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Tamil nationalismis the ideology which asserts that theTamil peopleconstitute a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Tamil people. Tamil nationalism is primarily asecularnationalism, that focus on language and homeland.[1]It expresses itself in the form oflinguistic purism( "Pure Tamil"), linguisticnationalism,Social equality( "Self-Respect Movement") andTamil Renaissance.

Since the independence ofIndiaandSri Lanka,Tamil separatist movements have been actively suppressed in both countries.[2]

Sri Lanka[edit]

Main article:Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism

Since the adoption of theVaddukoddai Resolutionin 1976 under the leadership ofS.J.V. Chelvanayakam,Tamil nationalists in Sri Lanka have repeatedly attempted to create an independent state (Tamil Eelam)[3]amid the increasing political and physical violence against ordinary Tamils by the Sri Lankan government which was dominated bySinhalese Buddhist nationalism.

Shortly after the island's independence fromBritain,the Sri Lankan government passed theCitizenship Act of 1948,which made more than a millionTamils of Indian originstateless. The government also passed aSinhala Only Act,which severely threatened the status of Tamil as a minority language, as well as hindering the social mobility of Tamil speakers.[1].In addition, the government also initiated thestate-sponsored colonisation schemes,with the aim of lessening the numerical presence of minorities as well as monopolising traditionally shared economic activities such as agriculture and fisheries, which have been part of the livelihood ofSri Lankan Tamilssince time immemorial.[4]

After anti-Tamilpogromsin1956,1958and1977andpolice brutalityagainst Tamils protesting against these acts, guerilla groups likeLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam(LTTE) were created to safeguard the interest and rights of Tamils in their own land. Theburning of Jaffna libraryin 1981 andBlack Julyin 1983 finally led to over 25 years of war between theSri Lankan armyand theTamil Tigers.Persistent use of violence, including assassinations, led the LTTE to be declared as aterrorist organizationby India, Malaysia, the European Union, Canada, and the USA. The civil war came to an end in 2009 with the military defeat of LTTE and the death of its leader,Prabhakaran.TheSri Lankan civil warled to death of over 100,000 people according to theUnited Nations.[5]The Sri Lankan Government are alleged to have committedwar crimesagainst the civilian Sri Lankan Tamil people during the final months of theEelam War IVphase in 2009.[6]APPTverdict declared it as agenocidecommitted against ethnic Tamils by the Sri Lanka, government.[7]Following the conclusion of the Civil War, theTamil National Alliance(TNA) dropped their demand for an independent Tamil Eelam[8]in favour ofregional autonomyin a remergedNorth Eastern Province.[9]The idea ofFederalism in Sri Lankais opposed by the Sri Lankan Government, which prefers aunitary state.[10]

In 2010, theTransnational Government of Tamil Eelam(TGTE) was founded byVisvanathan Rudrakumaranwho aim to create an independent Tamil Eelam in peaceful democratic means. TheTamil People's Council(TPC) led by chief ministerC. V. Vigneswaranorganized "Eluga Tamil"(" Arise, Tamils ") rally in northernJaffnaand easternBatticaloato address that Tamil rights are still refused by Sri Lankan Government.[11][12]

India[edit]

Indian Tamil Nationalism comprises the vast majority ofDravidian Nationalismwhich consisted of all the four major Dravidian languages inSouth India.Dravidian Nationalism was popularised by a series of small movements and organisations who contended that the South Indians composed a cultural entity that was different from theIndo-Aryansof North India. A new morphed ideology of Dravidian nationalism gained momentum within the Tamil speakers during the 1930's and 1950's. Dravidian nationalism failed to find support outside of Tamil Nadu. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Nationalist ideologies lead to the argument by Tamil leaders that, at a minimum, that Tamils must have self-determination or, at maximum, secession from India.[13]By the late 1960, the political parties who were espousing Dravidian ideologies gained power only within the state of Tamil Nadu.[14][15]

