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Telugu cinema

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Not to be confused withCinema of West Bengal,also called Tollywood.

Telugu cinema
No.ofscreens1726 screens inAndhra PradeshandTelanganastates of India (2022)[1]
Main distributorsSuresh Productions
Vyjayanthi Movies
DVV Entertainments
Annapurna Studios
Geetha Arts
Arka Media Works
Sri Venkateswara Creations
Mythri Movie Makers
Parameswara Art Productions
UV Creations
N.T.R. Arts
Sri Sai Ganesh Productions
Konidela Production Company
G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment
Varahi Chalana Chitram
Haarika & Hassine Creations
14 Reels Entertainments
Produced feature films (2022)[2]
Total219
Number of admissions (2022)[3][4]
Total233 million

Telugu cinema,also known asTollywood,is the segment ofIndian cinemadedicated to the production of motion pictures in theTelugu language,widely spoken in the states ofAndhra PradeshandTelangana.Telugu cinema is based inFilm Nagar,Hyderabad.As of 2021,Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office.[5][6]Telugu films sold 23.3crore(233 million) tickets in 2022, the highest among various film industries in India.[3][4]

Technical crafts of Telugu cinema, especiallyvisual effectsandcinematography,are considered as one of the most advanced in Indian cinema.[7]The industry has produced some of India'smost expensiveandhighest-grossing filmsof all time. Telugu productionBaahubali 2(2017) is currently thehighest-grossing film of all time in India.The Telugu film industry is home toRamoji Film City,certified by theGuinness World Recordsas the largest film studio complex in the world measuring over 1,666acres(674ha).[8][9]

Since 1909, filmmakerRaghupathi Venkaiah Naiduwas involved in producingshort filmsand exhibiting them in different regions of Asia. He established the first Indian-owned cinema halls inSouth India.[10]In 1921, he produced the silent film,Bhishma Pratigna,generally considered to be the first Telugufeature film.[17]As the first Telugu film exhibitor and producer, Naidu is regarded as the 'Father of Telugu cinema'.[18]The first Telugu film with audible dialogue,Bhakta Prahlada(1932) was directed byH. M. Reddy.In 1933,Sati Savitridirected byC. Pullayyareceived an honorary diploma at the2nd Venice Film Festival.[19]Since its inception, Telugu cinema was known as the pre-eminent centre ofHindu mythological filmsin India.[20]From the late 1930s, films focused on contemporary living and social issues, likeRaithu Bidda(1939), were produced and gradually gained prominence.

Ten Telugu films were featured inCNN-IBN'slist of "100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time".[note 1]Though known for big-ticket films catering to wider audience, Telugu filmmakers have also forayed intoparallelandarthouse films.[22]Parallel films likeDaasi(1988),Thilaadanam(2000),Vanaja(2006) among others have won accolades at major film festivals includingBerlin,Karlovy Vary,Moscow,andBusan.[note 2]

Since the mid-2010s, Telugu cinema has pioneered thePan-Indian filmmovement, cutting across ethnic and linguistic barriers.Baahubali 2:The Conclusion(2017) won theSaturn AwardforBest International Film.RRR(2022) is only the second non-Englishlanguage film ever to make it to theNational Board of Review'sTop Ten Films.It received various international accolades including anAcademy Awardand aGolden Globefor the song "Naatu Naatu"and theCritics' Choice AwardforBest Foreign Language Film.RRRis the firstIndian filmby an Indian production to win anAcademy Award.

History[edit]

Early development[edit]

Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu,father of Telugu cinema.[30][31][32]

Raghupathi Venkaiah Naiduwas aphotographerand photographic studio owner inMadraswho was drawn intofilmmaking.Since 1909, he was involved in producingshort films.[33][34]He shot 12 three-minute-long short films and exhibited them inVictoria Public Hall,Madras.He also travelled toBangalore,Vijayawada,Sri Lanka,RangoonandPeguto exhibit his films.[33]Inc. 1909-10,he established a tent house called Esplanade in Madras to exhibit his films.[18][32]Inc. 1912-14,he established Gaiety Theatre onMount Road,the first ever permanent cinema theatre in Madras and all ofSouth India.[18][35]He later constructed Crown Theatre onMint Streetand Globe Theatre inPurasawakkam.[32][33]In his theatres, he screenedAmericanandEuropeanfilms as well as silent films made in various parts of India.[10]

In 1919, he started a filmproduction companycalled 'Star of East Films' also called 'Glass Studio', the first production company established by a Telugu person.[35][32]He sent his son,Raghupati Surya Prakash(R. S. Prakash) to study filmmaking in the studios ofEngland,Germany,andUnited States.[10]In 1921, they madeBhishma Pratigna,generally considered as the first Telugu feature film.[17]Venkaiah Naidu produced the film, while R. S. Prakash directed and produced it along with playing thetitle characterBhishma.[35]As the first Telugu film exhibitor and producer, Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu is regarded as the 'Father of Telugu cinema'.[18]

