te Māngai Pāho also kept records of the percentage of Māori language in the programming of each iwi station,[38][39]and talked with stations about increasing the use of Māori language.[40]

Ngāti Whātuatook a leading role in iwi radio during the 1990s and early 2000s through its subsidiary Mai Media. The iwi startedurban contemporarystation,Mai FM,in Auckland in July 1992, and New Zealand's first Māori language network, Ruia Mai Te Ratonga Irirangi o te Motu 1179AM, in April 1996.[41]Through Ruia Mai it secured a contract with Te Māngai Pāho to provide Māori language news bulletins,[42]which broadcast on 26 iwi radio stations.[43]It also produced a range of current affairs, documentary and children's programmes.[44]Some of these programmes were recognised in theNew Zealand Radio Awards.[45]

Mai FM was commercially successful and was expanded to other regions.[46]It formed a broadcasting partnership with Ngāi Tahu's Tahu FM in Christchurch between 1996 and 2001, then tendered for a frequncey in Rotorua creating Mai FM 96.7[47]after losing that frequncey took over one of the frequencies of Te Arawa FM, 99.1FM in 1998, Also had a frequncey set up in Whangārei Mai FM 97.8[48]Ruia Mai, by contrast, reached a smaller audience of fluent Māori language speakers,[49]and focused on programmes reflecting Ngāti Whatua and Māori culture.[44]It was reliant on its news and current affairs contract with Te Māngai Pāho, and closed in 2004 when it lost the contract to bilingual radio station Radio Waatea.[42]Ngāti Whatua retained the frequency, initially leasing it out to The Voice of Samoa before using it for AKE 1179AM.[45]

Radio Waatea era (2004–present)

[edit]

In 2006, Te Māngai Pāho spent $2 million upgrading studios, equipment and technical capacity for each Iwi Radio Network station.[50]Emare Rose Nikora, a leader of theMāori language revival movement,received a Queen's Service Medal for services to Māori for her role in setting upTokoroa's Te Reo Irirangi o Ngati Raukawa Trust and Ruakawa FM. She was the station's co-founder, firstMāori languagenewsreader, manager and board member.[28]

Whanganui's Awa FM relocated in 2012 and went through major restructuring in 2014, leaving it with just three staff members.[51][52]Gisborne's Radio Ngāti Porou was investigated by Te Māngai Pāho in 2014, and in August its financial adviser resigned.[53]In the Far North, the Tautoko FM building to the ground on 18 May 2015, cutting power to the small community of Mangamuka.[54]

Operations

[edit]

Funding

[edit]

Iwi radio stations receive a share $11.7 million in Government funding each year, and can each be eligible for an annual Government grant of $350,000. They also source funding from sponsorship, advertising and leasing of studio space.[55]Government-funded stations must broadcast at least eight hours of Māori language content between 6am and 12pm each day of the week.[7]Station managers are also usually required to be proficient in the Māori language.[56]Between 0.9% and 1.2% of each station's annual revenue is returned to the music industry throughRecorded Music NZ,[57]with each station treated differently for licensing purposes.[58]

Between 2014 and 2018, the Iwi Radio Network received an extra $12 million to cover new operating costs and to assess the feasibility of expanding the network with new iwi stations, and $1.5 million towards archiving historic Māori language programmes. Māori Affairs MinisterPita Sharplessaid the extra funding would increase Māori language content and programme quality, and would ensure interviews with dead elders would be not be lost.[59]The funding was specifically allocated to increasing community engagement with iwi stations, increasing Māori language hours and expanding the number of people the network reached.[60]Network chairman Willie Jackson said many iwi stations were struggling, and welcomed and desperately needed the extra funding.[61]

Role and effectiveness

[edit]

A two-yearMassey Universitysurvey of 30,000 people, published in 2003, indicated 50 percent of Māori in Iwi Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. The results were consistent with those of similar surveys by individual stations, and countered the misconception that iwi stations reached small and specific audiences. According to the research, iwi stations were often associated with old music and interviews with elders, but many Māori listeners used it to stay in touch with their culture, family history, spirituality and community, and maintain their language skills.[8]FurtherAuckland University of Technologyresearch in 2009 suggested the potential audience of iwi radio stations would increase due to the growth of New Zealand's Māori and Pacific population.[62]

