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Tenzing Norgay

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Tenzing Norgay
Norgay inStockholm,1967
Personal information
Birth nameNamgyal Wangdi
Main disciplineMountaineer
Born(1914-05-00)May 1914
Tengboche,Sagarmatha Zone,Nepal,or Tse Chu,Ü-Tsang,Tibet
Died9 May 1986(1986-05-09)(aged 71–72)
Darjeeling,West Bengal, India
Nationality
  • Nepalese
  • Indian
Career
Starting age19 years
Starting disciplinePorter
Notable ascentsFirst ascent ofMount Everest,May 1953
Famous partnershipsEdmund Hillary
Family
Spouse
  • Dawa Phuti
    ​
    ​
    (m.1935; died 1944)​
  • Ang Lahmu
    ​
    ​
    (m.1945; died 1964)​
  • Dakku (m. before or in 1964)
Children7, includingJamling
Signature

Tenzing NorgayGMOSN(/ˈtɛnzɪŋˈnɔːrɡeɪ/;Sherpa:བསྟན་འཛིན་ནོར་རྒྱསtendzin norgyé;May 1914 – 9 May 1986), bornNamgyal Wangdi,and also referred to asSherpa Tenzing,[1]was a Nepalese-IndianSherpamountaineer.[2][3]He was one of the first two people known to certainly reach the summit ofMount Everest,which heaccomplishedwithEdmund Hillaryon 29 May 1953.[4]Timenamed Norgay one of the100 most influentialpeople of the 20th century.[5]

Early life

There are conflicting accounts of Tenzing's early life. In his autobiography, he wrote that he was aSherpaborn and raised inTengboche,Khumbu,in northeasternNepal.[6]In a 1985 interview with All India Radio, he said his parents came from Tibet, but that he was born in Nepal.[need quotation to verify][7]According to many later accounts, including a book co-written by his sonJamling Tenzin Norgay,he was born inTibet,[8][9]at Tse Chu in theKama Valley,and grew up inThame.[10]He spent his early childhood inKharta,near the north of the country. Norgay went to Nepal as a child to work for a Sherpa family in Khumbu.[3][11][12][13][14][15]

Khumbu lies nearMount Everest,which the Tibetans and Sherpas callChomolungma;inStandard Tibetan,that name means "Holy Mother," or the goddess of the summit.[16]Buddhism is the traditional religion of the Sherpas and Tibetans, and Norgay was Buddhist.[6]

Although his exact date of birth is unknown, he knew it was in late May by the weather and the crops. After his ascent of Everest on 29 May 1953, he decided to celebrate his birthday on that day thereafter. His year of birth, according to theTibetan calendar,was theYear of the Rabbit,making it likely that he was born in 1914.[6]This agrees withHunt'sstatement that he was 39 in 1953, and had "established himself (as) not only the foremost climber of his race but as a mountaineer of world standing."[17]

Tenzing was originally called "Namgyal Wangdi", but as a child his name was changed on the advice of the headlamaand founder ofRongbuk Monastery,Ngawang Tenzin Norbu.[18]"Tenzing Norgay" translates as "wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion." His father, a Tibetanyakherder, was Ghang La Mingma (d. 1949), and his mother, who was Tibetan, was Dokmo Kinzom. She lived to see him climb Everest. Tenzing was the 11th of 13 children, several of whom died young.[6]

Tenzing ran away from home twice in his teens, first toKathmanduand later toDarjeeling,India (which at that time was the starting point for most expeditions in the eastern Himalayas), and eventually acquired Indian citizenship.[19]He was once sent toTengboche Monasteryto become a monk, but he decided that was not for him and left.[20]At the age of 19 he settled in the Sherpa community in the Too Song Busti district of Darjeeling.[6]

