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James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce

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The Right Honourable
The Viscount Bryce
OMGCVOPCFRSFBA
Bryce in 1902
British Ambassador tothe United States
In office
1907–1913
MonarchsEdward VII
George V
Prime MinisterSir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
H. H. Asquith
Preceded bySir Henry Mortimer Durand
Succeeded bySir Cecil Spring Rice
Chief Secretary for Ireland
In office
10 December 1905(1905-12-10)– 23 January 1907(1907-01-23)
MonarchEdward VII
Prime MinisterSir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Preceded byWalter Long
Succeeded byAugustine Birrell
President of the Board of Trade
In office
28 May 1894(1894-05-28)– 21 June 1895(1895-06-21)
MonarchVictoria
Prime MinisterThe Earl of Rosebery
Preceded byA. J. Mundella
Succeeded byCharles Thomson Ritchie
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office
18 August 1892(1892-08-18)– 28 May 1894(1894-05-28)
MonarchVictoria
Prime MinisterWilliam Ewart Gladstone
Preceded byThe Duke of Rutland
Succeeded byThe Lord Tweedmouth
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
In office
7 February 1886(1886-02-07)– 20 July 1886(1886-07-20)
MonarchVictoria
Prime MinisterGladstone
Preceded byHon. Robert Bourke
Succeeded bySir James Fergusson, Bt
Personal details
Born(1838-05-10)10 May 1838
Belfast,Ireland
Died22 January 1922(1922-01-22)(aged 83)
Sidmouth,Devon,South West England
Political partyLiberal
EducationUniversity of Glasgow
Heidelberg University
Trinity College, Oxford
OccupationPolitician
ProfessionAcademic
Signature

James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce,OM,GCVO,PC,FRS,FBA(10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922), was a British academic, jurist, historian, andLiberalpolitician. According to Keoth Robbins, he was a widely traveled authority on law, government, and history whose expertise led to high political offices culminating with his successful role as ambassador to the United States, 1907–13. His intellectual influence was greatest inThe American Commonwealth(1888), an in-depth study of American politics that shaped the understanding of America in Britain and in the United States as well.[1]

Background and education[edit]

Bryce was born in Arthur Street inBelfast,County Antrim,inUlster,the son of Margaret, daughter of James Young ofWhiteabbey,andJames Bryce, LLD,from nearColeraine,County Londonderry.[2]The first eight years of his life were spent residing at his grandfather's Whiteabbey residence, often playing for hours on the tranquil picturesque shoreline.Annan Brycewas his younger brother.[3]He was educated under his uncle Reuben John Bryce at theBelfast Academy,[4]Glasgow High School,theUniversity of Glasgow,theUniversity of HeidelbergandTrinity College, Oxford.

He was elected a fellow ofOriel College, Oxford,in 1862 and wascalled to the Bar,Lincoln's Inn,in 1867.[5]His days as a student at the University of Heidelberg gave him a long-life admiration of German historical and legal scholarship. He became a believer in "Teutonic freedom", an ill-defined concept that was held to bind Germany, Britain and the United States together. For him, the United States, theBritish Empireand Germany were "natural friends".[6]

Academic career[edit]

Bryce was admitted to the Bar and practised law in London for a few years[7]but was soon called back to Oxford to becomeRegius Professor of Civil Law,a position he held from 1870 to 1893.[8]From 1870 to 1875 he was also Professor of Jurisprudence atOwens College, Manchester.His reputation as a historian had been made as early as 1864 by his work on theHoly Roman Empire.[9]

In 1872 Bryce travelled to Iceland to see the land of theIcelandic sagas,as he was a great admirer ofNjáls saga.In 1876 he ventured through Russia toMount Ararat,climbed above the tree line and found a piece of hand-hewn timber, 4 feet (1.2 m) long and 5 inches (13 cm) thick. He agreed that the evidence fit theArmenian Church's belief that it was fromNoah's Arkand offered no other explanations.[7]

In 1872 Bryce, a proponent of higher education, particularly for women, joined the Central Committee of the National Union for Improving the Education of Women of All Classes (NUIEWC).