Māori language advocates have recognised radio broadcasting as having a small but significant role in bringing Māori language to New Zealand audiences for more than half a century, particularly since the establishment of radio stations under iwi control.Postcolonialistshave also suggested the Iwi Radio Network is a form of decolonisation, a means of achieving decolonisation, and a way to assert cultural identity and challengePākehacultural dominance.[25]Massey University research in 2006 assessed five year qualitative and quantitative research, literature on the long term history of the Māori language, comparative studies between Māori and Irish radio, andTūhoe's experiences setting up a radio station, and found the Iwi Radio Network had a positive impact on Māori language revitalisation.[63]The stations have failed to counter a decline in the number of fluent Māori speakers in the 2010s, but continue to be part of the strategy to promote it.[64]

Awards and recognition

[edit]

The National Māori Radio Network has held its own annual awards since 2012. Te Upoko o te Ika was the inaugural winner of Station of the Year, Willie Jackson calling it a tribute to their work towards promoting the Māori language.[65]Taranaki's Korimako FM won Station of the Year in 2013.[66]Maniapoto FM in Te Kuiti, Moana Radio in Tauranga, Radio Ngāti Porou in Ruatoria, Te Korimako in New Plymouth and Te Hiku o te Ika in Kaitaia were finalists for Station for the Year in 2014.[3][67]

The stations are also eligible for awards at theNew Zealand Radio Awards.One award, for Iwi Station of the Year, recognises radio networks or individual stations which have performed outstandingly as a champion of Māori language and culture. The station is judged on the quality and effectiveness of its Māori language use, and its programmes, client relations, community involvements, news and current affairs, personality strength, promotions and marketing campaigns.[68]Tumeke FM won Iwi Station of the Year in 2014.[69]Ngāti Porouwon the award in 2013, but faced criticism about its management and financial oversight a few months later.[70]

Programmes

[edit]

Days and nights

[edit]

The iwi stations broadcast a range of programmes during the day, combining the use of conversational Māori with commercially viable English language programmes. Many weekend programmes cover special interests, use local Māori language dialects, or cater to localPacific Islandcommunities.[2]For example, Tokoroa's Ruakawa FM follows a conventional radio schedule, with programmes like Daybreak with Roger Mahu, Rangatahi Days with Ngaitarangi Toma, and night show Rangatahi Vibes geared to younger audiences.[71][72]The weekend line-up includes the Hakinakina Hard Saturday sports morning show with Josiah Teokotai, and Sunday night Te Taura Vaanaga show for the local Cook Island community.[71]

Manawatu's Kia Ora FM broadcasts a specialist weekly science programme showcasing the research ofMassey Universityresearchers and postgraduate students.[73]Musician, actor and commentator Moana Maniapoto has hosted several iwi radio programmes since 1990, including an evening programme on Radio Waatea.[74]The Whanau Show music programme on Wellington's Te Upoko o te Ika on 6 June 1995, began touring the country in 1997, has been broadcast on nine iwi stations and is currently based at Gisborne's Turanga FM.[75]

Overnights

[edit]

Moana Radio's Tai Pari Tai Timu programme is simulcast across most of the Iwi Radio Network from midnight to 6.00am every day. The show's rotating hosts discuss news, views, issues and events from the Māori world in afree format.Retro phone requests are received after 4.00am.[76]

Some stations have their own overnight shows. For example, Cilla Gardiner's Country Music Show airs some nights on Tokoroa's Raukawa FM.[71]

Services

[edit]

News and information

[edit]

Radio Waatea produces hourly bulletins for the Iwi Radio Network under a contract with Te Māngai Pāho. Its Waatea News website publishes national news articles and interviews, and bulletins for Te Hiku o Te Ika (Auckland and Northland), Tainui (Waikato), Te Korimako (Taranaki and Wanganui), Te Manuka Tutahi (Bay of Plenty), Turanganui A Kiwa (Gisborne and Hawke's Bay), and Te Upoko o Te Ika (Wellington and the South Island).[77][78]A 2013Queensland University of Technologycited the service as an example of journalistic practices being shaped by traditional indigenous values.[79]Whitireia New Zealandruns a course preparing people to become Iwi Radio Network journalists.[80]