Mountaineering

Statue of Norgay at theHimalayan Mountaineering Institute
Mount Everest

Norgay received his first opportunity to join an Everest expedition at age 20, whenEric Shiptonwas assembling the1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition.After two other prospective team members failed their medical tests, Norgay was pushed forward by his friendAng Tharkay,a Sherpasirdarwho had been on the1933 British Mount Everest expedition.His attractive smile caught the eye of Shipton, who decided to take him on.[21]

Norgay participated as a high-altitude porter in three official British attempts to climb Everest from the northernTibetanside in the 1930s.[6]On the1936 expedition,he worked withJohn Morris.He also took part in other climbs in various parts of the Indian subcontinent. For a time in the early 1940s, Norgay lived in theprincely stateofChitral(then in India, later a part ofPakistan) asbatmanto a Major Chapman. Norgay's first wife died and was buried there during his sojourn in the state. He returned to Darjeeling with his two daughters during theIndian partitionof 1947, and managed to cross India by train without a ticket and without being challenged by wearing one of Major Chapman's old uniforms.[6]

In 1947, Norgay participated in an unsuccessful summit attempt of Everest. The Canadian-born mountaineerEarl Denman,Ange Dawa Sherpa, and Norgay entered Tibet illegally to attempt the climb, an attempt which ended when a strong storm hit at 22,000 feet (6,700 m). Denman admitted defeat, and all three turned around, returning safely.[6]In 1947, Norgay became asirdarof a Swiss expedition for the first time after having helped to rescue Sirdar Wangdi Norbu, who had fallen and been seriously injured. The expedition reached the main summit ofKedarnathat 22,769 feet (6,940 m) in the westernGarhwalHimalayawith Norgay among the summit party.[22]

1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition

Main article:1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition

In 1952, he took part in the twoSwissexpeditions led byEdouard Wyss-Dunant(spring) and Gabriel Chevalley (autumn), the first serious attempts to climb Everest from the southern (Nepalese) side, after two previous US and British reconnaissance expeditions in 1950 and 1951. Raymond Lambert and Tenzing Norgay were able to reach a height of about 8,595 metres (28,199 ft) on the southeast ridge, setting a new climbing altitude record.[23]The expedition opened up a new route on Everest that was successfully climbed the next year. Norgay andRaymond Lambertreached on 28 May the then-record height of 8,600 metres (28,215 ft),[24][failed verification]and this expedition, during which Norgay was for the first time considered a full expedition member ( "the greatest honour that had ever been paid me" )[6]forged a lasting friendship between Norgay and his Swiss friends, in particular Raymond Lambert. During the autumn expedition, the team was stopped by bad weather after reaching an altitude of 8,100 metres (26,575 ft).[6]

Success on Mount Everest

Main article:1953 British Mount Everest expedition

In 1953, Tenzing Norgay took part inJohn Hunt's expedition; Tenzing had previously been to Everest six times (and Hunt three).[25]A member of the team wasEdmund Hillary,who fell into acrevassebut was saved from hitting the bottom by Norgay's prompt action in securing the rope using his ice axe, which led Hillary to consider him the climbing partner of choice for any future summit attempt.[26]

At the time, newspaper reports variously referred to him as Tensing, Tenzing, Tenzing Bhotia, Tenzing Norgay, Tensing Norkey, Tenzing Sherpa or Dan Shin, as one Indian academic suggested.[27]

The Hunt expedition totalled over 400 people, including 362porters,20Sherpaguides and 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) of baggage,[28]and like many such expeditions, was a team effort.

The expedition set upbase campin March 1953. Hillary wrote in 1975 about first meeting Norgay in Kathmandu on 5 March 1953:[29]

I was eager to meet Tenzing Norgay. His reputation had been most impressive even before his two great efforts with the Swiss expedition... Tenzing really looked the part – larger than most Sherpas, he was very strong and active; his flashing smile was irresistible; and he was incredibly patient with all our questions and requests. His success in the past had given him great physical confidence – I think that even then he expected to be a member of the final assault party... One message came through however in very positive fashion – Tenzing had substantially greater personal ambition than any Sherpa I had met.

