Tamanic languages
| Tamanic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | West Kalimantan |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | tama1334 |
TheTamanic languagesare a small group of languages ofKapuas Hulu Regency,West Kalimantan:
The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to theSouth Sulawesi languages,most probably in one branch together withBuginese.[1][2][3]
Sound changes[edit]
Here is a list of sound changes fromProto-Malayo-Polynesianinto various Tamanic languages.[1]
Consonants[edit]
- Phonemic mergers:
- *Dmerges intod.
- *jmerges intos,but merges intodfollowing*n.
- *h,*qmerge into∅,however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
- *zmerges intod.
- Lenition in intervocalic positions:
- *-b->-w-(sometimes deletes).
- *-d->-r-(original*Dand*zare also affected).
- *-ŋ-,*-k->-∅-in Taman (*takut>ataut).
- When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
- *lis assimilated torbeforerin the same or following syllable (*ulaR>urar"snake" ).
- In Taman,*ris further dissimilated tonafter*r(urar:uran).
- Development of final glottal stop (-ʔ) of mostly unexplained origin.
- *-q>-ʔ,but*-h>*-∅
- Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme-ʔ.
Vowels[edit]
- *aya,aV>*a:(qi Daya> Embalohira:)
- In Taman, it was sometimes reflected asɛ:(Malaylain>lɛ:n).
- *uwas dissimilated toibefore*uin the following syllable (*tumpul>timpul"blunt" ).
- *ay,*eyand*aw,*ewwere monophthongized intoeando,respectively.
- *-iqand*-uqbecame-eand-orespectively.
West Kalimantan groups[edit]
Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages inWest Kalimantanprovince, Indonesia:[4][5]
Group Language Regency Kalis Kalis Kapuas Hulu Lau' Lau' Kapuas Hulu Tamambalo Tamambalo Kapuas Hulu Taman Taman Kapuas Hulu
References[edit]
- ^abK. A. Adelaar. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds.),Language contact and change in the Austronesian world,1-42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann. 2005.The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar.London: Routledge.
- ^Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem".Oceanic Linguistics.56(2): 435–490.doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.S2CID149377092.
- ^Bamba, John (ed.) (2008).Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat.Pontianak:Institut Dayakologi.ISBN978-979-97788-5-7.
- ^Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008).Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat.Institut Dayakologi.
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