Since the 1969 election victory ofDravida Munnetra Kazhagam(DMK) underC N Annadurai,Tamil nationalism has been a permanent feature of the government of Tamil Nadu. The DMK came to power positively on the plank of opposing Hindi monopoly/imposition. Prior to coming to power, they also openly declared to fight for Tamil independence from India. But since the Indian government had added a new legislation that outlawed anyone wanting independence from India, under the sedition act, and that made political parties to lose their right to stand in election, the DMK dropped this demand. With this, the drive for secession became weaker with most mainstream political parties, except a few, who instead committed to development of Tamil Nadu within a united India. Most major Tamil Nadu regional parties such as DMK,All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(AIADMK),Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi(VCK),Pattali Makkal Katchi(PMK) andMarumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(MDMK) frequently participate as coalition partners of other pan-Indian parties in theUnion Government of IndiaatNew Delhi.

Tamil secessionist and militants groups[edit]

In 1958,S. P. Adithanarfounded the "We Tamils" party who supported the creation of a homogeneousGreater Tamil Naduincorporating Tamil speaking areas of India and Sri Lanka. In 1960, the party organized a statewide protest which demanded the establishment of a sovereignTamil Nadu.During the protest maps ofRepublic of India(withTamil Naduleft out) were burnt. The We Tamils party lost the elections of 1962 and was merged in 1967 with the DMK.[16][17]The outbreak of theSri Lankan civil warbetween the Majority Sinhalese and indigenous Tamils lead the Tamil nationalism in India to take a new shape. In India small Tamil militant groups emerged such asTamil Nadu Liberation Armyled by Thamizharasan, who aspired to an independentTamil Nadu.After his death, the group is believed to have splintered into factions. The TNLA wasbanned by the Government of India.[18]Another banned Tamil secessionist group in India was theTamil National Retrieval Troops(TNRT) founded by P. Ravichandran in the late-1980s. TNRT,a Tamil Nationalist organization, fought for an independent Tamil homeland and followed the goal to uniteTamil NaduandTamil Eelamto be a Greater Tamil Nation.[19]

Support for Sri Lankan Tamils[edit]

In October 2008, amid intensified in shelling on Tamil civilian areas by the Sri Lankan military, with the army moving in on theLTTEand the navy battling the latter's sea patrol, Indian Tamil MP's, including those supporting the Singh government in the DMK and PMK, threatened to resign en masse if the Indian government did not pressure the Lankan government to cease firing on civilians. In response, the Indian government reported it had upped the ante on the Lankan government to ease tensions.[20]

K. Muthukumara Tamil journalist and activist in Tamil Nadu committed suicide, because the government failed to saveSri Lankan Tamils.His death instantly triggeredwidespread strikes, demonstrations and public unrestin Tamil Nadu.[21]There is also deep resentment against India among some Tamils, that it aided the Sri Lankan state in the 2009 genocide.[22][23][24]This led to minor incidents like Tamil nationalists turning out in support of the Eelam rebels when Chennai-basedThe Hinduwas alleged to have been supporting the Government of Sri Lanka. Editor-in-Chief of The Hindu, N Ram named members of thePeriyar Dravidar Kazhagam,Thamizh Thesiya Periyakkam,some lawyers, and law college students as responsible for incidents of vandalism at their offices.[citation needed]

The Tamil nationalist partyNaam Tamilar Katchiarose 18 May 2010 as a result of the bloody end of the Sri Lankan civil war. Main agenda of this party is the liberation ofTamil Eelam,here only Tamils should rule in Tamil Nadu and to spread the importance of Tamil language and unity of Tamils, irrespective of religion and caste.[25]

2013 it came to series ofAnti-Sri Lanka protestsinitiated by theStudents Federation for Freedom of Tamil Eelam.The students demanded justice for Sri Lankan Tamils and a UN referendum on the formation ofTamil Eelam.[26]Tamil organizations, parties and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu demand an International Investigation ofSri Lankan war crimesand a UN referendum amongSri Lankan Tamilson the formation ofTamil Eelam.[27][28][29]

