Tehran Conference

Tehran Conference
*"Eureka"*
Tehran Conference; "Eureka"
	Left-to-right:; Soviet leaderJoseph Stalin,American presidentFranklin D. Roosevelt,British prime ministerWinston Churchill
Host country	Allied-occupied Iran
Date	28 November – 1 December 1943
Venue(s)	Embassy of the Soviet Union
Cities	Tehran,Iran
Participants	Soviet Union; United States; United Kingdom
Precedes	Yalta Conference
Key points
	Consensus to opena second frontagainstNazi Germanyby 1 June 1944

TheTehran Conference(codenamedEureka^[1]) was a strategy meeting of theAllies of World War II,held betweenJoseph Stalin,Franklin D. Roosevelt,andWinston Churchillfrom 28 November to 1 December 1943. It was the first of theAllied World War II conferencesinvolving the "Big Three"(theSoviet Union,theUnited States,and theUnited Kingdom) and took place at theSoviet embassy in Tehranjust over a year after theAnglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.The meeting occurred shortly after theCairo Conferencewas held inEgyptfor a discussion between the United States, the United Kingdom, andChinafrom 22 to 26 November 1943. The Big Three would not meet again until 1945, when theYalta Conferencewas held inCrimeafrom 4 to 11 February and thePotsdam Conferencewas held inAllied-occupied Germanyfrom 17 July to August 2.

Although the three leaders arrived inTehranwith differing objectives, the main outcome of the meeting was a British and American commitment to openinga second frontagainstNazi Germany,thereby forcing it to pull military assets away from theEastern Frontwith the Soviets. In addition to this decision, the Tehran Conference also addressed: the Big Three's relations withTurkeyandIran,as the former was being pressed to enter the conflict and the latter was under Allied occupation; operations inYugoslaviaand againstJapan;and the envisaged settlement following the expected defeat of theAxis powers.A separate contract also saw the Big Three pledge to recognize Iranian independence.

Background

Once theGerman-Soviet Warbroke out in June 1941, Churchill offered assistance to the Soviets, and an agreement to that effect was signed on 12 July 1941.^[2]However, Churchill, in a spoken radio transmission announcing the alliance with the Soviets, reminded listeners that the alliance would not change his stance against communism.^[3]

Delegations had traveled between London and Moscow to arrange the implementation of that support, and when the United States joined the war in December 1941, the delegations met in Washington as well. ACombined Chiefs of Staffcommittee was created to co-ordinate British and American operations and their support to the Soviets. The consequences of a global war, the absence of a unified Allied strategy, and the complexity of allocating resources between Europe and Asia had not yet been sorted out, which soon gave rise to mutual suspicions between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union.^[2]There was the question of opening a second front to alleviate the German pressure on the SovietRed Armyon theEastern Front,the question of mutual assistance (since both the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were looking towards the United States for credit and material support, there was tension between the United States and Britain since the Americans had no desire to prop up theBritish Empirein the event of an Allied victory).^[2]Also, neither the United States nor the United Kingdom was prepared to give Stalin a free hand inEastern Europe,and there was no common policy on how to deal with Germany after the war. Communications regarding those matters between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin took place by telegrams and via emissaries, but it was evident that direct negotiations were urgently needed.^[2]

Stalin was reluctant to leave Moscow and unwilling to risk journeys by air,^[4]and Roosevelt was physically disabled and found travel difficult. Churchill was an avid traveller and, as part of an ongoing series ofwartime conferences,had already met with Roosevelt five times in North America and twice in Africa and had also held two prior meetings with Stalin in Moscow.^[2]To arrange the urgently-needed meeting, Roosevelt tried to persuade Stalin to travel to Cairo. Stalin turned down the offer and also offers to meet inBaghdadorBasra.He finally agreed to meet in Tehran in November 1943.^[2]Iranwas aneutral countrybut was neverthelessinvadedjointly by theUnited Kingdomand theSoviet Unionin August 1941.