Iwi stations broadcast live coverage of sports games,kapa hakacompetitions and other news events. ManyWaitangi Tribunalhearings have been broadcast live on iwi radio stations, from the inquiry into the claims of Whanganui tribes in 2007 and 2008 to the inquiry intoNgā Puhiclaims in 2015.[81][82]During the2011 Rugby World Cupthe stations gained rights to simulcast live Māori language commentaries from the TV channelTe Reo.[83]Turanga FM broadcasts live commentaries ofPoverty Bay Rugby Football Uniongames on some weekend afternoons.[84]The Māori Sports Awards are also broadcast live across the network each November.[85]

Other services

[edit]

Most iwi stations are involved in locals events, news media and other iwi or pan-tribal activities. Tokoroa's Raukawa FM, for example, has been holding concerts since December 1990, sponsored the Tainui Games inKawhiain January 1992, supported the Raukawa Education and Training Establishment in June 1992, and helped set up the first Raukawa newspaper, Te Paki o Raukawa Kia Ora News, in August 1992.[28]Radio Kahungunu set a special broadcast during the 2008 Takitimu Festival, broadcasting a live simulcast of its station on 105.5 FM from the nearby Hawke's Bay Showgrounds.[86]Many stations are service contractors and offer their studios for hire. Rotorua's Te Arawa FM, for example, operates as Te Arawa Communications and provides marketing, film and audio engineering services, and has recently started a very successful commercial station The Heat 991FM[87]

Each station has its own website, and most stations stream online.[88]Many of the websites were designed by Māori web developers. For example, the websites of Radio Kahungunu, Tekorimako 94.5FM and Turanga FM were the work ofNgāti Poroudesigner Alex Walker.[89]

Stations

[edit]
This map shows the distribution of iwi tribal areas and iwi radio stations. The headquarters for each station is marked in black.

Northland and Auckland

[edit]

Hauraki and Waikato

[edit]

Bay of Plenty

[edit]
  • Moana Radiobroadcasts toNgāti Ranginui,Ngāi Te RangiandNgāti Pūkenga.It is available on1440AMand98.2FMinTaurangaand across theBay of Plenty.Moana previously operated youth-orientedurban contemporaryTahi FM between 2003 and late 2011.[103]
  • Tumeke FMbroadcasts toNgāti Awa.It was first known asTe Reo Irirangi o Te Manuka Tutāhiduring a three-week AM trial run in 1990. It went to air as Tumeke FM on 6 April 1991, became Sun FM in 1994 to increase its advertising appeal, and between 1996 and 1999 worked to increase its Māori language content.[55]Thisclassic hitsstation broadcasts on96.9FMinWhakatāne.[1]
  • Sun FM 1065was formerly broadcast on98.5FMbut is now on106.5FM.Sun FM is the commercial arm of Tumeke FM and caters to an 18–35 audience, playing a Top 40 Format. The station is not funded byTe Mangai Paho.
  • Bridge FM 91.7is operated by pan-tribal service provider Whakaatu Whanaunga Trust's Radio Portfolio and is available on91.7FMinŌpōtiki,Ōhope,Whakatāne,Taneatua,Te Kaha,and everywhere else in between. Bridge FM plays music from the 50s to now. It also operates The Beat 88.1 FM, which is skewed towards a younger demographic, playing music from the 2000s to now. It broadcasts to local iwiTe Whakatōhea,NgāitaiandTe Whānau-ā-Apanui.[1]
  • Te Arawa FMservesTe Arawaiwi, includingNgāti Pikiao,TūhourangiandNgāti Whakaue.It was established in the early 1980s and became a charitable entity in November 1990.[87]The station underwent a major transformation in 1993, becoming Whanau FM.[104]One of the station's frequencies was taken over byMai FMin 1998; the other became Pumanawa FM before later reverting to Te Arawa FM. It is available on88.7FMinRotorua.[1][48]
  • The Heat 991 FMis the commercial arm of Te Arawa FM, and started broadcasting on 15 April 2015. This station plays an Adult Urban format catering to a 25–45 audience playing RnB, Hip Hop, Reggae and Top 40 hits from the 1980s to today, and was the first affiliated Māori station to be on the iHeartRadio streaming platform. It has plans to expand into the other Bay of Plenty regions, and also Taupo. The station is not funded byTe Mangai Paho.

