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The Who in 1975

The Whoare an English rock band, whose most commercially successful line-up wasRoger Daltrey,Pete Townshend,John EntwistleandKeith Moon.Originally known as the Detours, the group performed with varying personnel in and around the London area until 1964, when Moon joined.[1]They continued to perform exclusively in Europe until their first American tour in 1967.[2]

The group's fourth album, therock operaTommy(1969) was a critical and commercial success.[3]The Who played the rock opera live from 1969 to 1970, which elevated the band's critical standing.[4]Their fifth album,Who's Nextfollowed a series of free concerts at theYoung Vic,London.[5]They continued to tour to large audiences before taking a hiatus from live performances at the end of 1976.

In 1978, Moon died of a drug overdose,[6]and the band, backed with drummerKenney Jonesand keyboardistJohn "Rabbit" Bundrick,toured 1979 and 1980 supporting their albumWho Are You.[7]After a successful tour in 1982, the band broke up.[8]Following two reunion gigs in 1985 (forLive Aid) and 1988, the band toured in 1989 with an expanded line-up.[9]The band officially reunited in 1996, starting with a two-year retrospective tour ofQuadrophenia.[10]After the death of Entwistle in 2002,[11]Townshend and Daltrey continued as the Who, releasing two new albums in 2006 and 2019 respectively and continued touring.

Early performances

[edit]
Main article:The Who 1962–63 performances

By 1962, the founding members of the Who (Daltrey, Townshend and Entwistle) were playing in the Detours regularly around West London.[12]The following February, they began a Monday night residency at the White Hart Hotel in Acton and also started playing regularly at the Oldfield Hotel in Greenford.[13]By the end of 1963, they had started to support major groups, including an opening slot forThe Rolling Stonesat St Mary's Hall, Putney on 22 December.[14]

On 2 May 1964, Moon played his first gig with the band in a pub on theNorth Circular Road.[15]That June, the group started a residency at the Railway Hotel, Harrow, which is where managersKit LambertandChris Stampfirst met them. Some footage of an early appearance at the Railway was later used for the filmThe Kids Are Alright.[16]

Marquee and national tours

[edit]

On 24 November 1964, the Who began a Tuesday night residency at theMarquee,which established their national reputation. Over the course of the following sixteen weeks, they broke attendance records in the club, and were booked for a further seven.[17]Following chart success of "I Can't Explain",the Who began to tour nationwide.[18]On 6 August 1965, the group played a major gig at the fifthNational Jazz and Blues FestivalinRichmond.[19]They played their first concerts outside the UK in September 1965, touring the Netherlands and Scandinavia.[20]Immediately afterwards, Daltrey was fired from the group, but re-hired three days later as too many gigs were booked ahead.[21]

They continued to gig continually around the UK through 1966, and underwent a second Scandinavian tour that October.[22]The group's debts, caused by regular destruction of their musical gear, meant that they needed to spend most of the time touring.[23]In January 1967, the group played theSaville Theatrefor the first time, on the same bill asJimi Hendrix.[24]They played their first tour of Italy the following month.[25]

First American tours

[edit]

On 25 March 1967, the Who played their first concerts in the US as part of the Fifth Dimension package tour at the RKO 58th Street Theater, New York. The group played five shows a day for nine days, running to a tight schedule with only two songs in their set.[26]They toured West Germany in April,[27]followed by a short Scandinavian tour.[28]

In June, the Who began their first tour in theUnited States.[29]They played their first concert at theFillmore Auditorium,San Franciscoon 16 June.[29]Two days later, they played their first major performance in the country at theMonterey Pop Festival.The Who argued backstage with Hendrix about the running order, before agreeing to go on first following a coin toss. Their performance, which included Townshend destroying aFender Stratocasterand Moon kicking over his drum kit, was filmed byD.A. Pennebaker.[30]The following month, the group began a coast-to-coast US tour withHerman's Hermits,which included a notorious after-party show inFlint, Michiganon 23 August (Moon's 21st birthday).[31]

In October, the Who began a tour of British theatres. However, the opening shows descended into violence after the group overran their stage time, causing the curtain to come down on them.[32]A two-week tour of the US began in November, which including a performance at Union Catholic High School in New Jersey on 29 November. The group spent the rest of 1967 playing sporadic gigs in the UK.[33]