Proceedings

The conference was to convene at 16:00 on 28 November 1943. Stalin had arrived well before, followed by Roosevelt, who was brought in his wheelchair from his accommodation adjacent to the venue. Roosevelt, who had traveled 11,000 kilometres (7,000 miles) to attend and whose health was already deteriorating, was met by Stalin. This was the first time that they had met. Churchill, walking with his general staff from their accommodations nearby, arrived half an hour later.^[5]According to Roosevelt's interpreter, Charles Bohlen, Roosevelt was accompanied byHarry Hopkins,who had served as Roosevelt's personal emissary to Churchill, andW. Averell Harriman,theU.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union.Stalin was accompanied bySoviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotovand military leaderKliment Voroshilov.Churchill broughtForeign Secretary Anthony Edenhis CGSAlanbrooke,chief military assistantHastings Ismayplus Dill, Cunningham, Portal, Boyle, and his interpreter Arthur Birse. Three Western women attended: Churchill's daughter Sarah, Averell Harriman's daughter Kathleen and Roosevelt's daughter Anna Boettiger.

The Shah of Iran (center), pictured to the right ofJoseph Stalinat the Tehran Conference (1943)

Footage from the Cairo and Tehran conferences

As Stalin had been advocating for a second front since 1941, he was very pleased and felt that he had accomplished his principal goal for the meeting. Moving on, Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated:

Stalin pressed for a revision of Poland's eastern border with the Soviet Union to match the line set by British Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon in 1920. In order to compensate Poland for the resulting loss of territory, the three leaders agreed to move the German-Polish border to the Oder and Neisse rivers. This decision was not formally ratified, however, until thePotsdam Conferenceof 1945.^[6]

The leaders then turned to the conditions under which the Western Allies would open a new front by invading northern France (Operation Overlord), as Stalin had pressed them to do since 1941. Until then, Churchill had advocated the expansion of joint operations of British, American, andCommonwealthforces in the Mediterranean, as opening a new western front had been physically impossible because of a lack of existing shipping routes. That left the Mediterranean and Italy as viable goals for 1943. It was agreed Operation Overlord would be launched by American and British forces by May 1944 and that Stalin would support the Allies with a concurrent major offensive on Germany's eastern front (Operation Bagration) to divert German forces from northern France.^[7]

Additional offensives were also discussed to complement the undertaking of Operation Overlord, including the possible allied invasion of southern France prior to the landings at Normandy with the goal of drawing German forces away from the northern beaches and even a possible strike at the northern tip of the Adriatic to circumvent the Alps and drive towards Vienna. Either plan would have relied on Allied divisions engaged against the German Army in Italy around the time of the conference.^[8]

IranandTurkeywere discussed in detail. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin all agreed to support the Iranian government, as addressed in the following declaration:

The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they all agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations, and to the world-wide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption.^[9]

In addition, the Soviets pledged support to Turkey if it entered the war. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed that it would also be most desirable if Turkey entered on the Allies' side before the year was out. In order to encourage Turkey to act as soon as possible, they agreed to make "the offer to takeCreteand theDodecaneseislands because they are rather close to Turkey. "^[10]

Churchill argued for the invasion of Italy in 1943, then Overlord in 1944, on the basis that Overlord was physically impossible in 1943 for lack of shipping and that it would be unthinkable to do anything important until it could be launched.^[11]Churchill successfully proposed to Stalin a westward movement of Poland, which Stalin accepted. It gave the Poles industrialized German land to the west but took marshlands to the east. It also provided a territorial buffer to the Soviet Union against invasion. Churchill's plan involved a border along the Oder and the Neisse, which he views to give Poland a fair compensation for theEastern Borderlands.^[12]

Dinner meeting

Before the Tripartite Dinner Meeting of 29 November 1943 at the Conference, Churchill presented Stalin with a specially commissioned ceremonial sword (the "Sword of Stalingrad,"made inSheffield), as a gift from KingGeorge VIto the citizens of Stalingrad and the Soviet people, commemoratingthe Soviet victory at Stalingrad.When Stalin received the sheathed sword, he took it with both hands and kissed the scabbard. Stalin held the sword by the sheathe and angled the pommel downwards, causing the sword to slide out of its scabbard and fall to the ground. He then handed it toMarshal Kliment Voroshilov^[13]