Taranaki and Whanganui

[edit]

East Cape and Hawkes Bay

[edit]
Two iwi radio stations broadcast on theEast Cape– Radio Ngāti Porou and Turanga FM.

Central and Southern New Zealand

[edit]
  • Kia Ora FMserves the people ofRangitāne.It began as Radio Rangitane, or Te Reo Irirangi O Rangitane, on 1 May 1992, and adopted its current name in the 2000s. It broadcasts fromPalmerston Northand is available on89.8FMinManawatu.[1][110]
  • Atiawa Toa FMbroadcasts toTe Āti AwaandNgāti Toa.It began as Atiawa FM in 1993, broadcasting to Te Atiawa in the Hutt Valley and Wellington. It changed its name in Atiawa Toa FM in mid-1997, expanding its reach to Ngāti Toa inPoriruaand Kapiti Coast. The station is based inLower Hutt,and is available on 100.9 FM inHutt ValleyandWellington,and on106.9FMinPorirua.[1][111]
  • Te Upoko O Te Ikais a pan-tribal station inWellington,and New Zealand's longest-running Māori radio station.[3]It began as Te Reo O Poneke or Radio Poneke, an independent experimental Māori language radio station which broadcast for short periods onRadio Activebetween 1983 and 1986. In April 1987, it became the first full-time Māori language radio station, with the support of Nga Kaiwhakapumau i te Reo, the Wellington Board of Māori Language.[112]It adopted the name Te Reo Irirangi Maori O Te Upoko O Te Ika, the call-sign 2XM, and the former frequency of2ZM.[111]The station serves Māori of all iwi, and is affiliated withNgāti Raukawa,Ngāti ToaandTaranakiiwi.[113]It aims to immerse families and young people to the Māori language.[114]In 2014, it aligned itself to Ngāti Toa and Taranaki to secure ongoing funding.[115]The station is available on1161AMacrossWellington.[1][116]
  • Tahu FMis the official station ofNgāi Tahu.Tahu FM began as Christchurch's Te Reo Iriraki Ki Otautahi on 6 February 1991. Between 1996 and 2001, it formed a broadcasting partnership withMai FMand began playing moreurban contemporarymusic.[47]It changed its name to Mai FM in December 1997, before reverting to Tahu FM in 2001.[117]It broadcasts inChristchurchon90.5FM.In 2000 it began broadcastingKaikōuraon90.7FM,Dunedinon95.0FM,Invercargillon99.6FM,and around the country on505Sky Digital.[118]Tahu FM resumed broadcasting five days after the2011 Christchurch earthquake,with assistance from Te Upoko O Te Ika and other iwi radio stations, and operated as the city's Māori language civil defence station.[119]In December 2014, it was recognised as the country's highest-rating Māori radio station.[1][120][121]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstu"Iwi Radio Coverage"(PDF).maorimedia.co.nz.Māori Media Network. 2007.Retrieved14 June2015.
  2. ^abCarlsson, Sven."Contractors install the Whakaatu Whanaunga Trust's far-reaching antenna last Friday".Opitiki News.Opitiki News.Retrieved26 April2015.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^abcWepiha Te Kanawa."Iwi Radio stations prepare for bi-annual awards night".Māori Television.Retrieved19 April2015.
  4. ^"A brief history of Māori radio broadcasting".Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori. Archived fromthe originalon 24 October 2014.Retrieved25 October2014.
  5. ^"TMP Radio".Te Māngai Pāho.Te Māngai Pāho.Archived fromthe originalon 7 October 2014.Retrieved26 April2015.
  6. ^"Iwi radio happy with Jackson's governance role".Radio New Zealand.14 November 2013.Retrieved25 October2014.
  7. ^abcPauling, Brian (2014). Hand, Richard J.; Traynor, Mary (eds.)."New Zealand – A Radio Paradise?" in: Radio in Small Nations: Production, Programmes, Audiences.Cardiff:University of Wales Press. pp. 70–71.ISBN978-0708325445.