Protests against Jallikattu ban[edit]

The ban onJallikattuwas seen by Tamils as an attack on their culture and identity.[30]In 2017, it came to a statewidepro-jallikattu protestsin Indian state ofTamil Nadu,which lasted several days. Tamils from all over the world expressed their solidarity with the protesters in Tamil Nadu. The government claimed that anti-national elements would be among the protesters who raised slogans for a separateTamil Naduand againstIndia[31][32]The Tamil rapperHiphop Tamizhadistanced himself from the protest, because he felt uncomfortable with the anti-national and secessionist elements in the protests.[33]Tamil cinema actor turned politicianKamal Haasanclaimed that seeking a separate country for Tamils is not anti-national and that many political leaders have done so in the past.[34]

Demand for state flag[edit]

OfficiallyTamil Nadudoes not have its own state flag and a flag like theKannada flagofKarnatakais proposed for Tamil Nadu by various Tamil nationalists.Thanthai Periyar Dravidar KazhagamandNaam Tamilar Katchieach hoisted different self-proclaimed Tamil Nadu flags on 1 November 2020Tamil Nadu Day.The police warned and booked members for violating theIndian constitutionby raising an unofficial flag for Tamil Nadu proceeded by Naam Tamilar Katchi among the public.[35][36]

2022 response to Amit Shah's Hindi unity proposal[edit]

On 3 July 2022, as a response to Indian Home MinisterAmit Shah'sHindi proposal to be the nationwide link language, DMK politicianA. Rajasaid that the Union government is not giving the state autonomy and the Prime Minister and the Home Minister should not force them into demanding a "thani nadu"(separate nation) while speaking at a meeting held forDMKlocal body representatives, in the presence of Chief MinisterM K Stalin.[37][38][39][40][41]

“Prime Minister Narendra Modi says all states are to be seen the same, and Home Minister Amit Shah says if you want unity, learn Hindi. The party’s founding fatherPeriyar,until [his] death, demanded athani nadu.But we (DMK) kept aside that demand for our democracy and national integrity, So, I am saying this with the utmost humility. Our CM is travelling in Anna’s [C. N. Annadurai] path so far, do not push us into following Periyar’s path. Do not make us revive our demand for a separate state”[37][38][41]

DMK immediately distanced itself from the comments and said that the comments made in support of a separate nation is not the stand of the party.[37][38][41]Tamil NaduBJPchief K. Annamalai even opposed Amit Shah's Hindi push.[42]

Linguistic purism[edit]

Distribution ofTamilspeakers in South India and Sri Lanka (1961).
Main article:Pure Tamil

History[edit]

Further information:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu

The anti-Hindi agitation was a form of resistance to the imposition of the Hindi language throughout India.C. Rajagopalachari(Rajaji) tried to impose Hindi as the national language, with Hindi taught in all Indian schools. This move was opposed by Periyar, who started an agitation that lasted for about three years. The agitation involved fasts, conferences, marches, picketing and protests. The government responded with a crackdown resulting in the death of two protesters and the arrest of 1,198 persons including women and children. The Congress Government of the Madras State, called in paramilitary forces to quell the agitation; their involvement resulted in the deaths of about seventy persons (by official estimates) including two policemen. Several Tamil leaders supported the continuation of the usage of English as the official language of India. To calm the situation, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after Shastri's assurance, as did the student agitation.