Member of Parliament[edit]

James Bryce c1895
Bryce and Prof. Goldwin Smith, 1907

In 1880 Bryce, an ardentLiberalin politics, was elected to the House of Commons as member for the constituency ofTower Hamletsin London. In 1885 he was returned forSouth Aberdeenand he was re-elected there on succeeding occasions. He remained a Member of Parliament until 1907.[10]

Bryce's intellectual distinction and political industry made him a valuable member of the Liberal Party. As early as the late 1860s he served as Chairman of theRoyal Commissionon Secondary Education. In 1885 he was madeUnder-Secretary of State for Foreign AffairsunderWilliam Ewart Gladstonebut had to leave office after the Liberals were defeated in the general election later that year. In 1892 he joined Gladstone'slast cabinetasChancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster[11]and was sworn of thePrivy Councilat the same time.[12]

In 1894 Bryce was appointedPresident of the Board of Tradein the new cabinet ofLord Rosebery,[13]but had to leave this office, along with the whole Liberal cabinet, the following year. The Liberals remained out of office for the next ten years.

In 1897, after a visit to South Africa, Bryce published a volume ofImpressionsof that country that had considerable influence in Liberal circles when theSecond Boer Warwas being discussed.[8]He devoted significant sections of the book to the recent history of South Africa, various social and economic details about the country, and his experiences while travelling with his party. In 1900 he introduced a Private Member's Bill to secure access for the public to the mountains and moorlands in Scotland.[14]

The "still radical" Bryce was madeChief Secretary for Irelandin Prime Minister SirHenry Campbell-Bannerman's cabinet in 1905 and remained in office throughout 1906.[5]Bryce was critical of many of the social reforms proposed by this Liberal Government, including old-age pensions, the Trade Disputes Act and the redistributive "People's Budget," which he regarded as making unwarranted concessions to socialism.[15]

The American Commonwealth(1888)[edit]

Bryce had become well known in America for his bookThe American Commonwealth(1888), a thorough examination of the institutions of the United States from the point of view of a historian and constitutional lawyer.[8]Bryce painstakingly reproduced the travels ofAlexis de Tocqueville,who wroteDemocracy in America(1835–1840). Tocqueville had emphasised the egalitarianism of early-19th-century America, but Bryce was dismayed to find vast inequality: "Sixty years ago, there were no great fortunes in America, few large fortunes, no poverty. Now there is some poverty... and a greater number of gigantic fortunes than in any other country of the world"[16]and "As respects education... the profusion of…elementary schools tends to raise the mass to a higher point than in Europe... [but] there is an increasing class that has studied at the best universities. It appears that equality has diminished [in this regard] and will diminish further."[17]The work was heavily used in academia, partly as a result of Bryce's close friendships with men such asJames B. Angell,President of the University of Michigan and successivelyCharles W. EliotandAbbott Lawrence Lowellat Harvard.[18]The work also became a key text for American writers seeking to popularise a view of American history as distinctively Anglo-Saxon.[19]The American Commonwealthcontains Bryce's observation that "the enormous majority" of American women opposed their own right to vote.[20]

Ambassador to the United States[edit]

1911 - Bryce (far left) besidePrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn,Governor General of Canada(also wearing top hat)

In February 1907 Bryce was appointedAmbassador to the United States.[21]He held this office until 1913, and was very efficient in strengthening Anglo-American ties and friendship. The appointment, criticised at the time as withdrawing from the regular diplomatic corps one of its most coveted posts, proved a great success. The United States had been in the habit of sending, as minister or ambassador to theCourt of St James's,one of its leading citizens: a statesman, a man of letters, or a lawyer whose name and reputation were already well known in Great Britain. For the first time Great Britain responded in kind. Bryce, already favourably regarded in America as the authorThe American Commonwealth,made himself thoroughly at home in the country; and, after the fashion of American ministers or ambassadors in England, he took up with eagerness and success the role of public orator on matters outside party politics, so far as his diplomatic duties permitted.[22]

He made many personal friends among American politicians, such as President Theodore Roosevelt. The German ambassador in Washington,Graf Heinrich von Bernstorff,later stated how relieved he felt that Bryce was not his competitor for American sympathies during theFirst World War,even though Bernstorff helped to keep the United States from declaring war until 1917.