  8. ^ab"The hidden success of Māori radio".Massey University.1 August 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2018.Retrieved20 September2015.
  9. ^Walker, Piripi (22 October 2014)."First decades of Māori radio".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved20 September2015.
  10. ^Walker, Piripi (22 October 2014)."Story: Māori radio – reo irirangi".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved20 September2015.
  11. ^Day, Patrick (1994).A history of broadcasting in New Zealand. Vol. 1, The radio years.Auckland:Auckland University Press.
  12. ^abWalker, Piripi (22 October 2014)."First iwi radio station".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved20 September2015.
  13. ^abcWalker, Piripi (22 December 2014)."The iwi radio network".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved20 September2015.
  14. ^McArdle, Erin."Piecing Together Māori, Word by Word".culturalsurvivor.org.Cultural Survivor.Retrieved19 September2015.
  15. ^"Māori becomes official language".Nzhistory.net.nz.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.18 June 2015.Retrieved20 September2015.
  16. ^abNeill, Karen; Shanahan, Morris William (2005).The Great New Zealand Radio Experiment.Cengage Learning Australia. p. 23.ISBN9780170124805.Retrieved18 July2012.
  17. ^abDrinnan, John (25 May 1989). "Maori radio station to go off air".The Dominion Post.Wellington.
  18. ^"Strengthening Rongomaiwahine-Kahungunu Dialects through Archival Recordings".Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga.University of Auckland.Retrieved26 April2015.
  19. ^Te Rito, J. S. (2012). Māori invocation for the 3S Community and for the world [Chapter section in]: Epilogue: A Spiritual Circle. In G. Pungetti, G. Oviedo & D. Hooke (Eds.), Sacred species and sites: Advances in biocultural conservation (pp. 457–458). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  20. ^Te Rito, J. S. (2012). Struggles to protect Puketapu, a sacred hill in Aotearoa. In G. Pungetti, G. Oviedo & D. Hooke (Eds.), Sacred species and sites: Advances in biocultural conservation (pp. 165–177). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  21. ^Gee, Debbie (August 1989). "Airwaves theft?".Onfilm.6(5): 34–35.
  22. ^"Maoris lay claim to air waves".The Dominion Post.Wellington. 30 May 1989.
  23. ^Drinnan, John (5 October 1990). "Maoris get poor deal, court told".The Dominion Post.Wellington. p. 9.
  24. ^Walker, Ranginui (March 1993). "Te Karanga: Maori radio". No. 141.Metro Magazine.pp. 122–123.
  25. ^abSmith, Cherryl Waerea-I-Te Rangi Smith (1994).Kimihia Te Maramatanga: Colonisation and Iwi Development(PDF).Auckland:University of Auckland.pp. 119–141. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 December 2015.Retrieved20 September2015.
  26. ^Campbell, Gordon (27 April 1996). "Maori fight radio sale". Vol. 153, no. 2922.New Zealand Listener.p. 20.
  27. ^"Brief timeline of Maori activity related to the search for Tino Rangatiratanga over the spectrum and their investments".nzmis.maori.nz.Te Whānua Irirangi New Zealand Māori Internet Society.Retrieved20 September2015.
  28. ^abcd"History".Ruakawa FM.Ruakawa FM.Retrieved26 April2015.
  29. ^Kennedy, Erin (17 June 1997). "Maori radio changes style".The Dominion Post.Wellington. p. 9.
  30. ^ab"Maori radio begins in Auckland".Te Iwi O Aotearoa(12): 14–15. August 1998.ISSN0113-4523.
  31. ^Drinnan, John (30 May 1989). "Aotearoa awaiting permanent warrant".The Dominion Post.Wellington.
  32. ^"Secrets and Treasures: Our stories told through the objects at Archives New Zealand by Ray Waru".randomhouse.co.nz.Random House.Archived fromthe originalon 15 September 2015.Retrieved19 September2015.