Four states –Bihar,Uttar Pradesh,Madhya PradeshandRajasthan[43]- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power –Tamil Nadu,which sought the right to conduct proceedings inTamilin itsHigh Court– had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.[44]In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conductMadras High Courtproceedings inTamil.[45][46][47][48][49]In 2010, the Chief Justice of theMadras High Courtallowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil...[50]

Basis in pre-modern literature[edit]

Althoughnationalismitself is a modern phenomenon, the expression of linguistic identity found in the modernPure Tamilmovement has pre-modern antecedents, in a "loyalty to Tamil" (as opposed to Sanskrit) visible in ancientSangam literature.[51] The poems of Sangam literature imply a consciousness of independence or separateness from neighbouring regions.[52]Similarly,Silappadhikaaram,a post-Sangam epic, posits cultural integrity for the entire Tamil region[53]and has been interpreted by Parthasarathy as presenting "an expansive vision of the Tamil imperium" which "speaks for all Tamils."[54]Subrahmanian sees in the epic the first expression of Tamil nationalism,[53]while Parthasarathy says that the epic shows "the beginnings of Tamil separatism."[55]

Medieval Tamil texts also demonstrate features of modern Tamil linguistic purism, most notably the claim of parity of status with Sanskrit which was traditionally seen in the rest of the Indian subcontinent as being a prestigious, trans-local language. Texts onprosodyandpoeticssuch as the 10th century Yaapparungalakkaarihai and the 11th century Veerasoazhiyam, for example, treat Tamil as the equal ofSanskritin terms of literary prestige, and use the rhetorical device of describing Tamil as a beautiful young lady and as a pure, divine language[56]both of which are also central in modern Tamil nationalism.[57]Vaishnavite[58]andShaivite[59]commentators took the claim of divinity one step further, claiming for Tamil a liturgical status, and seeking to endow Tamil texts with the status of a "fifth Veda."[60] Vaishnavite commentators such asNanjiyarwent one step further, declaring that people who were not Tamil lamented the fact that they were not born in a place where such a wonderful language was spoken.[61]This trend was not universal, and there were also authors who sought to argue and work against Tamil distinctiveness through, amongst other things,Sanskritisation.[62]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Religious Nationalism: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook, Atalia Omer, Jason A. Springs (2013)
  2. ^India, Sri Lanka and the Tamil crisis, 1976–1994: an international perspective (1995), Alan J. Bullion, p.32.
  3. ^DBS Jeyaraj."TULF leader passes away".Hindu News. Archived fromthe originalon 24 January 2009.Retrieved4 May2008.
  4. ^Scarred Communities: Psychosocial Impact of Man-made and Natural Disasters on Sri Lankan Societyby Daya Somasundaram, 2014
  5. ^"Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN".ABC News.20 May 2009.Retrieved1 March2016.
  6. ^"Sri Lanka: New Evidence of Wartime Abuses".Human Rights Watch.20 May 2010.Retrieved9 March2016.
  7. ^"Permanent Peoples' Tribunal verdict on Tamil Genocide".PT Srilanka.
  8. ^"Sri Lankan Tamil alliance drops independence demand".The Guardian.14 March 2010.
  9. ^"TNA reiterates self determination, North-East re-merger".The Hindu.25 July 2015.
  10. ^"Sri Lanka: TNA threatens to quit constitution process if terms not met".Indian express.15 January 2017.
  11. ^"Large crowds gather at 'Eluga Tamil' rally in Batticaloa".colombogazette.com.10 February 2017.
  12. ^"'Eluga Tamil' demonstration in Jaffna ".dailymirror.lk.
  13. ^Kohli, A. (2004)."Federalism and the Accommodation of Ethnic Nationalism".Federalism and Territorial Cleavages:285–288.ISBN9780801874086.Retrieved25 April2008.
  14. ^Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order, p. 57-71.
  15. ^Moorti, S. (2004). "Fashioning a Cosmopolitan Tamil Identity: Game Shows, Commodities and Cultural Identity".Media, Culture & Society.26(4): 549–567.doi:10.1177/0163443704044217.S2CID145618990.