Robert Baden-Powell,William Taftand James Bryce at the White House in 1912

Most of the questions with which he had to deal related to the relations between the United States and Canada, and in this connection he paid several visits to Canada to confer with theGovernor Generaland his ministers. At the close of his embassy he told the Canadians that probably three-fourths of the business of the British embassy at Washington was Canadian, and of the eleven or twelve treaties he had signed nine had been treaties relating to the affairs of Canada. "By those nine treaties," he said, "we have, I hope, dealt with all the questions that are likely to arise between the United States and Canada questions relating to boundary; questions relating to the disposal and the use of boundary waters; questions relating to the fisheries in the international waters where the two countries adjoin one another; questions relating to the interests which we have in sealing in the Behring Sea, and many other matters." He could boast that he left the relations between the United States and Canada on an excellent footing.[22]

Peerage[edit]

In 1914, after his retirement as Ambassador and his return to Britain, Bryce was raised to the peerage asViscount Bryce,of Dechmount in the County of Lanark.[23]Thus he became a member of theHouse of Lords,the powers of which had been curtailed by theParliament Act 1911.

First World War[edit]

Along with other English scholars, who had ties of close association with German learning, he was reluctant in the last days of July 1914 to contemplate the possibility of war with Germany, but the violation of Belgian neutrality and the stories of outrages committed in Belgium by German troops brought him speedily into line with national feeling.[22] Following the outbreak of the First World War Bryce was commissioned by Prime MinisterH. H. Asquithto write what became known asThe Bryce Reportin which he described German atrocities in Belgium. The report was published in 1915 and was damning of German behaviour against civilians.[24]Bryce's account was confirmed byVernon Lyman Kellogg,the Director of the American Commission for Relief in Belgium, who told theNew York Timesthat the German military had enslaved hundreds of thousands of Belgian workers, and abused and maimed many of them in the process.[25]

Bryce strongly condemned theArmenian genocidein theOttoman Empiremainly in 1915. Bryce was the first person to speak on the subject in the House of Lords, in July 1915. Later, with the assistance of the historianArnold J. Toynbee,he produced a documentary record of the massacres that was published as aBlue Bookby the British government in 1916. In 1921 Bryce wrote that the Armenian genocide had also claimed half of the population of theAssyriansin the Ottoman Empire and that similar cruelties had been perpetrated upon them.[26][27]

Beliefs[edit]

According to Moton Keller:

Bryce believed in Liberalism, the classic 19th century Liberalism of John Bright and William Gladstone, of free trade, free speech and press, personal liberty, and responsible leadership. This notably genial gregarious man had his hates, chief among them illiberal regimes: the Turkish oppressors of Bulgars and Armenians, and, later the Kaiser's Reich in World War I.[28]

Bryce had a distrust of current democratic practices seen as late as hisModern Democracy(1921), which was a comparative study of a certain number of popular governments in their actual working.[22]On the other hand, he was a leader in promoting international organizations. During the last years of his life Bryce served as a judge at the International Court in The Hague, and promoted the establishment of theLeague of Nations.[29][30]

Honours and other public appointments[edit]

Arms as displayed at Lincoln's Inn[31]

Bryce received numerous academic honours from home and foreign universities. In September 1901, he received the degree ofDoctor of LawsfromDartmouth College,[32]and in October 1902 he received an honorary degree (LLD) from theUniversity of St Andrews,[33]and in 1914 he received an honorary degree from Oxford.[22] He became a fellow of theRoyal Societyin 1894.[34]

In earlier life, he was a notable mountain climber, ascendingMount Araratin 1876, and published a volume onTranscaucasiaand Ararat in 1877; in 1899 to 1901, he was the president of theAlpine Club.[8]From his Caucasian journey, he brought back a deep distrust ofOttomanrule inAsia Minorand a distinct sympathy for theArmenian people.[35]

In 1882, Bryce established theNational Liberal Club,whose members, in its first three decades, included fellow founderPrime Minister Gladstone,George Bernard Shaw,David Lloyd George,H. H. Asquithand many other prominent Liberal candidates and MP's such asWinston ChurchillandBertrand Russell.[36][5]In April 1882 Bryce was elected a member of theAmerican Antiquarian Society.[37]He was elected an International Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1893 and an International Member of theAmerican Philosophical Societyin 1895.[38][39]

In 1907 he was made a Member of theOrder of MeritbyKing Edward VII,[40]At the King's death, Bryce arranged his Washington Memorial Service.[41]At the time of Bryce's memorial service atWestminster Abbey,his wife, Elizabeth, received condolences fromKing George V,who "regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn."[42][43]Queen Victoriahad said that Bryce was "one of the best informed men on all subjects I have ever met".[44][45]In 1918 he was appointedGCVO.[22]

