Tegarama
Tegarama(Old Assyrian: Tergarma;Hittite:Takarama;Luwian:Lakarma/Lukarma) was a city inAnatoliaduring theBronze Age.It is often identified withGürünand biblicalTogarmah.
A fortified city inKammanu(on the border ofTabal) mentioned inNeo-Assyrianroyal inscriptions of the ninth, eighth, and seventh centuries BC (reigns ofShalmaneser III,Sargon II,andSennacherib) as Til-garimmu/Til-garimme.
Middle Bronze Age
[edit]The city contained a palace, akarumand anAssyriancolony office.[1]It was important in terms of trade which included tin, textiles, wool, slaves and wine. The city was inhabited during theOld Assyrian KingdomandHittite Empire.[2]
Late Bronze Age
[edit]Reign of Tudhaliya III
[edit]The city was sacked byIsuwaduring the early reign of theHittite kingTudhaliya IIIon the eastern border.
Reign of Suppiluliuma I
[edit]During his victorious campaign againstMitanni,Hittite kingSuppiluliuma Ihalted in Tegarama and inspected his forces before attacking and capturingKarkemish.[3]Consequently, city must have been on the road fromHattusato Karkhemish.
Theories
[edit]The exact location of the city in Anatolia is disputed.Oliver Gurneyplaced Tegarama in Southeast Anatolia.[4]Others have located it in central Anatolia near the town ofGürün,Sivasabout 90 miles (140 km) east ofKanesh.[5][6]
Gürün
[edit]Til-garimmu is usually identified with modern Gürün, biblical Tōgarmā, classical Gauraene/Gauraina, Old Assyrian Tergarama, Hittite Takarama, and Luwian Lakarma/Lukarma. However, no pre-Roman remains have been discovered at Gürün.
Akçadaǧ
[edit]Akçadaǧ, ca. 30 km west of Malatya, has been tentatively suggested as an alternate location.
Changing location
[edit]One theory is that the name of the city was 'moved' to another settlement during the history.[7]
Biblical tradition
[edit]The city is sometimes associated withBiblicalTogarmah.[8][9][10]
Bibliography
[edit]- YAMADA, SHIGEO. "The City of Togarma in Neo-Assyrian Sources" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 33, no. 2, 2006, pp. 223-236.https://doi.org/10.1524/aofo.2006.33.2.223
References
[edit]- ^Veenhof, K.R., Eidem, J., Wäfler, M.Annäherungen: the Old Assyrian Period. MesopotamiaSaint-Paul, 2008ISBN3525534523
- ^Bajramovic, GojkoHistorical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Periodp.133, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2011ISBN8763536455
- ^Burney, CharlesHistorical Dictionary of the HittitesScarecrow Press, 2004ISBN0810865645
- ^map on inside cover of Gurney, The Hittites, Folio Society edition
- ^Burney, Charles.Historical Dictionary of the Hittites.Scarecrow Press, 2004ISBN0810865645
- ^"Hittite Monuments - Gürün".
- ^Bajramovic, p.131
- ^Bajramovic, p. 312
- ^Austerlitz, EddieHistory of the Ogusp.36, 2010,ISBN1450729347
- ^Srinivasan, LinyDesi Words Speak of the Pastp.175 Author House (2011?),ISBN146709479X