"WithoutAmerican machinestheUnited Nationsnever could have won the war. "
— Joseph Stalin, during the dinner at the Tehran Conference.^[14]^[15]

Stalin proposed executing 50,000 to 100,000 German officers so that Germany could not plan another war. Roosevelt, believing that Stalin was not serious, joked that "maybe 49,000 would be enough." Churchill, however, was outraged and denounced "the cold blooded execution of soldiers who fought for their country." He said that only war criminals should be put on trial in accordance with theMoscow Document,which he had written. He stormed out of the room but was brought back in by Stalin, who said he was joking. Churchill was glad Stalin had relented but thought that Stalin had been testing the waters.^[16]

Three powers come together

On 1 December 1943, the three leaders re-assembled and issued a set of declarations. They also negotiated the following military conclusions at the conference.

Iran would go to war with Germany, a common enemy to the three powers. Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt addressed the issue of Iran's special financial needs during the war and the possibility of needing aid after the war. The three powers declared to continue to render aid to Iran. The Iranian government and the three powers reached an accord within all the disagreements to maintain the independence, sovereignty, and integrity of Iran. The United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom expected Iran to follow along with the other Allies to establish peace once the war was over, which was agreed upon when the declaration was made.

Military decisions

TheYugoslav Partisanswould be supported by supplies, equipment, andcommandooperations.
The leaders stated that it would be desirable for Turkey to join the war on the side of the Allies before the end of the year.
The leaders took note of Stalin's statement that if Turkey found herself at war with Germany and, as a result, Bulgaria declared war on or attacked Turkey, the Soviet Union would immediately be at war with Bulgaria. The Conference noted that this could be mentioned in the forthcoming negotiations to bring Turkey into the war.
The cross-channel invasion of France (Operation Overlord) would be launched during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against southern France (Operation Dragoon). The latter operation would be undertaken in as great a strength as the availability of landing-craft permitted. The Conference further took note of Stalin's statement that the Soviet forces would launch an offensive (Operation Bagration) about the same time with the object of preventing the German forces from transferring from the Eastern Front to the Western Front. Operation Overlord was to be on 1 June, but the moon and tides required to be delayed to 5 June.^[17]
The leaders agreed for the military staff of the three powers to keep in close contact with one another in regard to the impending operations in Europe. In particular, a cover plan to mislead the enemy about the operations was to be concocted by the staff concerned.

Political decisions

Stalin and Churchill discussed the future borders of Poland, stating a variant of the so-calledCurzon Linefor the eastern border, supporting the annexation of the rest by the USSR, proposing annexation of German territories in the north and west to Poland instead. Roosevelt had asked to be excused from any discussion of Poland, stating it as matter for the effects of any decision on Polish voters in the US and the upcoming1944 election.The decisions were not officially ratified until theYalta ConferenceandPotsdam Conferencein 1945. Soon before the conference, the USSR unilaterally withdrew recognition of thePolish government-in-exile,still recognized by the UK and the US and the negotiations were made covertly without their involvement.

During the negotiations, Roosevelt had demanded that the Republics of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia would be deemed as part of the Soviet Union only after the citizens 'voted' on the action. Roosevelt secured formal 'agreement', however, Stalin would not consent to any international control over the elections and stated that all issues would have to be resolved 'in accordance with the Soviet Constitution'. In the end, after Soviet occupation, the areas were subjected in accordance with Soviet plans. The US, for example in principle never officially recognised.

Results

The Yugoslav Partisans were given full Allied support, and Allied support to the YugoslavChetnikswas halted. (They were believed to be cooperating with the occupying Italians and Germans rather than fighting them; seeYugoslavia and the Allies).