Bryce was president of theAmerican Political Science Associationfrom 1907 to 1908. He was the fourth person to hold this office.[46]He was president of theBritish Academyfrom 1913 to 1917.[5]In 1919 he delivered the British Academy's inaugural Raleigh Lecture on History, on "World History".[47][48]

Bryce chaired theConference on the Reform of the Second Chamberin 1917–1918.[49]

Personal life[edit]

Memorial to Bryce, Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh
Lady Bryce (nee Elizabeth Ashton) - wife of James, Viscount Bryce

Bryce married Elizabeth Marion, daughter of Thomas Ashton and sister ofThomas Ashton, 1st Baron Ashton of Hyde,in 1889. Lord and Lady Bryce had no children.[50]

Bryce died while on holiday on 22 January 1922, aged 83, of heart failure in his sleep at The Victoria Hotel,Sidmouth,Devon,on the last of his lifelong travels. The viscountcy died with him. He was cremated atGolders Green Crematorium,following which his ashes were buried near to his parents atGrange Cemetery,Edinburgh.[5]

Lady Bryce is recalled in the memoirs ofCaptain Peter Middleton,grandfather ofCatherine, Duchess of Cambridgewho wrote, "Nor will I forget my terror of Lady Bryce", who was the aunt of his mother's first cousins, sistersElinor and Elizabeth Lupton.[51][52]

Lady Bryce died in 1939. Her papers are held at theBodleian Library.[53]

Memorials[edit]

There is a large monument to Viscount Bryce in the southwest section of the Grange Cemetery inEdinburgh,facing north at the west end of the central east–west avenue. His ashes are buried there.[5]

There is a bust of Viscount Bryce inTrinity Churchon Broadway, near Wall Street in New York. A similar bust is in the U.S. Capitol Building and there is a commemorative Bryce Park in Washington DC.

In 1965 the James Bryce Chair of Government was endowed at the University of Glasgow. "Government" was changed to "Politics" in 1970.[54]

In 2013 theUlster History Circleunveiled a blue plaque dedicated to him, near his birthplace in Belfast.[55]

On the occasion of the 160th anniversary of Bryce's birth, a small street off ofBaghramyan AvenueinYerevan,Armeniawas named "James Bryce Street" in 1998.[56]

Publications[edit]

1st Viscount Bryce in 1893
  • The Holy Roman Empire,First edition 1864 revised edition 1904, many reprints.[57]
  • Report on the Condition of Education in Lancashire,1867
  • The Trade Marks Registration Act, with Introduction and Notes on Trade Mark Law,1877
  • Transcaucasia and Ararat,1877
  • The American Commonwealth,1888,[58]Volume I,Volume II,Volume III
  • Impressions of South Africa,1897
  • Studies in History and Jurisprudence,1901,Volume I,Volume II
  • Studies in Contemporary Biography,1903[59][60]
  • The Hindrances to Good Citizenship,1909Reissued by Transaction Publishers, 1993, edited and with a new Introduction by Howard G. Schneiderman
  • South America: Observations and Impressions1912
  • University and Historical Addresses: Delivered During a Residence in the United States as Ambassador of Great Britain.New York: Macmillan. 1913.Retrieved12 March2019– via Internet Archive.
  • The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16,1916
  • Essays and Addresses in War Time,1918
  • Modern Democracies,1921Volume I,Volume II

HisStudies in History and Jurisprudence(1901) andStudies in Contemporary Biography(1903) were republications of essays.[8]

Selected articles[edit]

Famous quotations[edit]

  • "Patriotism consists not in waving the flag, but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong."
  • "No government demands so much from the citizen as Democracy and none gives back so much."
  • "Life is too short for reading inferior books."
  • "Excessive anger against human stupidity is itself one of the most provoking forms of stupidity."

See also[edit]

"A Wine of Wizardry"- Poem byGeorge Sterlingwhich Bryce indirectly made controversial.

