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Territory of Western Samoa

Coordinates:13°35′S172°20′W/ 13.583°S 172.333°W/-13.583; -172.333
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Territory of Western Samoa
Teritori o Sāmoa i Sisifo(Samoan)
1920–1962
Coat of arms of Western Samoa
Coat of arms
Anthems:
"God Defend New Zealand"
(Samoan:Le Atua Puipui Niu Sila)

"God Save the Queen"[a]
StatusMandateof New Zealand
(1920–1946)
Trust Territoryof New Zealand
(1946–1962)
CapitalApia
13°50′S171°45′W/ 13.833°S 171.750°W/-13.833; -171.750
Common languagesEnglish (official)
Samoan(native)
Austronesian languages
Papuan languages
Monarch
• 1920–1936
George V
• 1936–1936
Edward VIII
• 1936–1952
George VI
• 1952–1962
Elizabeth II
Administrator
• 1914–1919
Robert Logan
• 1919–1923
Robert Tate
• 1923–1928
George Richardson
• 1928–1931
Stephen Allen
• 1931–1935
Herbert Hart
• 1935–1946
Alfred Turnbull
• 1960–1962
Jack Wright
Historical eraBritish Empire
30 August 1914
• Established
17 December 1920
• Trusteeship
13 December 1946
• Independence
1 January 1962
CurrencyPound sterling(1914–1930)
New Zealand pound(1930–1962)
Western Samoan pound(1930–67)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
German Samoa
Western Samoa
Today part ofSamoa

TheTerritory of Western Samoawas the civil administration ofWestern SamoabyNew Zealandbetween 1920 and Samoan independence in 1962. In 1914,German Samoawas captured by theSamoa Expeditionary Forceshortly after the outbreak ofWorld War I,and was formally annexed as a League of Nations mandate in 1920 in theTreaty of Versailles.It was later transformed into a United Nations Trust Territory following thedissolutionof the League of nations in 1946.

History[edit]

Main article:History of Samoa

Occupation of German Samoa in World War I[edit]

TheUnion Flagraised inApia,30 August 1914
Main article:Occupation of German Samoa

At the outbreak ofWorld War IGerman Samoawas aGerman colony.On 7 August 1914, the British government indicated toNew Zealand(which was at this time aBritish dominion), that the seizure of a wireless station nearApia,the colony's capital which was used by the GermanEast Asia Squadron,would be a "great and urgent Imperial service".[2]This was followed by the first action of New Zealand in the war, the sailing of a Samoa Expeditionary Force on 15 August, which landed at Apia two weeks later. AlthoughGermanyrefused to officially surrender the colonies, no resistance was offered and the occupation took place without any fighting. Despite claims that German Samoa was the first enemy territory to fall to imperial forces, the first seizure of a German colony had occurred four days earlier whenTogolandwas captured as part of theWest Africa Campaign.[3]

ColonelRobert Logan,who had commanded the Samoan Expeditionary Force, was the military administrator of the colony for the remainder of the war.[4]By 1918, Samoa had a population of some 38,000 Samoans and 1,500 Europeans.[5]Approximately one fifth of the population died in the Influenza epidemic of 1918–1919.[6]In 1919, The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Epidemic concluded that there had been no epidemic of pneumonic influenza in Western Samoa before the arrival of theSSTalunefrom Auckland on 7 November 1918, which was allowed to berth by Logan without quarantine precautions. Within seven days of this ship's arrival influenza had become epidemic in Upolu and had then spread rapidly throughout the territory.[7]

Mandate[edit]

On 17 December 1920, theLeague of Nationsformally conferred aClass C Mandateover the former German Colony of Samoa to theDominion of New Zealand.[8][9]The mandate was supported by theSamoa Constitution Order, 1920,which had replaced the military occupation with a civil administration on 1 May 1920.[8][10]On 1 April 1922, theSamoa Act 1921came into force.[11]

Under the Samoa Act theNew Zealand Governor-Generalappointed an administrator based in Apia to hold executive power and to report to theNew Zealand Minister of External AffairsinWellington;lawmaking power was held by the administrator and a local legislative council, although Wellington had final authority.[8]New Zealand administrators repressed freedom of media, freedom of association, and free speech on Western Samoa, as well as banished those who criticized New Zealand's rule.[12]

After 1945, the classification of the mandate was changed to aUnited Nations Trust Territory.[13]

From Mau protests to independence[edit]

TheMau(translates as "strongly held opinion" ) was a popular non-violent movement which had its beginnings in the early 1900s (decade) in Savai'i. It was first led byLauaki Namulauulu Mamoe,an orator chief deposed by the German administration. The 1920s saw the resurgence of the Mau in opposition to the New Zealand administration. One of the Mau leaders wasOlaf Frederick Nelson,a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant.[14]Nelson wasexiledby the administration during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically.

