Temple of Castor and Pollux

Temple of Castor and Pollux

Temple of Castor and Pollux
Temple of Castor and Pollux Shown within Rome
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Location	Regio VIII Forum Romanum
Coordinates	41°53′30″N12°29′08″E
Type	Roman Temple
History
Builder	Roman Republic
Founded	495 BC

TheTemple of Castor and Pollux(Italian:Tempio dei Dioscuri) is an ancienttemplein theRoman Forum,Rome,Central Italy.It was originally built in gratitude for victory at theBattle of Lake Regillus(495 BC).Castor and Pollux(GreekPolydeuces) were theDioscuri,the "twins" ofGemini,the twin sons ofZeus(Jupiter) andLeda.Their cult came to Rome from Greece viaMagna Graeciaand the Greek culture ofSouthern Italy.

The Roman temple is one of a number of known Dioscuri temples remaining from antiquity.

Founding

The last king of Rome,Lucius Tarquinius Superbus,and his allies, the Latins, waged war on the infant Roman Republic. Before the battle, the RomandictatorAulus Postumius Albus Regillensisvowed to build a temple to the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) if the Republic were victorious.

According to legend, Castor and Pollux appeared on the battlefield as two able horsemen in aid of the Republic; and after the battle had been won they again appeared on the Forum in Rome watering their horses at theSpring of Juturnathereby announcing the victory. The temple stands on the supposed spot of their appearance.

One of Postumius’ sons was electedduumvirin order to dedicate the temple on 15 July (the ides of July) 484 BC.

Roman coin depicting the Dioscuri. Republican Period. The British Museum.

History

During the Republican period, the temple served as a meeting place for theRoman Senate,and from the middle of the 2nd century BC the front of the podium served as a speaker's platform. During the imperial period, the temple housed the office for weights and measures, and was a depository for the State treasury. Chambers located between the foundation piers of the temple were used to conduct this business. Based on finds from the drains, one of the chambers was likely used by a dentist.

The archaic temple was completely reconstructed and enlarged in 117 BC byLucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticusafter his victory over theDalmatians.Gaius Verresagain restored this second temple in 73 BC.

Commemorating the initial victory at Lake Regillus, a large cavalry parade was held each year on July 15 and featured as many as 5,000 young men carrying shields and spears. Two young men, riding white horses, led the parade and represented Castor and Pollux.

In 14 BC a fire that ravaged major parts of the forum destroyed the temple, andTiberius,the son of Livia by a previous marriage and adopted son of Augustus and the eventual heir to the throne, rebuilt it. Tiberius' temple was dedicated in 6 AD. The remains visible today are from the temple of Tiberius, except the podium, which is from the time of Metellus.

In conjunction with this imperial rebuilding, the cult itself became associated with the imperial family. Initially, the twins were identified with Augustus's intended heirs, Gaius and Lucius Caesar. After their premature deaths, however, the association with Castor and Pollux passed to Tiberius and his brotherDrusus.

According toEdward Gibbon,the temple of Castor served as a secret meeting place for theRoman Senate.Frequent meetings of the Senate are also reported byCicero.Gibbon said the senate was roused to rebellion against EmperorMaximinus Thraxand in favor of emperorGordian Iand his sonGordian IIat the Temple of Castor in 237 AD.

If still in use by the 4th-century, the temple would have been closed during thepersecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.The temple was possibly already falling apart in the fourth century, when a wall in front of theLacus Juturnaewas erected from reused material. Nothing is known of its subsequent history, except that in the 15th century, only three columns of its original structure were still standing. The street running by the building was calledvia Trium Columnarum.

In 1760, the Conservatori, finding the columns in a state of imminent collapse, erected scaffolding for effecting repairs. BothPiranesiand the young English architectGeorge Dance the Youngerwere able to climb up and make accurate measurements; Dance had "a Model cast from the finest Example of the Corinthian order perhaps in the whole World", as he reported tohis father.

Today the podium survives without the facing, as do the three columns and a piece of theentablature,one of the most famous features in the Forum.