References[edit]

  1. ^Keith Robbins, "History and politics: the career of James Bryce."Journal of Contemporary History7.3 (1972): 37–52.
  2. ^"Death of Lord Bryce. Statesman and Diplomatist. Great Historian".The Times:10. 23 January 1922.
  3. ^Russell, Iain F. (23 September 2004). "Bryce, (John) Annan".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49022.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  4. ^Fisher, H. A. L.(1927)James Bryce: Viscount Bryce of Dechmont, O.M.,Vol. 2,London resp. New York. p. 13
  5. ^abcdefHarvie, Christopher."Bryce, James, Viscount Bryce".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32141.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  6. ^Robbins, Keith G. (1967). "Lord Bryce and the First World War".The Historical Journal.10(2): 255–278.doi:10.1017/S0018246X00027473.S2CID159537330.
  7. ^abJames Bryce
  8. ^abcdeOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Bryce, James".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 699.
  9. ^Pollock, Frederick(April 1922)."James Bryce".The Quarterly Review.237:400–414.
  10. ^"No. 27995".The London Gazette.15 February 1907. p. 1066.
  11. ^"No. 26319".The London Gazette.23 August 1892. p. 4801.
  12. ^"No. 26318".The London Gazette.19 August 1892. p. 4742.
  13. ^"No. 26518".The London Gazette.1 June 1894. p. 3181.
  14. ^"Private Members' Bills".The Manchester Guardian.3 February 1900. p. 6.
  15. ^Seaman, John T. (2006).A Citizen of the World: The Life of James Bryce.I. B. Tauris. p. 208.ISBN978-1-84511-126-7.Retrieved21 May2016.
  16. ^Bryce, Viscount James. "Chapter CXI: Equality".The American Commonwealth.Vol. III. p. 745.
  17. ^James, Viscount Bryce,The American Commonwealth,p. 746
  18. ^Prochaska, Frank (2012).Eminent Victorians on American Democracy: The View from Albion.Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–98, 102.ISBN978-0-19-965379-9.
  19. ^Kirkwood, Patrick M. (2014). "'Michigan Men' in the Philippines and the Limits of Self-Determination in the Progressive Era ".Michigan Historical Review.40(2): 63–86 [p. 80].doi:10.5342/michhistrevi.40.2.0063.
  20. ^Bryce, Viscount James. "Chapter XCVI: Woman Suffrage".The American Commonwealth.Vol. II. p. 560.
  21. ^"No. 27995".The London Gazette.15 February 1907. p. 1065.
  22. ^abcdefOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922)."Bryce, James Bryce".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 514.
  23. ^"No. 28797".The London Gazette.30 January 1914. p. 810.
  24. ^Keith G. Robbins, "Lord Bryce and the First World War."Historical Journal10#2 (1967): 255–78.online.
  25. ^Robbins, 1967.
  26. ^Travis, Hannibal. "Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan."Durham, NC:Carolina Academic Press,2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294.
  27. ^Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War IArchived16 July 2012 atarchive.today."Genocide Studies and Prevention,Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  28. ^Keller, Morton (1988). "James Bryce and America".The Wilson Quarterly.12(4): 92.JSTOR40257378.
  29. ^Pollard, 1923.
  30. ^Kaiga, Sakiko (2021).Britain and the Intellectual Origins of the League of Nations, 1914–1919.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-108-48917-1.
  31. ^"Lincoln's Inn Great Hall, Ec20 Bryce".Baz Manning. 13 July 2009.Retrieved15 June2022.