Working slowly, the expedition set up their penultimate camp at theSouth Col,at 25,900 feet (7,900 m). On 26 May,Tom BourdillonandCharles Evansattempted the climb, but turned back when Evans' oxygen system failed. The pair had reached theSouth Summit,coming within 300 vertical feet (91 m) of the summit.[30]Hunt then directed Norgay and Hillary to go for the summit.

Snow and wind held the pair up at the South Col for two days. They set out on 28 May with a support trio comprising Ang Nyima,Alfred GregoryandGeorge Lowe.Norgay and Hillary pitched a tent at 27,900 feet (8,500 m) on 28 May while their support group returned down the mountain. On the following morning, Hillary discovered that his boots had frozen solid outside the tent. He spent two hours warming them before he and Tenzing attempted the final ascent, wearing 30-pound (14 kg) packs.[31]The last part of the ascent comprised a 40-foot (12 m) rock face later named the "Hillary Step."Hillary saw a means to wedge his way up a crack in the face between the rock wall and the ice, and Norgay followed.[32]

From there, the following effort was relatively simple. They reached Everest's 29,028-foot (8,848 m) summit, the highest point on Earth, at 11:30 a.m.[33]As Hillary put it, "A few more whacks of the ice axe in the firm snow, and we stood on top."[34]

Sir Edmund Hillarygreets Tenzing Norgay,c. 1971.

They spent only about 15 minutes at the summit. Hillary took the famous photo of Norgay posing with his ice-axe, but since Norgay had never used a camera, Hillary's ascent went unrecorded. However, according to Norgay's autobiographyMan of Everest,[6]when Norgay offered to take Hillary's photograph Hillary declined— "I motioned to Hillary that I would now take his picture. But for some reason he shook his head; he did not want it."[35][36]Additional photos were taken looking down the mountain, in order to re-assure that they had made it to the top and to document that the ascent was not faked.[37]The two had to take care on the descent after discovering that drifting snow had covered their tracks, complicating the task of retracing their steps. The first person they met was Lowe, who had climbed up to meet them with hot soup.

Afterwards, Norgay was met with great adulation in Nepal and India. Hillary and Hunt wereknightedby QueenElizabeth II,[38]while Norgay received theGeorge Medalfor his efforts on the expedition.[18][39]It has been suggested that Indian prime ministerJawaharlal Nehrurefused permission for Norgay to be knighted.[18]

It has been a long road... From a mountaincoolie,a bearer of loads, to a wearer of a coat with rows of medals who is carried about in planes and worries about income tax.

— Tenzing Norgay[6]

Nonetheless, there was some inequity, according toNational Geographic,[40]

"Hillary was knighted for being the first known person to climb to the top of Mount Everest. But Tenzing, who simultaneously reached its summit, only received an honorary medal. In the years since there's been growing disquiet at the lack of official recognition."

Norgay and Hillary were the first people to conclusively set foot on the summit of Mount Everest, but journalists were persistently repeating the question: "Which of the two men had the right to the glory of being the first one, and who was merely the second, the follower?" Colonel Hunt, the expedition leader, declared, "They reached it together, as a team."[41]

Norgay eventually ended the speculation by revealing that Hillary was first in his 1955 autobiography. It was ghost-written by American writerJames Ramsay Ullmanas Tenzing could speak several languages but could not read or write. They were roped six feet apart, with most of the 30 foot rope in loops in his hand:[42][43]

A little below the summit Hillary and I stopped.... I was not thinking of 'first' and 'second'. I did not say to myself, there is a golden apple up there. I will push Hillary aside and run for it. We went on slowly, steadily. And then we were there. Hillary stepped on top first. And I stepped up after him... Now the truth is told. And I am ready to be judged by it.

After Everest

Tenzing Norgay became the first Director of Field Training of theHimalayan Mountaineering InstituteinDarjeeling,when it was set up in 1954.