From 1921 to 1931 about a dozen feature films were made byTelugu people.[36]C. Pullayyamade a three-reelshort film,Markandeya(1926 or 1931) at his house inKakinada.[37][36]In 1921, the first cinema hall inAndhra,Maruthi Cinema was established inVijayawadaby Pothina Srinivasa Rao.[18]Y. V. Raoand R. S. Prakash established a long-lasting precedence of focusing exclusively on religious themes —Gajendra Moksham,Nandanar,andMatsyavataram—three of their most noted productions, centred on religious figures, parables, and morals.

Rise of the "talkie"[edit]

Promotional poster ofBhakta Prahladathe first full-length Telugu talkie to have a theatrical release.[38]

The first Telugu film with audible dialogue,Bhakta Prahlada,was directed byH. M. Reddy,who directed the first bilingual (Tamiland Telugu) talkieKalidas(1931).Bhakta Prahladawas shot over 18 or 20 days at Imperial Studios,Bombayand was produced byArdeshir Iraniwho also producedAlam Ara,India's firstsound film.[39]The film had an all-Telugu starcast featuring Sindhoori Krishna Rao as the titularPrahlada,Munipalle Subbayya asHiranyakasyapa,andSurabhi Kamalabaias Leelavathy.[34]Bhakta Prahladawas completed on 15 September 1931,[40]which henceforth became known as "Telugu Film Day" to commemorate its completion.[41][42][43]

Popularly known astalkies,films with sound quickly grew in number and popularity. In 1932,Sagar MovietoneproducedRama Paduka PattabhishekamandSakunthala,both directed bySarvottam Badami.[44]Neither the producer nor the director of these two films were Telugus. In 1933,Pruthviputra,based on the story ofNarakasurawas released.[45]It starredKalyanam Raghuramayyaand was produced by Pothina Srinivasa Rao, who had previously built the first cinema hall in Andhra in 1921. This was the first Telugu talkie entirely financed by Telugu people.[45]

In 1934, the industry saw its first major commercial success withLava Kusa.Directed byC. Pullayyaand starring Parupalli Subbarao andSriranjani,the film attracted unprecedented numbers of viewers to theatres and thrust the young industry into mainstream culture.[34][45]Dasari KotiratnamproducedAnasuyain 1935 and became the first female producer of Telugu film industry.[46]The first film studio inAndhra,Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya inRajahmundry.[47][48]Sampurna Ramayanam(1936) was the first film produced by the studio relying mostly on local talent.[47]In 1937, another studio called Andhra Cinetone was built inVisakhapatnam.[49][10]However, both the studios were short-lived.

By 1936, the mass appeal of film allowed directors to move away from religious and mythological themes.[34]That year, under the direction of Kruthiventi Nageswara Rao,Prema Vijayam,a film with a contemporary setting, was released. It was the first Telugu film with a modern-day setting as opposed to mythological and folklore films.[50]Later, more 'social films' i.e. films based on contemporary life and social issues, were made by filmmakers. Notable among them wasVandemataram(1939), touching on societal problems like the practice ofdowry.Telugu films increasingly focused on contemporary living: 29 of the 96 films released between 1937 and 1947 had social themes.[51]

Cinema during the Crown Rule[edit]

Y. V. Rao(left), pioneer of cinema during crown rule[52]and stalwartV. Nagayya(right), known for hismethod acting.[53]

In 1938,Gudavalli Ramabrahmamhas co-produced and directed thesocial problem film,Mala PillastarringKanchanamala.The film dealt with the crusade against untouchability, prevailing in pre-independent India.[54][55]In 1939, he directedRaithu Bidda,starring thespianBellary Raghava.The film was banned by the British administration in the region, for depicting the uprise of the peasantry among theZamindar's during theBritish raj.[56]The success of these films gave an impetus toY. V. Rao,B. N. Reddyand others to produce films on social themes.[34]Viswa Mohini(1940) is the first Indian film depicting the Indian movie world. The film was directed by Y. V. Rao and scripted byBalijepalli Lakshmikantha Kavi,starringV. Nagayya.Rao subsequently made the sequel filmsSavithriandSathyabhama(1941–42) casting thespianSthanam Narasimha Rao.[57][58]

The outbreak ofWorld War IIand the subsequent resource scarcity caused theBritish Rajto impose a limit on the use of filmstrip in 1943 to 11,000 feet,[59]a sharp reduction from the 20,000 feet that had been common till then.[60]As a result, the number of films produced during the war was substantially lower than in previous years. Nonetheless, before the ban, an important shift occurred in the industry: Independent studios formed, actors and actresses were signed to contracts limiting whom they could work for, and films moved from social themes to folklore legends.[61]Ghantasala Balaramayya,has directed the mythologicalSri Seeta Rama Jananam(1944) under his home production, Prathiba Picture, marking veteranAkkineni Nageswara Rao's debut in a lead role.[62]