The communist Partisans underJosip Broz Titotook power in Yugoslavia as the Germans gradually retreated from the Balkans in 1944 and 1945.^[18]

Turkish President İsmet İnönüconferred with Roosevelt and Churchill at the Cairo Conference in November 1943 and promised to enter the war when his country had become fully armed. By August 1944, Turkey broke off relations with Germany. In February 1945, Turkey declared war on Germany and Japan, which may have been a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the future United Nations.^[19]^[20]

Operation Overlord

Roosevelt and Stalin spent much of the conference to try to convince Churchill to commit to an invasion of France and finally succeeded on 30 November, when Roosevelt announced at lunch that they would be launching the invasion in May 1944.^[21]That pleased Stalin, who had been pressing his allies to open a new front in the west to alleviate some pressure on his troops. That decision may be the most critical to come out of this conference, as the desired effect of the relief of Soviet troops was achieved and led to a Soviet rally and advance toward Germany, a tide that Hitler could not stem.

United Nations

The Tehran Conference also served as one of the first conversations surrounding the formation of theUnited Nations.Roosevelt first introduced Stalin to the idea of an international organization comprising all nation states, a venue for the resolution of common issues, and a check against international aggressors. With Germany having thrust the world into chaos for the second time in as many generations, the three world leaders all agreed that something must be done to prevent a similar occurrence.^[21]

Division of Germany

There was a shared view among the participants that a postwar division of Germany was necessary with the sides differing on the number of divisions needed to neutralize her ability to wage war.^[21]The numbers that were proposed varied widely and never came to fruition, but the powers would effectively divide modern Germany into two parts until the end of theCold War.During one dinner, Churchill questioned Stalin on his postwar territorial ambitions. Stalin replied, "There is no need to speak at this present time about any Soviet Desires, but when the time comes we will speak."^[22]

Soviet entry to the Pacific War

On 29 November, Roosevelt asked Stalin five questions about data and intelligence relating to Japanese and Siberian ports and about air bases in the Maritime Provinces for up to 1,000 heavy bombers. On 2 February, Stalin told the American ambassador that America could operate 1,000 bombers fromSiberiaafter the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan (Vladivostokis in theRussian Far East,not Siberia).^[23]

Alleged assassination plot

According to Soviet reports, German agents planned to kill the Big Three leaders at the Tehran Conference, but called off the assassination while it was still in the planning stage. TheNKVD,the USSR's counterintelligence unit, first notified Mike Reilly, Roosevelt's chief of security, of the suspected assassination plot several days before Roosevelt's arrival in Tehran. Reilly had gone to Tehran several days early to evaluate security concerns and explore potential routes from Cairo to Tehran. Just before Reilly returned to Cairo, the NKVD informed him that dozens of Germans had been dropped into Tehran by parachute the day before. The NKVD suspected German agents were planning to kill the Big Three leaders at the Tehran Conference.^[24]

When housing accommodations for the meeting were originally discussed, both Stalin and Churchill had extended invitations to Roosevelt, asking him to stay with them during the meeting. However, Roosevelt wanted to avoid the appearance of choosing one ally over another and decided it was important to stay at theAmerican legationto remain independent.^[25]Roosevelt arrived in Tehran on 27 November 1943 and settled into the American legation. Close to midnight, Vyacheslav Molotov, Stalin's top aide, summonedArchibald Clark-Kerr(the British ambassador in the Soviet Union) andAverell Harriman(the American ambassador in the Soviet Union) to the Soviet embassy, warning them of an assassination plot against Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. Molotov informed them several assassins had been apprehended, but reported additional assassins were at large and expressed concerns for President Roosevelt's safety. Molotov advised Roosevelt should be moved to the safety of the British or Soviet embassy.^[24]