  32. ^"Court Circular".The Times.No. 36570. London. 26 September 1901.
  33. ^"University intelligence".The Times.No. 36906. London. 23 October 1902. p. 9.
  34. ^"Fellows 1660–2007"(PDF).Royal Society.Retrieved6 October2016.
  35. ^On Bryce′s engagement with the Armenian question before the genocide, see Oded Steinberg,James Bryce and the Origins of the Armenian Question,Journal of Levantine Studies5, No 2 (Winter 2015), p. 13–33.
  36. ^"General Correspondence – Meeting at National Liberal Club – 1914. Ref No. Dell/2/3. British Library of Political and Economical Science".British Library (of Economical and Political Science).Retrieved14 January2014.
  37. ^American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
  38. ^"James Bryce | American Academy of Arts and Sciences".www.amacad.org.9 February 2023.Retrieved15 March2024.
  39. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org.Retrieved15 March2024.
  40. ^"No. 27994".The London Gazette(Supplement). 12 February 1907. p. 963.
  41. ^Lord Bryce, Viscount James (8 May 1910)."Telegram British Embassy, Washington"(PDF).Telegram British Embassy, Washington.Retrieved29 November2015.
  42. ^Rayner, Gordon (21 June 2013)."How the family of 'commoner' Kate Middleton has been rubbing shoulders with royalty for a century".UK Daily Telegraph.Retrieved31 October2016.regarded Lord Bryce as an old friend and trusted counsellor to whom I could always turn.
  43. ^New York Times (28 January 1922)."Britain offers American President Bust of Lord Bryce"(PDF).New York Times.Retrieved23 May2013.
  44. ^Martin, Stanley (21 December 2006).One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour – The Order of Merit.I.B.Tauris. p. 315.ISBN978-1-86064-848-9.
  45. ^"No. 27994".The London Gazette.12 February 1907. p. 963.
  46. ^APSA Presidents and Presidential Addresses: 1903 to Present
  47. ^Viscount Bryce (1976)."World History".Proceedings of the British Academy, 1919–1920.9:187–211.
  48. ^"Raleigh Lectures on History".The British Academy.
  49. ^Lees-Smith, H. B.(October 1922)."The Bryce Conference on the Reform of the House of Lords"(PDF).Economica(6): 220–227.doi:10.2307/2548315.JSTOR2548315.
  50. ^Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, Volume 1.Burke's Peerage Ltd. 1937.
  51. ^Joseph, Claudia (6 March 2022)."We kid you not! Kate really does descend from goat breeders (but very posh ones)".UK Daily Express.Retrieved8 March2022.
  52. ^Lupton, Francis (2001)."The Next Generation: A Sequel to The Lupton Family in Leeds by C.A. Lupton by Francis Lupton 2001".Wm Harrison and Sons.Retrieved8 July2019.
  53. ^Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts – Papers of Lady Bryce, 1869–1939.Bodleian Libraries, Oxford University.Retrieved13 December2020.
  54. ^"James Bryce 1st Viscount Bryce".The University of Glasgow Story.University of Glasgow.Retrieved3 October2021.
  55. ^"James Viscount Bryce".Ulster History Circle. 11 April 2015.Retrieved3 October2021.
  56. ^"ՋԵՅՄՍ ԲՐԱՅՍԻ ԾՆՆԴՅԱՆ 160-ԱՄՅԱԿԻՆ ԵՎ ՅՈՀԱՆՆԵՍ ԼԵՓՍԻՈՒՍԻ ԾՆՆԴՅԱՆ 140-ԱՄՅԱԿԻՆ ՆՎԻՐՎԱԾ ՄԻՋՈՑԱՌՈՒՄՆԵՐԻ ԿԱԶՄԱԿԵՐՊՄԱՆ ՄԱՍԻՆ".www.irtek.am(in Armenian). 26 March 1998.Retrieved30 June2022.
  57. ^Seeonline copy
  58. ^"Review ofThe American Commonwealthby James Bryce ".The Quarterly Review.169:253–286. July 1889.
  59. ^Seeonline copy.
  60. ^"Review ofStudies in Contemporary Biographyby James Bryce ".The Athenaeum(3939): 522–523. 25 April 1903.