Classical cinema and Golden Age[edit]

Malliswariis the first Telugu film which had a public release with thirteen prints along with Chinese subtitles at Beijing on 14 March 1953, and a16 mm filmprint was also screened in the United States.[63][64]The film was directed byB. N. Reddy,a recipient of theDada Saheb Phalke Award,and theDoctor of Lettershonour.[64]

From left to right:A production still ofMayabazar(1957),N. T. Rama RaoinPathala Bhairavi(1951) the only south Indian film screened at1st IFFI,Kanta RaowithRaajanalain a folklore combat scene, andVedantam Raghavayya

The industry is one of the largest producers offolklore,fantasy,andmythologicalfilms.[65][66][67]Filmmakers likeK. V. Reddy,B. VittalacharyaandKodi Ramakrishnahave pioneered this genre.[68][69]1956 filmTenali Ramakrishnahas garnered theAll India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film.

K. V. Reddy'sMayabazar(1957) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of Telugu cinema that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology. The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013,CNN-IBNincludedMayabazarin its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time". In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN among those 100 films,Mayabazarwas voted by the public as the "greatestIndian filmof all time. "

RelangiandRamana Reddywere a comedydouble actduring this era.[70]Nartanasala(1963) won three awards at the thirdAfro-Asian Film FestivalinJakarta.[71]Donga Ramududirected byK. V. Reddywas archived in the curriculum of theFilm and Television Institute of India.[72]Nammina Bantureceived critical reception at theSan Sebastián International Film Festival.[73][74]1967 filmUmmadi Kutumbamwas selected byFilm Federation of Indiaas one of its entries to theMoscow Film Festival.[72][75]The 1968 cult classicSudigundaluwas screened at the Tashkent and Moscow Film Festivals.[76]Bapu's directorial ventureSakshiwas showcased at Tashkent International film festival in 1968.[77]In 1976, he directedSita Kalyanamgot critical acclaim at theBFI London Film FestivalandChicago International Film Festival,and is part of the curriculum atBritish Film Institute.[78][79]

Rise of Tollywood[edit]

The nicknameTollywoodis aportmanteauof the words Telugu andHollywood.[80]Moola Narayana SwamyandB. N. ReddyfoundedVijaya Vauhini Studiosin 1948 in the city ofChennai.[81]Indian filmdoyenL. V. Prasad,who started his film career withBhakta Prahlada,foundedPrasad Studiosin 1956 based in Chennai.[82]However, through the efforts ofD. V. S. Raju,the Telugu film industry completely shifted its base fromChennaitoHyderabadin the early 1990s, duringN. T. Rama Rao's political reign.[83]

From left to right:S. V. Ranga Rao,A. Nageswara Rao,Savitri,andSowcar Janaki

Veteran actorAkkineni Nageswara Raorelocated to Hyderabad and has developedAnnapurna Studios.The Telugu film industry is one of the three largest film producers in India. About 245 Telugu films were produced in 2006, the highest in India for that year. Film studios in Hyderabad, including Ramoji Film City, developed byD. RamanaiduandRamoji Rao,are involved in prolific film production and employment.[84]There is a fair amount of dispersion among the Indian film industries. Since 2005, many successful Telugu films have been largely remade by the Bengali cinema and Hindi film industries, while in the past, Telugu filmmakers drew inspiration fromBengali cinemaand literature.[85]Telugu film production accounts for one per cent of the gross domestic product of the region.[86][87][88]

The digital cinema network companyUFO Moviezmarketed by Southern Digital Screenz (SDS) hasdigitisedseveral cinemas in the region.[89][90]The Film and Television Institute of Telangana, Film and Television Institute of Andhra Pradesh, Ramanaidu Film School andAnnapurna International School of Film and Mediaare some of the largest film schools in India.[91][92]The Telugu states consist of approximately 2800 theatres, the largest number of cinema halls of any state in India.[93]Being commercially consistent, Telugu cinema had its influence over commercial cinema in India.[94]

The industry holds theGuinness World Recordfor the largest film production facility in the world, Ramoji Film City.[95]ThePrasads IMAXlocated in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens, and the most attended cinema screen in the world.[96][97][98]As per theCBFCreport of 2014, the industry is placed first in India, in terms of films produced yearly.[99]The industry holds amemorandum of understandingwith theMotion Picture Association of Americato combat video piracy.[100][101][102]In the years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2014 the industry has produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced inBollywood.[103][84]