  33. ^"Haare Williams".comet.org.nz.COMET. Archived fromthe originalon 26 January 2016.Retrieved19 September2015.
  34. ^Kipping, Pat (October 1990). "Breaking sound barriers: Irirangi women".Broadsheet.182:14–17.ISSN0110-8603.
  35. ^"Te reo Maori radio series launched on iwi network".Te Maori: Nga Hui Hui Nga Korero O Aotearoa.3(59): 3. 15 June 1998.ISSN1174-6203.
  36. ^"More Māori on air".Pu Kaea:6. July 1998.ISSN1173-0420.
  37. ^"More Maori on air". Vol. 3, no. 62. Te Māori. 6 July 1998. p. 8.
  38. ^"Te Mangai Paho congratulate iwi radio". Vol. 3, no. 53. Te Māori. 27 April 1998. p. 3.
  39. ^"Radio to reo Māori levels on increase". No. 18. Kokiri Paetae. October 1998. p. 2.
  40. ^"Hui to examine ways of improving te reo levels on radio". No. 17. Kokiri Paetae. August 1998. p. 9.
  41. ^"National Maori radio service hits the airways".Te Māori.5(8): 7. May 1996.ISSN1171-5103.
  42. ^ab"Funding cut silences Ruia Mai"(PDF).AUT University.Te Waha Nui.Retrieved21 July2009.
  43. ^Stuart, Ian (13 November 1996)."Media: Tauiwa and Maori News: An Indigenous Perspective".davidrobie.org.nz.Asia Pacific Network.Retrieved19 September2015.
  44. ^abMcGarvey, Rangi Karaitiana (June 1997). "Ruia Mai: Te Ratonga Irirangi o te Motu". Pu Kaea. p. 5.
  45. ^ab"Official website".Ruia Mai.Ruia Mai. Archived fromthe originalon 23 May 2000.Retrieved26 April2010.
  46. ^Day, Patrick (2000).A history of broadcasting in New Zealand. Vol. 2, Voice and Vision.Auckland:Auckland University Press.
  47. ^ab"Tahu FM in joint venture with Auckland Station". Vol. 5, no. 9. Te Māori. p. 7.
  48. ^ab"Rotorua".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 18 January 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 15 April 2009.Retrieved12 June2015.
  49. ^"Maori broadcasting agency rewards radio broadcasting". Vol. 2, no. 17. Te Māori News. June 1997. p. 7.
  50. ^"Maori Radio Upgrade Project".avc-group.eu.AVC Group.Retrieved19 September2015.
  51. ^Stowell, Laurel (17 June 2012)."Awa FM gets new home".The New Zealand Herald/Wanganui Chronicle.APN News & Media.Retrieved14 June2015.
  52. ^"Awa FM".Te Māngai Pāho.New Zealand Government.Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2015.Retrieved14 June2015.
  53. ^Tahana, Yvonne (15 August 2014)."Trouble at the Iwi Radio Station of the Year".Television New Zealand.Te Karere.Retrieved14 June2015.
  54. ^abKoti, Tepara."Fire engulfs Tautoko FM in Mangamuka".Te Kaea.Māori Television.Retrieved14 June2015.
  55. ^ab"Sun FM – Te Reo Irirangi o te Mānuka Tūtahi".Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Awa.Ngāti Aaw. Archived fromthe originalon 25 February 2015.Retrieved14 June2015.
  56. ^"Awa FM station manager".Mahi,co.nz.Taea Limited. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2015.Retrieved19 September2015.
  57. ^"Radio & Television Broadcast & Webcast".recordedmusic.co.nz.Recorded Music NZ.Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2015.Retrieved19 September2015.
  58. ^"Radio".apraamcos.co,nz.APRA AMCOD New Zealand. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2015.Retrieved19 September2015.
  59. ^"$12m boost over four years for iwi radio stations".Scoop.co.nz.New Zealand Government.15 May 2014.Retrieved20 September2015.
  60. ^"Māori Affairs Committee 2014/15 Estimates for Vote Māori Affairs: Written questions 124 133".New Zealand Parliament.Retrieved20 September2015.
  61. ^Day, Wikitōria (15 May 2014)."Iwi radio stations receive a $12 million boost".Māori Television.Te Kāea.Retrieved20 September2015.