Architecture

Theoctastyletemple wasperipteral,with eightCorinthian columnsat the short sides and eleven on the long sides. There was a singlecellapaved withmosaics.The podium measures 32 m × 49.5 m (105 ft × 162 ft) and 7 m (23 ft) in height. The building was constructed inopus caementiciumand originally covered with slabs oftuffwhich were later removed. According to ancient sources, the temple had a single central stairway to access the podium, but excavations have identified two side stairs.

Archaeology

The temple complex was excavated and studied between 1983 and 1989 by a joint archaeological mission of the Nordic academies in Rome, led by Inge Nielsen and B. Poulsen.

Sketch by Piranesi featuring the three remaining columns from the Temple of Castor and Pollux

Other Temples of Castor and Pollux

The Roman temple is one of a number of known Dioscuri sites remaining from antiquity. Among others,

• the Baroque basilica church ofSan Paolo MaggioreinNaplesis built on the site of a Temple of Castor and Pollux. Its porch and pediment survived until the1688 Sannio earthquake;only three Corinthian columns remain, incorporated into the facade of the church.
• The vanishedAnakeionnear theAcropolisin Athens was a Dioscuri temple. Writing in about 150 AD,Pausaniasdescribed it as ancient.
• Pausanias identified another temple inArgosdepicting Castor and Pollux, their sonsAnaxiasand Mnasinus, and their wivesHilaeiraandPhoebe.
• The extensive ruins of theValle dei TempliinAgrigento,Sicily,include the site of anotherTemple of the Dioscuri.

In his 1888 description of the Dioscuri temple in ancient Greek colonial city ofNaucratisin Egypt,Ernest Arthur Gardnerremarked that such temples were common enough to have a characteristic orientation. Temples to the gods tended to face east. Temples to heroes and demi-gods such as Castor and Pollux faced west.

Gallery

• 
  Another view of the three columns of the Temple of Castor and Pollux
• 
  The Temple of Castor and Pollux (right) with the Temple of Vesta to the left

See also

• List of Ancient Roman temples

Further reading

• Champlin, Edward J. 2011. “Tiberius and the Heavenly Twins.”The Journal of Roman Studies101: 73–99.
• Kalas, Gregor. 2015.The Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity: Transforming Public Space.Ashley and Peter Larkin Series in Greek and Roman Culture. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
• McIntyre, Gwynaeth. 2018. "Maxentius, the Dioscuri, and the Legitimisation of Imperial Power."Antichthon52: 161–180.
• Nilson, Kjell Aage, Claes B. Persson,Siri Sande,Jan Zahle. 2009.The Temple of Castor and Pollux III: The Augustan Temple.Occasional papers of the Nordic Institutes in Rome, 4. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider.
• Poulsen, Birte. 1991. “The Dioscuri and Ruler Ideology.”Symbolae OsloensesLXVI: 119–146.
• Rebeggiani, Stefano. 2013. "Reading the Republican Forum: Virgil's Aeneid, the Dioscuri, and the Battle of Lake Regillus."Classical Philology108.1: 53–69.
• Richardson, J.H. 2013. "The Dioscuri and the Liberty of the Republic."Latomus72.4: 901–918.
• Stamper, John W. 2005.The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Sumi, S. Geoffrey. 2009. "Monuments and Memory: The Aedes Castoris in the Formation of Augustan Ideology."Classical Quarterly59.1: 167–186.
• Tucci, P. L. 2013. “The Marble Plan of the Via Anicia and the Temple of Castor and Pollux" in Circo Flaminio ": The State of the Question.”Papers of the British School at Rome81: 91–127.
• Van den Hoek, Annewies. 2013. “Divine Twins or Saintly Twins: The Dioscuri in an Early Christian Context.” In Pottery, Pavements, and Paradise: Iconographic and Textual Studies on Late Antiquity, Edited by Annewies Van den Hoek and John. J. Hermann. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 122, 255–300. Leiden; Boston: Brill.

External links

• Aedes Castoris in Foro Romano(Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, with further links)
• Temple of the Dioscuri at digitales Forum Romanum by Humboldt University of Berlin