1992 filmGharana Moguduis the first Telugu film to gross over₹10 crore at the box office.[104]Produced on a shoe string budget of₹1.2 crore, 2000 filmNuvve Kavalibecamesleeper hitof the late 1990s.[105][106]It was screened for 200 days in 20 screens grossing over₹20crore.[107][108][109]

Neo Tollywood[edit]

Hyderabad International Convention Centerhas been the Hyderabad home forFilmfare Awards Southsince 2007.[110][111]

Dasari Narayana Raodirected the most number of films in the Telugu language, exploring themes such as aesthestics inMeghasandesam(1982),Battle of Bobbiliin the biographical war filmTandra Paparayudu(1986), alternate history withSardar Papa Rayudu(1980), and gender discrimination inKante Koothurne Kanu(1998) for which he received the Special Jury Award (Feature Film - Director) at the46th National Film Awards.[112]K. Raghavendra Raoexplored devotional themes withAgni Putrudu(1987),Annamayya(1997),Sri Ramadasu(2006),Shirdi Sai(2012) andOm Namo Venkatesaya(2017) receiving various state honours.[113]

Singeetam Srinivasa Raointroducedscience fictionto the Telugu screen withAditya 369(1991), the film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes.[114]The edge of the seat thriller had characters which stayed human, inconsistent and insecure. The film's narrative takes the audience into thepost apocalypticexperience through time travel, as well asfolkloregeneration of 1500 CE, which including a romantic backstory, the "Time Machine" made it a brilliant work of fiction.[115][116][117]

Ram Gopal Varma'sSiva,which attainedcult statusin Telugu cinema, is one of the first Telugu films produced after the migration of Telugu film industry from Madras to Hyderabad to feature characters speaking theTelanganadialect.[118][119]Varma was credited with the introduction ofsteadicamsand new sound recording techniques in Telugu films.[120]Within a year of the film's release, more than ten steadicams were imported into India.[121]Sivaattracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental Telugu films.[122][123]

From left to right:K. Viswanath,Singeetam Srinivasa Rao,Ram Gopal Varma,S. S. Rajamouli
Jayaprada
Vijayashanti
Sridevi
Anushka Shetty

Subsequently, Varma introducedroad movieandfilm-noirto Indian screen withKshana Kshanam.Varma experimented with close-to-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with unnecessary commercial fillers.[124]It went on to gather acult followingin south India,[125]with a dubbedHindiversion titledHairaanreleased to positive reports frombollywoodcritics, theAnn Arbor Film Festival,and theFribourg Festival.[126][127]

Chiranjeevi's works such as thecomedy thriller,Chantabbai,thevigilante thriller,Kondaveeti Dongathe first Telugu film to be released on a 70 mm 6-TrackStereophonic sound,[citation needed]thewestern thrillerKodama Simham,and theaction thriller,Gang Leader,popularised genre films with the highest estimated footfall.[128]He received thePadma Vibhushan,the second-highest civilian award, in 2024.[129]Reddiff.comcitedSekhar Kammula's, National Award-winningDollar Dreams(2000) as a take off from whereNagesh Kukunoor'sHyderabad Blues(1998) ends.[citation needed]Dollar Dreamsexplored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings. The film re-introducedsocial realismto Telugu screen, and brought back its lost glory which until then was stuck in its run of the mill commercial pot-boilers.[130]

Vanaja(2006) won several international awards including the first prize in the live-action feature film category at theChicago International Children's Film Festival.[131]Dream(2012), has garnered the Royal Reel Award at theCanada International Film Festival.[132][133][134]2013Social problem film,Naa Bangaaru Talliwon Best Film award at theDetroitTrinity International Film Festival.[135][136][137]

Minugurulu(2014) about blind children receivedBest Indian Filmat the "9th India International Children's Film FestivalBangalore".[138]2013 Cultural film,O Friend, This Waiting!has received special mention at theErasing BordersFestival of Classical Dance,Indo-American Arts Council,New York, 2013.[citation needed]Experimental filmParamparahas garnered thePlatinum Award for Best Featureat the International Indonesian Movie Awards.[139]2018 biographical filmMahanatibased on the life of veteran actressSavitrihas garnered the "Equality in Cinema Award" at the 2018Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.[140]

During the 1990s, theRayalaseemadialect was portrayed in films about the factional conflicts in the area, while the Telangana dialect, already having been pegged to villainous and comedic roles, saw an increase in this usage in reaction to the shift of the Telugu film production from Madras to Hyderabad.[141][142]After the formation of the state ofTelanganain 2014, Telangana culture gained more prominence, and more films were produced portraying Telangana culture, and dialect.[143]

Sub-genres and off beat films[edit]