  62. ^Robie, David (1 May 2009)."Diversity reportage in Aotearoa: demographics and the rise of the ethnic media"(PDF).Pacific Journalism Review.15(1). Auckland: 67–91. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 September 2015.Retrieved20 September2015.
  63. ^Matamua, Rangiānehu (2006)."Te Reo Pāho: Māori radio and language revitalisation: a thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Māori Studies at Massey University"(PDF).Thesis.Massey University.
  64. ^"Editorial: Te reo Maori far too precious to be lost".The New Zealand Herald.APN News & Media.20 June 2014.Retrieved20 September2015.
  65. ^"Oldest Maori Radio Station Takes Top Award".tangatawhenua.com.Retrieved19 April2015.
  66. ^Claudette Hauiti."Accepting their Tohu for Best Iwi Radio Station Korimako FM Taranaki".Retrieved19 April2015.
  67. ^"Contribution of Iwi Radio recognised at award ceremony".Ngāti Porou.Retrieved19 April2015.
  68. ^"Iwi Station of the Year".radioawards.co.nz.New Zealand Radio Awards.Retrieved21 July2015.
  69. ^"New Zealand Radio Awards" Iwi station of the year "".tumekefm.co.nz.Tumeke FM. 12 May 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2015.Retrieved21 July2015.
  70. ^"Trouble at Iwi Station of the Year".TVNZ.Te Karere.2013.Retrieved21 January2015.
  71. ^abc"Ruakawa on Air".Ruakawa FM.Ruakawa FM.Retrieved26 April2015.
  72. ^"Ruakawa Staff".Ruakawa FM.Ruakawa FM.Retrieved26 April2015.
  73. ^"Professor Paula Jameson and Honours student Lai Fern Ow".Massey University.Massey University. Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2018.Retrieved27 April2015.
  74. ^"Tawera Productions and Black Pearl Productions".Moana Maniapoto.Moana Maniapoto.Retrieved26 April2015.
  75. ^"About Us".whanaushow.co.nz.The Whanau Show.Retrieved21 July2015.
  76. ^"Tai Pari Tai Timu".Ruakawa FM Tokoroa.Te Reo Irirangi Raukawa.Retrieved26 April2015.
  77. ^"National".Waatea News.Radio Waatea.Retrieved28 April2015.
  78. ^"Regional News and Podcasts".Waatea News.Radio Waatea.Retrieved28 April2015.
  79. ^Hanuscha, Folker (2014). "Indigenous cultural values and journalism in the Asia-Pacific region: a brief history of Māori journalism".Asian Journal of Communication.24(4).
  80. ^"Diploma in Radio Journalism".Whitireia.Whitireia New Zealand.Archived fromthe originalon 12 June 2015.Retrieved28 April2015.
  81. ^"Live Broadcast of Whanganui Hearing"(Media statement).Waitangi Tribunal.Ministry of Justice.Retrieved14 June2015.
  82. ^"Ngati Rehia hosts Waitangi Tribunal Hearing".Tautoko FM.Tautoko FM. 8 June 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2015.Retrieved14 June2015.
  83. ^Horan, Vanessa."Two successes for Maori Television announced on March 3, 2010"(19 March 2010).nzine.co.nz.NZine.Retrieved14 June2015.
  84. ^"Poverty Bay Rugby Representative".povertybayrugby.co.nz.Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union. Archived fromthe originalon 26 January 2016.Retrieved3 January2016.
  85. ^"TV and radio coverage confirmed for Māori Sports Awards"(Press release).Trillian Trust Māori Sports Awards.Māori Sports Awards. 11 November 2012.Retrieved14 June2015.
  86. ^ab"Napier/Hastings".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 25 April 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 24 July 2011.Retrieved12 June2015.
  87. ^ab"About Te Arawa".Te Arawa Online.Te Arawa Communications. Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2015.Retrieved27 April2015.
  88. ^ab"Listen Online".Irirangi.Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori.Retrieved28 April2015.
  89. ^"Showcase".Falcon Creations.Alex Walker.Retrieved28 April2015.
  90. ^"Kaitaia".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 9 October 2009.Retrieved12 June2015.