Further reading[edit]

  • "Lord Bryce’s Report on Turkish Atrocities in Armenia."Current History5#2 (1916), pp. 321–34,online
  • Auchincloss, Louis. "Lord Bryce"American Heritage(Apr/May1981) 32#3 pp 98–104.
  • Barker, Ernest. "Lord Bryce"English Historical Review37#146, (1922), pp. 219–24,online.
  • Becker, Carl. "Lord Bryce on modern democracies."Political Science Quarterly36.4 (1921): 663–675online.
  • Bradshaw, Katherine A. "The Misunderstood Public Opinion of James Bryce."Journalism History28.1 (2002): 16–25.
  • Brock, William Ranulf. "James Bryce and the Future."Proceedings of the British Academy(2002), Vol. 88, pp. 3–27.
  • DeFleur, Margaret H. "James Bryce's 19th-Century Theory of Public Opinion in the Contemporary Age of New Communications Technologies."Mass Communication and Society1.1-2 (1998): 63–84.
  • Fisher, H.A.L.James Bryce(2 vol 1927); scholarly biography;vol 1 online
  • Hammack, David C. "Elite Perceptions of Power in the Cities of the United States, 1880-1900: The Evidence of James Bryce, Moisei Ostrogorski, and Their American Informants."Journal of Urban History4.4 (1978): 363–396.
  • Hanson, Russell L. "Tyranny of the majority or fatalism of the multitude? Bryce on Democracy in America," inAmerica Through European Eyes. British and French Reflections on the New World from the Eighteenth Century to the Present,ed by Aurelian Craiutu and Jeffrey C. Isaac (Penn State UP, 2009) pp. 213–36.
  • Harvie, Christopher. "Ideology and Home Rule: James Bryce, A. V. Dicey and Ireland, 1880-1887."English Historical Review91#359, (1976), pp. 298–314,online.
  • Ions, Edmund.James Bryce and American Democracy, 1870–1922(Macmillan, 1968).online
  • Keller, Morton. "James Bryce and America,"The Wilson Quarterly124 (1988), pp. 86–95.online
  • Lambert, Robert A., and Magnus Magnusson. "James Bryce: His Access Campaign in Scotland, His Legacy and His Critics." inContested Mountains: Nature, Development and Environment in the Cairngorms Region of Scotland, 1880–1980(White Horse Press, 2001), pp. 60–73,online.
  • Lefcowitz, Allan B., et al. "James Bryce’s First Visit to America: The New England Sections of His 1870 Journal and Related Correspondence."New England Quarterly50#2, (1977), pp. 314–31,online.
  • Lessoff, Alan. "Progress before modernization: Foreign interpretations of American development in James Bryce's generation."American Nineteenth Century History1.2 (2000): 69–96.
  • McCulloch, Gary. "Sensing the realities of English middle-class education: James Bryce and the Schools Inquiry Commission, 1865–1868."History of Education40.5 (2011): 599–613.
  • Maddox, Graham. "James Bryce: Englishness and Federalism in America and Australia."Publius: The Journal of Federalism34.1 (2004): 53–69.online
  • Monger, David. "Networking against Genocide during the First World War: the international network behind the British Parliamentary report on the Armenian Genocide."Journal of Transatlantic Studies(2018) 16#3, pp. 295–316.
  • Pollard, A. F. "Lord Bryce and Modern Democracies."History7.28 (1923): 256–265online.
  • Pombeni, Paolo. "Starting in reason, ending in passion. Bryce, Lowell, Ostrogorski and the problem of democracy."Historical Journal37.2 (1994): 319–341.
  • Posner, Russell M. "The Lord and the Drayman: James Bryce vs. Denis Kearney."California Historical Quarterly50#3 (1971), pp. 277–84,online.
  • Prochaska, Frank.Eminent Victorians on American Democracy: The View from Albion(Oxford University Press, 2012).
  • Robbins Keith. "History and politics: the career of James Bryce."Journal of Contemporary History7.3 (1972): 37–52.
  • Robbins, Keith G. "Lord Bryce and the First World War."Historical Journal10.2 (1967): 255–278.online
  • Seaman, John T. Jr. (2006).A Citizen of the World: The Life of James Bryce.London/New York.ISBN978-1-84511-126-7.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Steinberg, Oded Y. (2018)."The Confirmation of the Worst Fears: James Bryce, British Diplomacy and the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896".Études Arméniennes Contemporaines(11): 15–39.doi:10.4000/eac.1913.
  • Steinberg, Oded Y. "Teutonism and Romanism: James Bryce’s Holy Roman Empire." inRace, Nation, History: Anglo-German Thought in the Victorian Era(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), pp. 134–56,online.
  • Tulloch, Hugh.James Bryce's 'American Commonwealth: The Anglo-American Background(1988).
  • Wilson, Francis G. "James Bryce on Public Opinion: Fifty Years Later."Public Opinion Quarterly3#3 (1939), pp. 420–35,online.
  • Wilson, Trevor. "Lord Bryce’s Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, 1914-15."Journal of Contemporary History14#3, (1979), pp. 369–83,online.
  • Wright, John SF. "Anglicizing the United States Constitution: James Bryce's Contribution to Australian Federalism."Publius: The Journal of Federalism31.4 (2001): 107–130.online.

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Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of ParliamentforTower Hamlets
1880–1885 		Constituency abolished
New constituency Member of ParliamentforAberdeen South
1885–1907 		Succeeded by
Political offices
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1886 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
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Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Viscount Bryce
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