Chiranjeevi
Nagarjuna
Venkatesh
Balakrishna

Screenwriters such asChandra Sekhar Yeletiexperimented with the off beat filmAithe(2003) with a caption "all movies are not the same".Aithewas made on a shoestring budget of about 1.5 crores and went on to collect more than 6 crores. After almost two years he delivered another thrillerAnukokunda Oka Roju(2005) both films were a refreshing change of pace to the audiences, produced byGangaraju Gunnam.[144]Aithe was remade in Tamil asNaam(2003) and in Malayalam asWanted(2004).[145]

Mohana Krishna Indragantiexplored the themes of chastity, and adultery in his literary adaptionGrahanam(2004) (based on "Gunadosham" by social criticG. V. Chalam).[146][147]Grahanamwas shot in 19 days with a digital camera.[148][failed verification]B. Anuradha ofRediff.comcited "In this offbeat film, Indraganti upholds the tirade against chauvinists who accuse a noble lady of infidelity, ignoring her denials with contempt". The film was featured at theIndependent South Asian Film Festivalin theUnited States.[149][148]

Speaking about the centenary of Indian cinema at the CII Media and Entertainment Summit 2012, filmmakerShekhar Kapursaid regional cinema is surpassing Hindi cinema in content and story, and citedEega(2012) as an example. Kapur said he was impressed with its story and use of technology, and called it "no less than a Hollywood superhero film".[150]Shah Rukh KhancalledEegaan "awesomely original" film and a "must watch" with children.[151][152]Eegawon various awards at the8th Toronto After Dark Film Festival.[153]

Sub Genre war dramaKanche(2015) byKrish Jagarlamudiexplored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in theItalian campaign,duringWorld War IIin an engrossing background tale of caste-ism while giving it a technically brilliant cinematic rendition.[154]Sankalp Reddyexploredsubmarinewarfare in his directorial debutGhazi(2017), based on the mysterious altercation betweenPNS GhaziandINS Karanjduring theIndo-Pakistani War of 1971.[155]Indo-Asian News Servicecalled new-generation film makerSandeep Vanga'sArjun Reddythe "most original, experimental work to come out of Telugu cinema in a long time", and said the protagonist's (played byVijay Deverakonda) "rise, fall and rise... is nothing short of poetic and heart wrenching".[156]Actor-dancerAllu Arjunproduced and acted in the short film,I Am That Change(2014), to spread awareness on individual social responsibility. The movie was directed bySukumar,which was screened in theatres across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana on Indian Independence day, 2014.[157]

Adivi Seshscripted the Neo-noirKshanam(2016), based on a real life incident of a missing three-year-old girl.[158]Sesh followed it up writingR.A.W.thrillerGoodachari(2018), and the wardocudramaMajor(2022).[159][160]Cinema Bandi(2022) scripted and directed by Praveen Kandregula, and produced by film making duoRaj and D. K.;explored the theme of how a lost camera fuels dreams in a Telugu hamlet, winning theJury Special Mentionat the53rd IFFI.[161][162]Venu Yeldandi exploredslice of lifestory from rural Telangana withBalagam(2023) hitting the right chords to be considered one of the best off-beat films of the year by various international juries.[163][164]Paul Nicodemus ofThe Times of IndiacitedPrashanth Varma's super-hero filmHanu Manfor merging elements of mythology with contemporary action, and offering a unique viewing experience in Indian cinema.[165]

Spread to World markets[edit]

See also:List of highest-grossing Telugu films
Statue ofL. V. PrasadatPrasad's IMAXtheatre inHyderabad,India

Athaduwas released with 6 prints inUnited Statesand was distributed by Vishnu Mudda and Soma Kancherla of Crown DVD distribution company inSan Jose,Dallas,Detroit,Virginia,New Jersey,Atlanta,Chicago,Los Angeles,Boston,Minneapolis,Phoenix at Arizonaand also in centers likeLowell at Massachusetts,MA,Tulsa at Oklahoma,West Virginia,Springfield,Boulder at ColoradoandCorpus Christi at South Texas.Because of the demand, another print was imported from India for screening.[166][167]The film's first screening in USA happened at Cine Plaza 13 atNorth Bergenon the night of 11 August 2005.[168]AtConnecticut,a special screening was conducted on 19 August 2005. Initially one show was planned but because of the demand another show was screened. There at the theatre, a turn out of 442 people was observed which included standing audience for 434 seats and about 60 could not be accommodated.[169]Apart from USA, the film released in selected screens in United Kingdom,Singapore,Germany and Australia.[167]