On 28 December 1929, the newly elected leader, high chiefTupua Tamasese Lealofi III,led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia.[15]The New Zealand police attempted to arrest the high chief. When he resisted, a struggle occurred between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and aLewis machine gun,mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the Mau.[16]Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately fifty were injured by gunshots and police batons.[17]

That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch. After repeated efforts by the Samoan people, Western Samoa gained independence in 1962 and signed a Friendship Treaty with New Zealand. Samoa was the first country in the Pacific to become independent.

In 2002, New Zealand's prime ministerHelen Clark,on a trip to Samoa, formally apologised for New Zealand's role in the banishment of Samoan leaders, the failure to quarantine SSTalune,and the Apia shootings.[18][19]

Notable people[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^"God Save the Queen" was officially a national anthem, but generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems".Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved17 February2008.
  2. ^Smith 1924,p. 14.
  3. ^McGibbon 2007,p. 65.
  4. ^Munro, Doug."Robert Logan".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved30 September2016.
  5. ^"Wartime administration – capture of German Samoa".NZHistory.net.nz.Retrieved18 October2010.
  6. ^"The 1918 flu pandemic".NZHistory.net.nz.Retrieved26 November2007.
  7. ^Albert Wendt."Guardians and Wards: (A study of the origins, causes, and the first two years of the Mau in Western Samoa.)".
  8. ^abc"New Zealand in Samoa: Colonial administration".NZHistory.New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved27 December2015.
  9. ^"League of Nations Mandate for German Samoa".NZHistory.New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved27 December2015.
  10. ^Samoa Constitution Order, 1920(1 April 1920;N.Z. Gaz.1920, p. 1619).Treaties of Peace Act 1919(29 October 1919; 10 GEO V 1919 No 20); "[...] The Governor-General is hereby empowered to make, by Order in Council, such provisions as he deems necessary [...] for the government of the said Islands of Western Samoa[...]". The Western Samoa Order in Council, 1920 (11 March 1920; Statutory Rules and Orders 1920, vol 1, pp 745–746;Gazette,21 May 1920, p 1819; 113BFSP18).
  11. ^Samoa Act 1921(7 December 1921; 12 GEO V 1921 No 16)
  12. ^Pedersen, Susan(2015).The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire.Oxford University Press. pp. 169–192.doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001.ISBN978-0-19-957048-5.
  13. ^"Imperialism as a Vocation: Class C Mandates".Retrieved23 August2011.
  14. ^Laracy, Hugh."Nelson, Olaf Frederick 1883 – 1944".Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved29 June2011.
  15. ^"The Mau Movement"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 December 2007.Retrieved27 November2007.
  16. ^Field 2006.
  17. ^"History and migration: Who are the Samoans?".Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga.Retrieved27 November2007.
  18. ^"New Zealand's apology to Samoa".Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2009.Retrieved23 August2011.
  19. ^"Prime Minister Helen Clark's Historic Apology".
  • Field, Michael (2006).Black Saturday: New Zealand's tragic blunders in Samoa.Auckland, N.Z.: Reed Publishing (NZ).ISBN0-7900-1103-4.
  • McGibbon, Ian (2007). "The Shaping of New Zealand's War Effort, August–October 1914". In Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (eds.).New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies & the First World War.Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle Publishing. pp. 49–68.ISBN978-0-908988-85-3.
  • Smith, Stephen John (1924).The Samoa (N.Z.) Expeditionary Force 1914–1915.Wellington, New Zealand: Ferguson & Osborn.OCLC8950668.

External links[edit]

13°35′S172°20′W/ 13.583°S 172.333°W/-13.583; -172.333

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