Americans suspected Stalin had fabricated the assassination plot as an excuse to have Roosevelt moved to the Soviet embassy. Mike Reilly, Roosevelt's chief of Secret Service, advised him to move to either the Soviet or British embassies for his safety. One of the underlying factors influencing their decision was the distance Churchill and Stalin would need to travel for meetings at the American legation. Harriman reminded the President that the Americans would be held responsible if Stalin or Churchill were assassinated while traveling to visit Roosevelt all the way across the city.^[24]Earlier that day, Molotov had agreed to hold all meetings at the American legation because traveling was difficult for Roosevelt. The timing of Molotov announcing an assassination plot later that night aroused suspicion that his motives were to keep Stalin safely within the guarded walls of the Soviet embassy.^[24]Harriman doubted the existence of an assassination plot, but urged the President to relocate to avoid the perception of putting Churchill and Stalin in danger. Roosevelt did not believe there was a credible threat of assassination, but agreed to the move so he could be closer to Stalin and Churchill.^[24]Living in the Soviet embassy also allowed Roosevelt to gain more direct access to Stalin and build his trust. Stalin liked having Roosevelt in the embassy because it eliminated the need to travel outside the compound and it allowed him to spy on Roosevelt more easily. The Soviet embassy was guarded by thousands of secret police and located adjacent to the British embassy, which allowed the Big Three to meet securely.^[25]

After the Tehran Conference ended, Harriman asked Molotov whether there was really ever an assassination threat in Tehran. Molotov said that they knew about German agents in Tehran, but did not know of a specific assassination plot. Molotov's response minimized their assertions of an assassination plot, instead emphasizing that Stalin thought President Roosevelt would be safer at the Soviet embassy.^[24]American and British intelligence reports generally dismissed the existence of this plot andOtto Skorzeny,the alleged leader of the operation, later claimed that Hitler had dismissed the idea as unworkable before planning had even begun. The topic continues to be a theme of certain Russian historians.^[26]

References

Citations

^Churchill, Winston Spencer (1951).The Second World War: Closing the Ring.Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. p. 642.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fService, Robert (2005).Stalin: A Biography.Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.459–60.ISBN 978-0-674-01697-2.
^Bushkovitch, Paul. A Concise History of Russia. (Cambridge University Press: 2012)
^Tolstoy, Nikolai(1981).Stalin's Secret War.Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 57.ISBN 0224016652.
^Overy, Richard (1996).Why the Allies Won.New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp.245–246.ISBN 978-0-393-03925-2.
^Office of the Historian (2016)."The Tehran Conference, 1943".Milestones 1937–1945.U.S. Department of State.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2020.Retrieved16 April2016.
^"Milestones: 1937–1945".Office of the Historian.US Department of State.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2020.Retrieved7 June2014.
^Churchill, Winston S. (2010).Closing the Ring: the Second World War, Volume 5.RosettaBooks.ISBN 978-0-7953-1142-0.OCLC 988869581.
^Declaration of the Three Powers Regarding Iran – 1 December 1943
^The Tehran, Yalta & Potsdam Conferences – Documents(PDF).Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1969. p. 43.Archived(PDF)from the original on 18 May 2023.Retrieved20 May2023.
^McNeill, W. H. (1953)American, Britain and Russia.New York: Oxford University Press. p. 353.
^Hartenstein, Michael A."Westverschiebung" und "Umsiedlung" – Kriegsziele der Alliierten oder Postulat polnischer Politik?(in German).
^Beevor, Antony(1999).Stalingrad.Penguin.ISBN 978-0-14-024985-9.
^"One War Won".Time.13 December 1943.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2019.Retrieved8 May2019.
^Parker, Dana T.Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in WorldWar II,p. 8, Cypress, CA, 2013.ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
^Robert Gellately (2013).Stalin's Curse: Battling for Communism in War and Cold War.Oxford U.P. pp. 177–178.ISBN 9780191644887.
^*Caddick-Adams, Peter (2019).Sand & Steel: A New History of D-Day.London: Hutchinson. p. 339.ISBN 978-1-84794-8-281.
^McNeill, W. H. (1953)America, Britain, and Russia: their co-operation and conflict, 1941–1946.Oxford University Press. pp. 388–90
^Zurcher, Erik J. (2004)Turkey: A Modern History.3rd ed. I B Tauris.ISBN 1860649580.pp 203–5
^Edwards, A. C. (1946). "The Impact of the War on Turkey".International Affairs.22(3): 389–400.doi:10.2307/3017044.JSTOR 3017044.
^^a ^b ^cRoberts, Geoffrey (2007). "Stalin at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences".Journal of Cold War Studies.9(4): 6–40.doi:10.1162/jcws.2007.9.4.6.JSTOR 26926079.S2CID 57564917.
^Schlesinger, Arthur (1967)."Origins of the Cold War".Foreign Affairs.46(1): 22–52.doi:10.2307/20039280.ISSN 0015-7120.JSTOR 20039280.Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2023.Retrieved10 September2023.
^Ehrman, John (1956).Grand Strategy Volume V, August 1943 – September 1944.London: HMSO (British official history). pp. 429, 430.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fEubank, Keith (1985).Summit at Tehran.New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. pp. 170–173.
^^a ^bMayle, Paul (1987).Eureka Summit: Agreement in Principle and the Big Three at Tehran, 1943.London and Toronto: Associated University Presses. pp. 57–59.ISBN 0874132959.
^Kuznets, Yu. L. (2003)Тегеран-43: Крах операции "Длин. прыжок".ЭКСМО, Moscow,ISBN 5-8153-0146-9