Sets ofBaahubali seriesatRamoji Film City

Bommarilluwas released worldwide with 72 prints. Owing to its success, the number of reels grew to about hundred.[170]It collected a distributors share of₹5 crore in its opening week in India.[170]Released in six major metros in the United States, the film collected $73,200 (then approximately₹0.3 crore) within the first four days of screening.[170]A 2006 survey conducted by a popular entertainment portal in the United States revealed that the film was watched by an Indianexpatriatepopulation of 65,000, which generated a revenue of₹3 crore at that time.[171]A cumulative gross revenue for the film was reported to be₹25 crore including₹3.5 crore from overseas, the largest for any Telugu film at that time. Owing to this path breaking trade, the film was remade intoTamil,Bengali,Oriyaand Urdu/Hindi.[172]

2006action film,Pokirihas been remade in Hindi, Tamil and Kannada in the following two years owing to the film's commercial success. It was screened at theIIFAfilm festival held in Dubai in 2006.[173]Walt Disney Picturesco-producedAnaganaga O Dheerudu,making it the first South Indian production by Disney.[174][175]Dookuduwas released among seventy nine screens in the United States, theLos Angeles Timesquoted it asThe biggest hit you've never heard of.[176][177][178]In the rest of north, east and west India, it opened up in 21 cities.[179]The film set a box office record by collecting a gross of more than₹100 crore at the time.[180][181]

On 1 June 2022,RRRwas screened in over 100 theatres across the United States for a one night event called "#encoRRRe".[182]Speaking toDeadline Hollywood,Dylan Marchetti ofVariance Filmssaid that "With more than 250 films coming out of India annually,RRRcould be a gateway drug ".[183]Nashville Scene's Jason Shawhan wrote about the event that "the nationwide encore ofRRRis American audiences reaching with outstretched arms to something so exciting and rock-solid entertaining that its success already happened without insular traditional media even mentioning it. This isn't America dipping a toe in Indian cinema — it's a victory lap ".[184][14]FilmmakerS. S. Rajamoulihas been signed by American talent agency Creative Artists Agency, owing to RRR being the only non-English-language film to trend globally on Netflix Platform for 10 consecutive weeks.[185]

Pan-India film[edit]

See also:Pan-Indian film
S. S. Rajamouli

Pan-Indian film is a term related toIndian cinemathat originated with Telugu cinema as a mainstream commercial cinema appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.S. S. Rajamoulipioneered the pan-Indian films movement with duology of epic action filmsBaahubali: The Beginning(2015) andBaahubali 2: The Conclusion(2017), that filmmaking landscape of Indian cinema.[186]"Pan-India film" is both a style of cinema and a distribution strategy, designed to universally appeal to audiences across the country and simultaneously released in multiple languages.[187]

Film journalists and analysts, such asBaradwaj Ranganand Vishal Menon, have labelledPrabhasas the "first legit Pan-Indian Superstar" in Indian cinema.[188]Actors likePrabhas,Allu Arjun,Ram CharanandN. T. Rama Rao Jr.enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan-Indian films.[189]

Srivatsan S ofThe Hinduwrote that Telugu cinema has excelled in marketing Pan-Indian films. It primarily employed two strategies – promoting the film outside their home territory and collaborating with other regional stars for more visibility.[190]Following the international success ofPushpa: The Rise(2021),RRR(2022),Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire(2023), andKalki 2898 AD(2024) Rahul Devulapalli ofThe Weekidentified "Content, marketing, [and] indulgent overseas audience" have led to the rise of world cinema in Telugu language.[191]

Cast and crew[edit]

From left to right:Bhanumathion a postal stamp,Sobhan Babu,Kota Srinivasa Rao,Brahmanandam,andMohan Babu

V. Nagayyawas one of the most influential method actors of Indian cinema during crown rule.[192]Vemuri Gaggaiah,Kalyanam Raghuramayya,R. Nageswara Rao,C.S.R. Anjaneyulu,Yadavalli Suryanarayana,C. H. Narayana Rao,Mudigonda Lingamurthyetc., are some of the finest method actors during the golden era.[193]S. V. Ranga Raowon Best Actor Award for his portrayal ofKichakainNartanasalaat the thirdAfro-Asian Film Festivalheld in Jakarta.[194][195]

Adurthi Subba Rao,garnered sevenNational Film Awards,for his pioneering work ondrama films.[196]K. N. T. SastryandPattabhirama Reddyhave garnered international recognition for their works in neo-realistic cinema.[197][198]A. Kutumba Raois known for directing children's films such asBhadram Koduko,Thodu,andPaatha Nagaramlo Pasivaduthe latter winningCairo International Film Festival's, Merit Certificate for best feature.[199][200]Jandhyala,andTrivikram Srinivasare known forscrewball comedy,andaction comedy.[201]A. Sreekar Prasadgarnered pan-India recognition for film editing across multiple languages.[202]