May (you) climb from peak to peak

In January 1975, with permission of the King ofBhutan,Jigme Singye Wangchuck,Norgay served assirdar(guide) for the first American tourist party allowed into the country.[44][45]Brought together by a company then called Mountain Travel (now called Mountain Travel-Sobek), the group first met Norgay in India before beginning the trek. The official trek began inParo,northernBhutanand included a visit toTiger's Nest(Paro Taktsang), the ancient Buddhist monastery, before returning to India via Nepal andSikkim.Norgay even introduced his group to theKing of Sikkim(the last king of Sikkim, as Sikkim is now a part of India) and also brought them to his home in India for a farewell celebration.[45]

In 1978 Norgay founded Tenzing Norgay Adventures,[46]a company providingtrekkingadventures in theHimalayas.As of 2021, the company was run by his sonJamling Tenzing Norgay,who himself reached the summit of Everest in 1996.[47]

On 10 May 1984 Tenzing Norgay, together with Grp Capt A. J. S. Grewal, Principal of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, attended the 10th-anniversary celebrations of The School of Adventure,Mysore,Karnataka held at the MysoreInstitution of Engineers' auditorium.[citation needed]

Honours

In 1938, after Norgay's thirdEverest expeditionas a porter, the Himalayan Club awarded him its Tiger Medal for high-altitude work.[18]

On 7 June 1953, it was announced that the newly crowned QueenElizabeth IIwished to recognize Norgay's achievements.10 Downing Streetannounced on 1 July that, following consultation with the governments of India and Nepal, the Queen had approved awarding Norgay theGeorge Medal.[48][49]He also received, along with the rest of the Everest party, theQueen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.[citation needed]In May 2013, Norgay's grandson,Tashi Tenzing,said he believed his grandfather should have been knighted, not just given "a bloody medal."[50][51]

In 1953,King TribhuvanofNepalpresented him with theOrder of the Star of Nepal,1st Class (Supradipta-Manyabara-Nepal-Tara).[52]

In 1959, the Government of India awarded him thePadma Bhushan,the third-highest civilian award of India.[53]Indian Mountaineering Foundationpresented him with its gold medal.[54]

On 1 March 1963, Norgay was awarded the honorary title of "Merited Master of Sport of the USSR"by theSoviet Union,becoming the first foreigner to receive this distinction.[55]

In September 2013, the Government of Nepal proposed naming a 7,916-metre (25,971 ft) mountain in NepalTenzing Peakin Norgay's honour.[56]Both Tenzing Peak and Hillary Peak are points on the long Ridge from Cho Oyu to Gyuchung Kang with Tenzing Peak nearer to Cho Oyu.

In July 2015, the highest-known, 3.4-kilometre-high (11,000 ft) mountain range on the dwarf planetPlutowas namedTenzing Montes.[57]

Personal life and death

The house inDarjeelingwhere Norgay spent his last years

Norgay was married three times. His first wife, Dawa Phuti, died young in 1944. They had a son, Nima Dorje, who died at the age of four, and two daughters: Pem Pem, whose son,Tashi Tenzing,climbed Everest, and Nima, who married a Filipino graphic designer, Noli Galang.[6][58]

Norgay's second wife was Ang Lahmu, a cousin of his first wife. They had no biological children, but she was adoptive mother to their daughters from his earlier marriage with her cousin.[6]

His third wife was Dakku, whom he married while his second wife was still alive, as allowed by Sherpa custom (seepolygyny). They had three sons (Norbu,Jamlingand Dhamey), and one daughter, Deki, who married American lawyer Clark Trainor. Jamling would joinPeter Hillary,Edmund Hillary's son, in climbing Everest in 2003 on the 50th anniversary of their fathers' climb.[58]

Other relatives include Norgay's nephews,Nawang Gombuand Topgay, who took part in the 1953 Everest expedition; and his grandsons, Tashi Tenzing, who lives inSydney,Australia, and the Trainor grandsons: Tenzing, Kalden, and Yonden.[6][58]Tenzing Trainor is an actor who appeared onLiv and Maddie.[59]