Bibliography

Best, Geoffrey.Churchill: A Study in Greatness.London: Hambledon and London, 2001.
"Cold War: Teheran Declaration." CNN. 1998. 26 March 2006.
Feis, Herbert.Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin(Princeton U.P. 1967), pp. 191–279
Foster, Rhea Dulles. "The Road to Tehran: The Story of Russia and America, 1781 – 1943." — Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1944. — 279 p.
Hamzavi, A. H. "Iran and the Tehran Conference,"International Affairs(1944) 20#2 pp. 192–203in JSTOR Archived30 July 2018 at theWayback Machine
McNeill, Robert.America, Britain, & Russia: their cooperation and conflict, 1941–1946(1953) 348–68
Mastny, Vojtech. "Soviet War Aims at the Moscow and Tehran Conferences of 1943,"Journal of Modern History(1975) 47#3 pp. 481–504in JSTOR Archived9 March 2021 at theWayback Machine
Mayle, Paul D.Eureka Summit: Agreement in Principle & the Big Three at Tehran, 1943(1987, U of Delaware Press) 210p.

Primary sources

Miscellaneous No. 8 (1947) "Military Conclusions of the Tehran Conference. Tehran, 1 December 1943." British Parliamentary Papers. By Royal Command. CMD 7092 Presented by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Parliament by Command of His Majesty.
The Tehran, Yalta & Potsdam Conferences. Documents.Moscow:Progress Publishers.1969.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Iran (Hrsg.):The Tehran Conference – The Three-Power Declaration Concerning Iran.Tehran December 1943. Reprint epubli, Berlin 2021,ISBN 978-3-7531-6779-4.

External links

[WSC_Closing_the_Ring-1] Churchill, Winston Spencer (1951).The Second World War: Closing the Ring.Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. p. 642.

[Service_pp459–460-2] Service, Robert (2005).Stalin: A Biography.Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp.459–60.ISBN 978-0-674-01697-2.

[3] Bushkovitch, Paul. A Concise History of Russia. (Cambridge University Press: 2012)

[Tolstoy-4] Tolstoy, Nikolai(1981).Stalin's Secret War.Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 57.ISBN 0224016652.

[Overy_pp245–246-5] Overy, Richard (1996).Why the Allies Won.New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp.245–246.ISBN 978-0-393-03925-2.

[OH43-6] Office of the Historian (2016)."The Tehran Conference, 1943".Milestones 1937–1945.U.S. Department of State.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2020.Retrieved16 April2016.

[USDOS-7] "Milestones: 1937–1945".Office of the Historian.US Department of State.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2020.Retrieved7 June2014.

[8] Churchill, Winston S. (2010).Closing the Ring: the Second World War, Volume 5.RosettaBooks.ISBN 978-0-7953-1142-0.OCLC 988869581.

[9] Declaration of the Three Powers Regarding Iran – 1 December 1943

[10] The Tehran, Yalta & Potsdam Conferences – Documents(PDF).Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1969. p. 43.Archived(PDF)from the original on 18 May 2023.Retrieved20 May2023.