  16. ^"We Tamils party S. P. Adithanar".WordPress.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^Dynamics of Tamil Nadu Politics in Sri Lankan Ethnicity, capter IV
  18. ^"Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)".www.satp.org.
  19. ^"Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT)".www.satp.org.
  20. ^"India asks Lanka to protect civilians".The Times Of India.18 October 2008.
  21. ^"Indian journalist's self-immolation was an attempt to prevent Sri Lanka's Tamil Genocide".salem-news.com.
  22. ^"Indian forces took part in Lankan war: Plea".Times Of India.15 April 2014.
  23. ^"Sri Lanka: A call for arms".India Today.
  24. ^"Russia and India to sell arms to Sri Lanka".Tamil Guardian.
  25. ^"Seeman calls for vote bank to protect Tamils".The New Indian Express. Archived fromthe originalon 18 April 2015.Retrieved7 April2015.
  26. ^"Students across Tamil Nadu join anti-Lanka stir".indiatimes.com.18 March 2013.
  27. ^"Jayalalithaa calls for a referendum on separate Eelam".indiatimes.com.27 March 2013.
  28. ^"T.N. Assembly demands referendum on Eelam".thehindu.com.27 March 2013.
  29. ^"Tamil Nadu Assembly Calls for Probe Into Sri Lanka's Alleged War Crimes".ndtv.com.
  30. ^"Tamil Nadu witnesses sudden surge in protests for Jallikattu".mumbaimirror.
  31. ^"On the fringes of jallikattu protests, Tamil nationalism attempts to emerge".scroll.in.23 January 2017.
  32. ^"Anti-nationals infiltrated pro-jallikattu protests, says CM".tribuneindia.com.
  33. ^"Hip Hop Tamizha Adhi distances from Jallikattu protests, says it has lost direction which had no impact on the protests until Tamil Nadu police used a brute force to arrest agitators".newindianexpress.com.
  34. ^"People seeking separate Tamil Nadu are not anti-nationals" - Kamal Haasan ".indiaglitz.com.Archived fromthe originalon 26 January 2017.Retrieved14 February2017.
  35. ^Kumar, S. Vijay (31 October 2020)."Activists warned against hoisting flag".The Hindu.
  36. ^"Police book NTK functionaries for hoisting 'Tamil Nadu' flag".The Hindu.November 2020.
  37. ^abc"'Propagates separatism' — A. Raja's 'separate Tamil Nadu' comment draws BJP, AIADMK rebuke ".ThePrint.5 July 2022.Retrieved16 July2022.
  38. ^abc"DMK MP Raja's heated pitch on 'separate Tamil Nadu', autonomy sets off fiery row".The Indian Express.7 July 2022.Retrieved16 July2022.
  39. ^"Making 'Separate Country' Comment, DMK's A Raja Cites Periyar, But He Dumped The Dream 66 Yrs Ago".News18.6 July 2022.Retrieved16 July2022.
  40. ^"Don't nudge us to seek independent Tamil Nadu: DMK's A. Raja seeks autonomy with CM Stalin on stage".The Hindu.PTI. 4 July 2022.ISSN0971-751X.Retrieved16 July2022.
  41. ^abc"DMK's A Raja says don't push us to walk Periyar's path for separate Tamil Nadu, sparks row".Hindustan Times.4 July 2022.Retrieved16 July2022.
  42. ^"Amit Shah Pushes for Hindi; Tamil Nadu BJP Chief Annamalai Says 'Won't Allow'".14 April 2022.
  43. ^"Bar & Bench".[permanent dead link]
  44. ^Special Correspondent (12 March 2007),"Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court",The Hindu,Chennai, India, p. 1, archived fromthe originalon 13 March 2007.
  45. ^"No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah".The Hindu.3 December 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2007.
  46. ^Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court: KaruArchived2008-12-30 at theWayback Machine
  47. ^"Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre's announcement".The Hindu.21 April 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 30 April 2008.
  48. ^indianexpress.comArchived2008-04-25 at theWayback Machine
  49. ^"Government of Tamil Nadu: Archives of Press Releases – Tamil Nadu Government Portal"(PDF).tn.gov.in.
  50. ^"Advocate argues in Tamil in High Court".The New Indian Express.23 June 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2015.Retrieved27 June2010.
  51. ^Steever 1987,p. 355
  52. ^Abraham 2003,pp. 211, 217
  53. ^abSubrahmanian 1981,pp. 23–24
  54. ^Parthasarathy 1993,pp. 1–2
  55. ^Parthasarathy 1993,p. 344
  56. ^Monius 2000,pp. 12–13
  57. ^Ramaswamy 1993,pp. 690–698
  58. ^Narayanan 1994,p. 26
  59. ^Peterson 1982,p. 77
  60. ^Cutler et al. 1991,p. 770.
  61. ^Clooney 1992,pp. 205–206
  62. ^Pandian 1994,p. 87;Kailasapathy 1979,p. 32