Tenzing Norgay memorial

Norgay died of acerebral hemorrhageinDarjeeling,West Bengal,India, on 9 May 1986[60]at the age of 71.[61][62]His remains were cremated in the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute,Darjeeling,his favourite haunt. His widow Dakku died in 1992.[63]

Legacy

Awards

Art, entertainment and media

Literature

  • In 2011, Indian comic publisherAmar Chitra Kathareleased a children's comic book about Tenzing Norgay.[65]

Film

Places

Animals

Consumer Goods

  • The energy drink brand TENZING is named in his honour[75]

See also

Relatives of Tenzing Norgay:

Notes

  1. ^Norgay, Jamling Tenzing; Coburn, Broughton (2002).Touching My Father's Soul: In the Footsteps of Sherpa Tenzing.Ebury Press.ISBN978-0-09-188467-3.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2023.Retrieved26 September2020.
  2. ^"Tenzing Norgay and the Sherpas of Everest — Sherpa Tenzing Norgay Nepalese Mountaineer- Information on Tenzing Norgay".tenzingasianholidays.com. Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2014.Retrieved2 March2014.
  3. ^abDouglas, Ed (24 December 2000)."Secret past of the man who conquered Everest".The Observer.Archivedfrom the original on 26 August 2014.Retrieved22 August2014.
  4. ^Morris, Jan (14 June 1999)."The Conquerors HILLARY & TENZING".TIME.Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2008.Retrieved21 February2014.
  5. ^"TIME 100 Persons of The Century".TIME.6 June 1999.Retrieved31 May2017.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnoTenzing & Ullman
  7. ^Sonam G. Sherpa (27 August 2013)."Tenzing Norgay Sherpa's interview, in Tibetan, with All India Radio, Kurersong, India".Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2021.Retrieved27 March2018– via YouTube.
  8. ^Norgay, Jamling Tenzing; Coburn, Broughton (2002). ""Introduction" written by Jon Krakauer, February 2001 ".Touching My Father's Soul: a Sherpa's Journey to the Top of Everest.Forward by His Holiness the Dalai Lama. San Francisco, California: HarperSanFrancisco. pp. XV.ISBN0062516876.OCLC943113647.Born in Tibet, raised in Nepal, and a resident of India since the age of 19, he had become a symbol of hope and inspiration for millions of caste-bound Indians, poverty-stricken Nepalese, and politically oppressed Tibetans- all of whom regard him as a countryman.
  9. ^Coburn, Broughton (1997).Everest: Mountain Without Mercy.Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp.112.ISBN0792270142.OCLC36675993.Jamling pulled out the string of flags he intended to display on the summit: Nepal, India, Tibet, U.S.A. and the United Nations. 'My parents are from Tibet, but lived for long periods in Nepal and India, where I was raised.'
  10. ^"Leadership".Thames Sherpa Fund. 1 March 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2022.Retrieved17 May2014.
  11. ^"Tenzing Norgay".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50064.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  12. ^Webster, Ed (2000).Snow in the Kingdom: my storm years on Everest.Eldorado Springs, Colorado: Mountain Imagery.ISBN9780965319911.
  13. ^Rai, Hemlata (30 May 2003)."The Fortunate Son"(PDF).Nepali Times.Archived(PDF)from the original on 26 August 2014.Retrieved22 August2014.
  14. ^Das, Sujoy (6 April 2014)."Sixty years of the dream conquest".The Telegraph, Calcutta.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2020.Retrieved3 October2020.
  15. ^"Honours: Honours for Tenzing".7 October 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 10 March 2016.Retrieved4 March2016.
  16. ^Norgay's son (1998).Everest(IMAX ed.).[permanent dead link]
  17. ^Hunt 1953,pp. 60, 61.
  18. ^abcdHansen, Peter H. (2004)."Tenzing Norgay [Sherpa Tenzing] (1914–1986)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50064.Archivedfrom the original on 4 January 2012.Retrieved18 January2008.