[11] McNeill, W. H. (1953)American, Britain and Russia.New York: Oxford University Press. p. 353.

[12] Hartenstein, Michael A."Westverschiebung" und "Umsiedlung" – Kriegsziele der Alliierten oder Postulat polnischer Politik?(in German).

[Beevor-Stalingrad-13] Beevor, Antony(1999).Stalingrad.Penguin.ISBN 978-0-14-024985-9.

[Time,_13_December_1943-14] "One War Won".Time.13 December 1943.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2019.Retrieved8 May2019.

[15] Parker, Dana T.Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in WorldWar II,p. 8, Cypress, CA, 2013.ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.

[16] Robert Gellately (2013).Stalin's Curse: Battling for Communism in War and Cold War.Oxford U.P. pp. 177–178.ISBN 9780191644887.

[17] *Caddick-Adams, Peter (2019).Sand & Steel: A New History of D-Day.London: Hutchinson. p. 339.ISBN 978-1-84794-8-281.

[18] McNeill, W. H. (1953)America, Britain, and Russia: their co-operation and conflict, 1941–1946.Oxford University Press. pp. 388–90

[19] Zurcher, Erik J. (2004)Turkey: A Modern History.3rd ed. I B Tauris.ISBN 1860649580.pp 203–5

[20] Edwards, A. C. (1946). "The Impact of the War on Turkey".International Affairs.22(3): 389–400.doi:10.2307/3017044.JSTOR 3017044.

[:2-21] Roberts, Geoffrey (2007). "Stalin at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences".Journal of Cold War Studies.9(4): 6–40.doi:10.1162/jcws.2007.9.4.6.JSTOR 26926079.S2CID 57564917.

[22] Schlesinger, Arthur (1967)."Origins of the Cold War".Foreign Affairs.46(1): 22–52.doi:10.2307/20039280.ISSN 0015-7120.JSTOR 20039280.Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2023.Retrieved10 September2023.

[23] Ehrman, John (1956).Grand Strategy Volume V, August 1943 – September 1944.London: HMSO (British official history). pp. 429, 430.

[:0-24] Eubank, Keith (1985).Summit at Tehran.New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. pp. 170–173.

[:1-25] Mayle, Paul (1987).Eureka Summit: Agreement in Principle and the Big Three at Tehran, 1943.London and Toronto: Associated University Presses. pp. 57–59.ISBN 0874132959.

[26] Kuznets, Yu. L. (2003)Тегеран-43: Крах операции "Длин. прыжок".ЭКСМО, Moscow,ISBN 5-8153-0146-9

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

v t e Iran–Russia relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Iran, Moscow Embassy of Russia, Tehran Ambassadors of Russia to Iran Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan
Diplomacy	Treaty of Gulistan Treaty of Kurakchay Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) Treaty of Turkmenchay Anglo-Russian Convention Tehran Conference P5+1 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Marine Security Belt
Conflicts	Russo-Persian Wars 1651–1653 1722–1723 1804–1813 1826–1828 Abbasabad Russian conquest of the Caucasus Persian Constitutional Revolution Persian Campaign Battle of Robat Karim Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Iranian famine of 1942–1943
Incidents	1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909) 1908 bombardment of the Majlis Russian occupation of Tabriz
Individuals	Abbas Mirza Mohammad Taqi Pessian Shafi Khan Qajar Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar
Related	Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict Axis of Resistance Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine Axis of Upheaval
Category:Iran–Russia relations