Krishna Ghattamaneniis credited with producing many technological firsts such as the firstcinemascopefilmAlluri Seetarama Raju,first70mm filmSimhasanam,firstDTS filmTelugu Veera Levara(1988) and introducingcowboyandbond moviestyles to the Telugu screen.[203]Sharada,Archana,Vijayashanti,Rohini,Keerthy Suresh,P. L. Narayana,Nagarjuna,andAllu Arjunfetched theNational Film Awardfor acting.Chiranjeevi,was listed among "The men who changed the face of theIndian Cinema"byIBN-liveIndia.[204][205]Brahmanandam,holds aGuinness World Recordfor acting in the most films in the same language.[206][207]Veteran actorMohan Babustarred in more than 500 feature films in a variety ofantagonistand leading roles.[208]Vijayachanderacted and produced hagiographical films, he esaayed "Jesus of Nazareth"inKarunamayudu(1978), "Sai Baba of Shirdi"inSri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam(1986), "Vemana"inVemana Charithra(1986), and "Saint Paul"inDayamayudu(1987).[209]

Cinematography and visual effects[edit]

From left to right:Cinematographer turned mainstream directorTejaat a shooting location, 1994; andSamala Bhaskeron location, 2021

V. N. Reddy,K. S. Prasad,Jaya Gummadi,Sudhakar Yakkanti,K. K. Senthil Kumar,andC. Rajendra Prasadgarnered pan India recognition for their cinematographic works.[210][211][212]Enhanced technology among live action animation,digital compositing,and special effects paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms.Visual effectsbasedhigh fantasyworks have tasted success.[213]Pete Draper, P. C. Sanath,Chakri ToletiandV. Srinivas Mohansupervise visual effects.[213]Lok Singh,Hari Anumolu,S. Gopal Reddy,Chota K. Naidu,andP. S. Vinodfetched various state honours for their works in popular cinema.[214]

Film critics and jury members[edit]

Vasiraju PrakasamandK. N. T. Sastryare one of the noted Indianfilm criticsfrom the region.[215][216]B. S. Narayanawas a member of the Indian delegation to theTashkent Film Festivalin 1974, and theMoscow International Film Festivalin 1975.[217]Gummadi,served as official member of the Indian delegation from South India to theTashkent Film Festivalin 1978 and 1982.[74]He served as the Jury Member thrice for the28th,33rd,and39th National Film Awards.Chandra Siddharthaserved in South Jury at the57th,61stand65th National Film Awards,as well as the49th IFFI.[218][219]

Film Score and Lyrics[edit]

Italian explorerNiccolò de' Conti,who visited theVijayanagara Empireduring 15th-century, found that the words in the Telugu language follow a unique literary form that end with vowels, just like those inItalian,and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East".[220]Classical Telugu film scores were inspired by this literary form used by scholarsGidugu Venkata Ramamoorty,Kandukuri Veeresalingam,andGurajada Apparao.[221]

From left to right:Ghantasalaon an Indian stamp,S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,S. Janaki,andP. Susheela
From left to right:Sreerama Chandra,Hema Chandra,andN. C. Karunya

Sri Sriwas one of the influential film lyricists of his time, who garnered national honours such asSahitya Akademi Award,Best Lyricistand Soviet Land Nehru Award for his pioneering work.[222][223] Susarla Dakshinamurthi,Parupalli Ramakrishnaiah Pantulu,Ogirala Ramachandra Rao, Pithapuram Nageswara Rao,Tanguturi Suryakumari,andMangalampalli Balamuralikrishnaare some of the influential music composers of Southern Indian cinema.[224][225][226]Music composers such asPendyala Nageswara Rao,R. Sudarshanam and R. Goverdhanam made contributions to folklore and mythological films.[227][228]

Former vice-presidentVenkaiah Naidupresenting UstadBismillah KhanAward for culture to veteran songwriterSirivennela Seetharama Sastryin 2017

Madhavapeddi Satyam,P. Adinarayana Rao,Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao,Satyam,P. B. Sreenivas,S. P. Kodandapani,G. K. Venkatesh,S. Hanumantha Rao,have contributed their work extensively for films containing themes of social relevance.[229]S.P. Balasubrahmanyamis a multilingualplayback singerfrom Telugu cinema to winNational Film Awardsacross four languages. He holds the record of having recorded more songs than any other male playback singer and has received 25 stateNandi Awards.[230]

S. Rajeswara Raopioneered the use of light music inTelugucinema; Rao's most rewarding assignments came fromGemini Studios,which he joined in 1940 and with which he remained for a decade.[231]Ghantasala,performed in theUnited States,England,andGermany.According toThe Hindu,andThe Indian Expresshe was "Such a divine talent and with his songs he could move the hearts of the people. Ghantasala's blending of classical improvisations to the art of light music combined with his virtuosity and sensitivity puts him a class apart, above all others in the field of playback singing".[232][additional citation(s) needed]