  19. ^"Tenzing gets a new name".The Times of India. 28 March 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2023.Retrieved17 August2023.
  20. ^Ortner, Sherry B. (2001).Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering.Princeton University Press.p. 112.ISBN0-691-07448-8.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2023.Retrieved4 December2020.
  21. ^Shipton, Eric (24 February 2015).That Untravelled World: An Autobiography.Mountaineers Books.ISBN978-1-59485-898-7.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2023.Retrieved11 July2023.
  22. ^Isserman, Maurice; Weaver, Stewart (2008).Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes(1 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p.236.ISBN9780300115017.
  23. ^"Tenzing Norgay GM".Imaging Everest.The Royal Geographical Society. Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2007.Retrieved21 June2007.
  24. ^The Himalayan Database.n.d. p.???.Archivedfrom the original on 17 September 2015.Retrieved18 September2015.
  25. ^Hunt 1953,pp. 29, 60.
  26. ^"Sir Edmund Hillary".The Daily Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved21 February2014.
  27. ^Everest 1953, Mick Conefrey, Mountaineers Books, 2014
  28. ^"Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing reach the top | World news".theguardian.com.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2019.Retrieved21 February2014.
  29. ^Gill 2017,p. 188.
  30. ^"Reaching The Top"(PDF).Royal Geographical Society. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 16 February 2008.Retrieved13 January2008.
  31. ^Hillary, Edmund (2013).High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest.ISBN9788174369390.
  32. ^Hillary, Edmund & Peter (1986).Ascent: Two Lives Explored – The Autobiographies of Sir Edmund and Peter Hillary.New York: Doubleday.ISBN978-0-385-19831-8.
  33. ^"Environment & Nature News — Everest not as tall as thought – 10/10/2005".Abc.net.au. 10 October 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 11 May 2011.Retrieved21 February2014.
  34. ^"NOVA Online | Everest | First to Summit (2)".Pbs.org.Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2017.Retrieved21 February2014.
  35. ^"Asia-Pacific | Obituary: Sir Edmund Hillary".BBC News.11 January 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2014.Retrieved21 February2014.
  36. ^Norgay left chocolates in the snow as an offering, and Hillary left a cross that he had been given.
  37. ^"The Photographs".Imagingeverest.rgs.org. 29 May 1953. Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2015.Retrieved21 February2014.
  38. ^"No. 39886".The London Gazette.12 June 1953. p. 3273.
  39. ^Vallely, Paul (10 May 1986). "Man of the mountains Tenzing dies".The Times.
  40. ^"Sherpas and the ethics of Everest".NGS. 8 April 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2019.Retrieved17 May2019.Often overlooked and rarely adequately rewarded, Nepal's 'people of the east' have been helping adventurers up Mount Everest for a century, but at what cost?
  41. ^Mcfadden, Robert D. (1 January 2008)."Sir Edmund Hillary, 88, a conqueror of Everest".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2017.Retrieved18 January2017.
  42. ^Gill 2017,pp. 214, 215.
  43. ^Tenzing & Ullman p. 268
  44. ^Giles, Kea (4 April 2010)."Dragonfly Wars:" Branding Bhutan "— or the story of a" Trek through Time "".Keagiles.blogspot.com.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2014.Retrieved21 February2014.
  45. ^ab"Trek through Time".Daily Camera.Boulder, CO. 28 June 1982. pp. 1C, 3C.
  46. ^"Welcome to the site of Tenzing Norgay Adventures".Tenzing-norgay.com. Archived fromthe originalon 11 September 2005.Retrieved21 February2014.