v t e Diplomatic history of World War II
Conferences	U.S.–British Staff Conference(1941) First Inter-Allied Conference(1941) Atlantic Conference(1941) Second Inter-Allied Conference(1941) First Moscow Conference(1941) Arcadia Conference(1941– 1942) Third Inter-Allied Conference(1942) Second Washington Conference(1942) Second Moscow Conference(1942) Casablanca Conference(1943) Adana Conference(1943) Third Washington Conference(1943) First Quebec Conference(1943) Third Moscow Conference(1943) Cairo Conference(1943) Greater East Asia Conference(1943) Tehran Conference(1943) Second Cairo Conference(1943) Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference(1944) Bretton Woods Conference(1944) Dumbarton Oaks Conference(1944) Second Quebec Conference(1944) Fourth Moscow Conference(1944) Malta Conference(1945) Yalta Conference(1945) United Nations Conference on International Organization(1945) Potsdam Conference(1945)
Declarations and treaties	Munich Agreement(1938) Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact(1939) Pact of Steel(1939) Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact(1940) Destroyers-for-bases deal(1940) Franco-Italian Armistice(1940) Moscow Peace Treaty(1940) Tripartite Pact(1940) Declaration of St James's Palace(1941) Anglo-Soviet Agreement(1941) Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre(1941) Atlantic Charter(1941) German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship(1941) Paris Protocols(1941) Declaration by United Nations(1942) Punishment for War Crimes(1942) Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942(1942) Armistice of Cassibile(1943) Cairo Declaration(1943) Moscow Declarations(1943) Declaration of the Four Nations Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China(1943) Moscow Armistice(1944) Nuremberg Charter(1945) Potsdam Agreement(1945) Potsdam Declaration(1945) United Nations Charter(1945) Paris Peace Treaties(1947) Treaty of San Francisco(1951) Austrian State Treaty(1955) Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany(1990)
Organizations	Anglo-French Supreme War Council Sino-American Cooperative Organization European Advisory Commission Council of Foreign Ministers
Related	German Instrument of Surrender Japanese Instrument of Surrender

v t e Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States(1933–1945) 44th Governor of New York(1929–1932) Assistant Secretary of the Navy(1913–1920) New York State Senator(1911–1913)
Presidency (timeline)	Transition Inaugurations (1st 2nd 3rd 4th) First and second terms Third and fourth terms Foreign policy New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Act Emergency Banking Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act of 1935 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practice Committee Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066,9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German-American internment Italian-American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen–Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson's Birthday holiday Jefferson Memorial Judicial Court-Packing Bill Cannabis policy Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination Cabinet "Brain Trust" March of Dimes Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations
Presidential foreign policy	Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Montevideo Convention (1933) Second London Naval Treaty (1936) ABCD line (1940) Export Control Act Four Policemen Destroyers-for-bases deal Lend-Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Hull note Atlantic Charter (1941) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations (1942) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgenthau Plan support
Presidential speeches	1932 Acceptance speech Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech "Four Freedoms" Day of Infamy speech Arsenal of Democracy "...is fear itself" Fireside chats "Look to Norway" Quarantine Speech "The More Abundant Life" State of the Union Address (1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 (Four Freedoms) 1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 1945)
Other events	Early life, education, career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt
Elections	1928 New York state election 1930 Democratic National Convention, 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 1920 United States presidential election 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944
Life and homes	Early life and education Groton School Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite Adams House FDR Suite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
Legacy	Bibliography Statues Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Institute for American Studies USSFranklin D. Roosevelt USSRoosevelt Four Freedoms Award Four Freedomspaintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime I'd Rather Be Right1937 musical Films The Roosevelt Story1947 Sunrise at Campobello1960 Eleanor and Franklin1976,The White House Years1977 Backstairs at the White House1979 miniseries World War II: When Lions Roared1997 miniseries Warm Springs2005 Hyde Park on Hudson2012 The Roosevelts2014 documentary The First Lady2022 miniseries FDR2023 miniseries Other namesakes
Family (Roosevelt •Delano)	Eleanor Roosevelt(wife) Anna Roosevelt Halsted(daughter) James Roosevelt II(son) Elliott Roosevelt(son) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.(son) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II(son) James Roosevelt I(father) Sara Ann Delano(mother) James Roosevelt Roosevelt(half-brother) Isaac Roosevelt(grandfather) Warren Delano Jr.(grandfather) Fala(family dog) Major(family dog)
← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman → Category

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany United States France BnF data Czech Republic Croatia Israel
Other	IdRef NARA