  91. ^"About".Ngati Hine FM.Ngati Hine FM. Archived fromthe originalon 15 June 2015.Retrieved14 June2015.
  92. ^"Ake 1179".Te Rūnanga Ngāti Whātua.Ngāti Whātua. Archived fromthe originalon 22 January 2016.Retrieved14 June2015.
  93. ^"Manukau Urban Māori Authority Team".Manukau Urban Māori Authority.Retrieved19 April2015.
  94. ^"Mātou / About Us".Ngaiwi FM.Te Reo Irirangi o Pare Hauraki.Retrieved14 June2015.
  95. ^"Nga Iwi FM".Nga Iwi.Nga Iwi.Retrieved12 June2015.
  96. ^Staff writer (3 February 2015). "Celebrate 25 Years with Iwi Radio Station".Hauraki Herald.
  97. ^"Paeroa".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2009.Retrieved12 June2015.
  98. ^"Te Reo Irirangi o Tainui".Te Iwi O Aotearoa(27): 1–5. November 1989.ISSN0113-4523.
  99. ^Bone, Alistair (26 November 2011)."Iwi Radio Tainui Spots Talent in Ngaruawahia".Radio Heritage.Retrieved14 June2015.
  100. ^"Ngaruawahia".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2009.Retrieved12 June2015.
  101. ^"Outlook: Te Reo Maori on the airwaves".The Dominion Post.Wellington:Independent Newspapers.2 July 1991.
  102. ^Maniapoto FM
  103. ^"About Us".Moana Radio.Moana Communications. Archived fromthe originalon 15 June 2015.Retrieved14 June2015.
  104. ^"Major transformation for Te Arawa iwi radio station". No. 14. Kia Hiwa Ra. September 1993. p. 8.
  105. ^"Te Korimako O Taranaki".Finda.Yellow Group.Retrieved14 June2015.
  106. ^"Turangi".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2009.Retrieved12 June2015.
  107. ^"About Us".Te Awa FM.Te Reo Irirangi o Whanganui. Archived fromthe originalon 9 April 2015.Retrieved14 June2015.
  108. ^"Radio Ngati Porou".Radio Ngati Porou.RNP.Retrieved14 June2015.
  109. ^"Turanga FM".Turanga FM.Te Reo Irirangi o Turanganui-a-kiwa.Retrieved14 June2015.
  110. ^"Palmerston North".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 25 April 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 4 May 2009.Retrieved12 June2015.
  111. ^ab"Wellington".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 24 January 2010.Retrieved12 June2015.
  112. ^"TE REO: Real Maori radio takes to the air".Tu Tangata(36): 6. July 1987.ISSN0111-5871.
  113. ^Walker, Piripiri; Roy, Don (4 June 1991). "Outlook: Te Upoko O Te Ika – 783 kHz – Wellington's Maori radio station".The Dominion Post.Wellington. p. 31.
  114. ^Brown, Rodney (4 April 2012)."Head of the fish leads the way in iwi radio broadcasting".Whitireia New Zealand.Newswire.Retrieved21 July2015.
  115. ^"Big change for first Maori radio station".Radio New Zealand.Radio New Zealand News.8 April 2014.Retrieved21 July2015.
  116. ^Wannan, Olivia."Capital Maori radio station turns 25".Stuff.Retrieved14 June2015.
  117. ^Reedy, Lisa (1999). "Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai, aroha atu – 'the things we do for love'".No. 10.AUT University.Te Karaka: the Ngāi Tahu magazine. pp. 12–13.
  118. ^"Kaitaia".Welcome to the Radio Vault.New Zealand: The Radio Vault. 23 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 22 January 2012.Retrieved12 June2015.
  119. ^"Iwi radio stations stand together in wake of earthquake".Human Rights Commission.Nga Reo Tangata: Media and Diversity Network. 16 March 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2016.Retrieved21 July2015.
  120. ^Peata Melbourne."Tahu FM named top iwi radio station in the country".Television New Zealand.Retrieved19 April2015.
  121. ^Reedy, Lisa (1999). "Tahu FM becomes Mai FM; Aroha mai, aroha atu – 'the things we do for love'".Te Karaka: The Ngāi Tahu Magazine(10): 12–13.ISSN1173-6011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Te_Whakaruruhau_o_Ngā_Reo_Irirangi_Māori&oldid=1249084253#Tahu_FM"