  47. ^Norgay, Jamling Tenzing."Introduction by Tenzing Norgay Adventures - Jamling".Tenzing Norgay Adventures.Archived fromthe originalon 5 August 2021.Retrieved5 August2021.
  48. ^"George Medal for Tensing — Award Approved by the Queen".The Times.No. 52663. London. 2 July 1953. p. 6.
  49. ^Hansen (2004): "In Britain the queen gave Tenzing the George Medal, a comparatively obscure but high civilian award for gallantry"
  50. ^"Tenzing 'should have been knighted'".3 News NZ.30 May 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 3 July 2013.
  51. ^"Everest anniversary: Tenzing Norgay's grandson calls for 'gesture' from Britain".The Guardian.29 May 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2017.Retrieved16 December2016.
  52. ^"Tenzing Norgay photograph".Achievement.org. Archived fromthe originalon 12 December 2013.Retrieved21 February2014.
  53. ^"Padma Awards"(PDF).Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 October 2017.Retrieved21 July2015.
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  55. ^"Highest Russian Award for Shri Tenzing Norgay: Soviet Union Honours Everest Hero"(PDF).Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 3 March 1963.Archived(PDF)from the original on 20 September 2022.Retrieved17 September2022.
  56. ^"Mount Everest: Hillary and Tenzing to have peaks named after them".The Guardian.6 September 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 11 September 2013.Retrieved16 December2016.
  57. ^"International Astronomical Union – IAU".www.iau.org.Archivedfrom the original on 7 September 2017.Retrieved27 March2018.
  58. ^abcTenzing and Barnes
  59. ^Hailu, Selome (4 November 2022)."'On My Block' Spinoff 'Freeridge' at Netflix Casts Tenzing Norgay Trainor and Peggy Blow ".Variety.Retrieved4 November2023.[Trainor's] credits include Netflix's 'Boo, Bitch' and Disney Channel's 'Liv and Maddie.'
  60. ^Norgay, Jamling Tenzing; Coburn, Broughton (2002). ""Introduction" written by Jon Krakauer, February 2001 ".Touching My Father's Soul: a Sherpa's Journey to the Top of Everest.Forward by His Holiness the Dalai Lama. San Francisco, California: HarperSanFrancisco. pp. XVI.ISBN0062516876.OCLC943113647.On May 9, 1986, while Jamling was still enrolled at Northland, he received word that his father had abruptly collapsed and died.
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  66. ^Richard Young(2015)."Find Your Tenzing Norgay".The Big Book of Glamour: 200 Secrets for Easier, Quicker and More Dynamic Photography.Amherst Media. p. 94.ISBN978-1-60895-839-9.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2023.Retrieved13 April2021.
  67. ^Brian Eggert (2020)."Intolerable Cruelty (2003) – Deep Focus Review – Movie Reviews, Critical Essays, and Film Analysis".Deep Focus Review.Archivedfrom the original on 12 April 2021.Retrieved13 April2021.
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  71. ^"Knoxville Zoo's Red Panda Cubs Officially Named – City of K..."www.knoxvilletn.gov.Archived fromthe originalon 31 August 2017.Retrieved27 March2018.
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References

  • Tony Astill,Mount Everest The Reconnaissance 1935(2005)
  • George Band,Everest Exposed(2005), an account of the 1953 expedition
  • Gill, Michael (2017).Edmund Hillary: A Biography.Nelson, NZ: Potton & Burton.ISBN978-0-947503-38-3.
  • Hunt, John (1953).The Ascent of Everest.London: Hodder & Stoughton.ISBN0-89886-361-9.(The Conquest of Everestin America)
  • Tashi Tenzingand Judy Tenzing,Tenzing Norgay and Sherpas of Everest(2003)
  • Ed Webster,Snow in the Kingdom(2000)
  • Ed Douglas,Tenzing: Hero of Everest(2003)
  • Jamling Tenzing Norgay,Touching My Father's Soul(2002)
  • Tenzing Norgay and Malcolm Barnes,After Everest(1978)
  • Tenzing Norgay andJames Ramsey UllmanMan of Everest(1955) (also published asThe Tiger of the Snows)

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