References[edit]

  • Abraham, Shinu (2003), "Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India",Asian Perspectives,42(2): 207–223,doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0031,hdl:10125/17189,S2CID153420843
  • Clooney, Francis X. (1992), "Extending the Canon: Some Implications of a Hindu Argument about Scripture",The Harvard Theological Review,85(2): 197–215,doi:10.1017/S0017816000028856,S2CID170205038
  • Cutler, Norman; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan; Piḷḷāṉ; Carman, John; Narayanan, Vasudha; Pillan (1991), "Tamil Bhakti in Translation",Journal of the American Oriental Society,111(4), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 111, No. 4: 768–775,doi:10.2307/603406,JSTOR603406
  • Kailasapathy, K. (1979), "The Tamil Purist Movement: A re-evaluation",Social Scientist,7(10), Social Scientist, Vol. 7, No. 10: 23–51,doi:10.2307/3516775,JSTOR3516775
  • Kohli, A. (2004), "Federalism and the Accommodation of Ethnic Nationalism", in Amoretti, Ugo M.; Bermeo, Nancy (eds.),Federalism and Territorial Cleavages,Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 281–299,ISBN0-8018-7408-4,retrieved25 April2008
  • Monius, Anne(2000), "The many lives of Dandin: The Kavyadarsha in Sanskrit and Tamil",International Journal of Hindu Studies,4(1): 1–37,doi:10.1007/s11407-000-0001-x,S2CID140492963
  • Moorti, S. (2004), "Fashioning a Cosmopolitan Tamil Identity: Game Shows, Commodities and Cultural Identity",Media, Culture & Society,26(4): 549–567,doi:10.1177/0163443704044217,S2CID145618990
  • Narayanan, Vasudha (1994),The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual,Studies in Comparative Religion, University of South Carolina Press,ISBN0-87249-965-0
  • Palanithurai, G. (1989),Changing Contours of Ethnic Movement: A Case Study of the Dravidian Movement,Annamalai University Dept. of Political Science Monograph series, No. 2, Annamalainagar: Annamalai University
  • Pandian, M.S.S. (1994), "Notes on the transformation of 'Dravidian' ideology: Tamilnadu, c. 1900–1940",Social Scientist,22(5/6), Social Scientist, Vol. 22, No. 5/6: 84–104,doi:10.2307/3517904,JSTOR3517904
  • Parthasarathy, R. (1993),The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India,New York: Columbia University Press,ISBN0-231-07848-X
  • Peterson, Indira V. (1982), "Singing of a Place: Pilgrimage as Metaphor and Motif in the Tēvāram Songs of the Tamil Śaivite Saints",Journal of the American Oriental Society,102(1), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 102, No. 1: 69–90,doi:10.2307/601112,JSTOR601112.
  • Ramaswamy, Sumathi (October 1993). "En/gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity".Comparative Studies in Society and History.35(4). Cambridge University Press: 683–725.doi:10.1017/S0010417500018673.JSTOR179179.S2CID145729544.
  • Steever, Sanford (1987), "Review of Hellmar-Rajanayagam, Tamil als politisches Symbol",Journal of the American Oriental Society,107(2): 355–356,doi:10.2307/602864,JSTOR602864
  • Subrahmanian, N. (1981),An introduction to Tamil literature,Madras: Christian Literature Society

External links[edit]

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