P. Susheela,has been recognised by both theGuinness Book of World Recordsand theAsia Book of Recordsfor singing most songs in Indian languages.[233]She is also the recipient of fiveNational Film Award for Best Female Playback Singerand numerous state awards.[234]Works byS. Janaki,Ramesh Naidu,M. M. Keeravani,Chandrabosehave received global recognition, the later fetching theAcademy Award for Best Original Song,and theGolden Globe Award for Best Original Songin 2023 for "Naatu Naatu"fromRRR.[235]K. S. Chitrahas received highest Nandi awards for best female playback singer. Multi-instrumentalists duoRaj–Kotiholds a notable career spanning a decade, the duo has garnered particular acclaim for redefining contemporary music.[236][237]R. P. Patnaikis the current president of the Telugu Cine Music Association.[238]New age musiciansThaman SandDevi Sri Prasadreceived pan-Indian acclaim for works such asAla Vaikunthapurramuloo(2020) andPushpa: The Rise(2021) respectively.[239][240]

Indian cinema

Guinness records[edit]

Dubbed films[edit]

The 1949 filmKeelu Gurramwas the first Telugu film to be dubbed into the Tamil language, being subsequently released under the nameMaya Kudhirai.[63]According to the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce, "as per the Judgement of Supreme Court in Ashirwad Films in W.P.(Civil) No.709 there will be no difference in taxation of films between the dubbed films coming in from other states and the films produced in the Telugu States".[250]Aaryamovie was later dubbed to Malayalam.[citation needed]

Distribution[edit]

The Telugu-speaking areas are broadly divided into three areas for the purposes of Film Distribution, namely, Nizam, Ceded and Andhra.[251][252][253][254]

Domestic territories[edit]

Territory[251][252][253][254] Areas Included
Nizam State ofTelangana,along with twodistrictsofKarnatakaviz.,RaichurandKoppal
Ceded Eight districts ofRayalaseemaregion ofAndhra Pradeshalong withBellaryandVijayanagarof Karnataka andMarkapur revenue divisionofPrakasam district
Uttarandhra Visakhapatnam district,Vizianagaram district,Srikakulam district,Anakapalli districtand parts ofAlluri Sitharama Raju districtofAndhra Pradesh
East East Godavari district,Kakinada district,Konaseema district,parts ofAlluri Sitharama Raju districtofAndhra PradeshandYanam districtofPuducherry
West West Godavari districtand parts ofEluru districtofAndhra Pradesh
Krishna Krishna district,NTR districtand parts ofEluru districtofAndhra Pradesh
Guntur Guntur district,Bapatla district,Palnadu districtandOngole revenue divisionofPrakasam districtofAndhra Pradesh
Nellore Nellore districtand parts ofTirupati districtofAndhra Pradesh
Karnataka State ofKarnatakaexcluding districts of Raichur, Koppal, Bellary and Vijayanagar, includingKrishnagiri districtofTamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu State ofTamil NaduincludingPondicherrycity, excludingKrishnagiri district
Kerala State ofKeralaincludingMahéandLakshadweep
North/Rest of India All the other regions of India

From the above territories,Nizamis known for the maximal earnings.[251][252][253][254]

International territories[edit]

Territory Areas Included
North America North AmericaincludingUnited States
UK & Europe EuropeincludingUnited Kingdom
South Africa South Africa
UAE & GCC United Arab Emiratesand otherGulf Cooperation CouncilCountries
Singapore Singapore
Japan Japan
Malaysia Malaysia
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Australia Countries ofAustralia,New Zealand,Fijiand PNG
Oceania Other parts ofOceania
Rest of World All other parts of the world excluding above Territories

Awards[edit]

Studios[edit]

Major Filmmaking studios

Visual effects and animation studios

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Telugu films in the list includePathala Bhairavi(1951),Malliswari(1951),Devadasu(1953),Mayabazar(1957),Nartanasala(1963),Maro Charitra(1978),Maa Bhoomi(1979),Sankarabharanam(1980),Sagara Sangamam(1983), andSiva(1989).[21]
  2. ^Mrinal Sen'sOka Oori Katha(1977) won the "Special Jury Prize"at"Karlovy Vary";[23]K. Viswanath'sSankarabharanam(1980) won the "Prize of the Public" at theBesançonFilm Festival ofFrance,andSwathi Muthyam(1986) wasIndia's official entryto the59th Academy Awards.[24][25]B. Narsing Rao'sMaa Ooru(1987) won the "Media Wave Award"of Hungary;Daasi(1988) andMatti Manushulu(1990) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the16thand17thMIFFrespectively.[26][27]K. N. T. Sastry'sThilaadanam(2000) received "New Currents Award" at the7th Busan;[28]Rajnesh Domalpalli'sVanaja(2006) won "Best First Feature Award" at the57th Berlinale;[29]

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Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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