The Who toured Australia and New Zealand in January 1968, along with theSmall Faces.However, the shows were a disaster, with both groups getting mocked by the local press and the bands trashing their hotel rooms.[34]After an incident that took place on a flight toSydney,the band were briefly arrested inMelbourneand then forced to leave the country;Prime MinisterJohn Gortonsent a telegram to The Who telling them never to return to Australia.[35]The Who would not return to Australia again until2004.The group spent much of the rest of the year on the road, including two lengthy US tours.[36]A final package tour with the Small Faces,Joe CockerandThe Crazy World of Arthur Browntook place in November,[37]and on 10 December, the group made a guest appearance on the television special,The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus,which was subsequently shelved by the Stones.[38]

Tommy Tour

[edit]
Main article:Tommy Tour

The Who spent the start of 1969 sporadically gigging the UK in between recording therock operaTommy.[39]They began rehearsing a live performance of the rock opera atHanwell Community Centreon 1 April, where they worked out a running order that could be played live by the group.[40]Daltrey's voice had improved, and the quality of their live shows improved.[41]

The first live performance ofTommywas a press reception atRonnie Scott'son 1 May 1969.[42]The following day, the group flew out to New York for a US tour, starting at theGrande Ballroom,Detroit.[42]On 17 August, the Who appeared at theWoodstockfestival, having been delayed from the previous evening after the show ran late. At the conclusion of "Pinball Wizard",Abbie Hoffmantook to the stage to protest about the imprisonment ofJohn Sinclairbefore being kicked offstage by Townshend, while during "See Me, Feel Me", the sun rose, almost as if on cue.[43]Two weeks later, the group played thesecond Isle of Wight Festival,using one of the largest live PAs available.[44]In October 1969, the Who played six shows at theFillmore East,whereLeonard Bernsteinpraised them for their new music.[45]The group's show on 14 December at theLondon Coliseumwas filmed for a possible futureTommyfeature.[46]The group made a second trip to the Isle of Wight, appearing at the1970 festivalon 29 August, before an audience of 600,000.[47]The last live performance for 1970 was atThe Roundhouse,London on 20 December. Townshend said "This is the very last time we'll playTommyon stage ", to which Moon promptly cried," Thank Christ for that! "[48]

Who's Next Tour

[edit]

The Who held a press conference on 13 January 1971, explaining that they would be giving a series of concerts at theYoung Victheatre, where they would develop the fictional elements of the proposed film along with the audience.[49]AfterKeith Moonhad completed his work on the film200 Motels,the group performed their first Young Vic concert on 15 February. The show included a new quadrophonicpublic address systemwhich cost £30,000; the audience was mainly invited from various organisations such as youth clubs, with only a few tickets on sale to the general public.[50]The group gave a further series of concerts at the Young Vic on 25 and 26 April, which were recorded on theRolling Stones Mobile StudiobyAndy Johns,but Townshend grew disillusioned withLifehouseand further shows were cancelled.[51]

The Who starting touring the US in July 1971, just beforeWho's Nextwas released.[52][53]The set list was revamped, and while it included a smaller selection of numbers fromTommy,several new numbers from the new album such as "My Wife","Baba O'Riley"and"Won't Get Fooled Again"became live favourites. The latter two songs involved the band playing to abacking trackcontaining the synthesizer parts.[54]The tour moved to the UK in September, including a show atThe Oval,Kenningtonin front of 35,000 fans, and the opening gig at theRainbow Theatrein Finsbury Park, before going back to the US, ending inSeattleon 15 December. The group then took eight months off touring, the longest break of their career at that point.[55]

The Who resumed touring on 11 August 1972 inFrankfurt,West Germanyas part of a European tour, which was the first time they had played together for several months.[56]The only gig for the first half of 1973 was on 10 March atThe Hague.[57]

Quadrophenia Tour

[edit]

The Who wanted to playQuadrophenialive, but would not be able to play all the instruments on the album on stage. Townshend wantedChris Staintonto accompany them as a touring keyboardist, but Daltrey objected.[58]They decided to play along to backing tapes as they had already done for "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again".[59]The group only allowed two days rehearsals, one of which was abandoned after Daltrey punched Townshend following an argument.[60]

The tour started on 28 October 1973. The original plan had been to play most of the album, but after the first gig atStoke-on-Trent,the band dropped "The Dirty Jobs", "Is It In My Head" and "I've Had Enough" from the set.[61]Both Daltrey and Townshend felt they had to describe the plot in detail to the audience, which took up valuable time on stage.[62]A few shows later inNewcastle upon Tyne,the backing tapes to "5:15" came in late. Townshend stopped the show, grabbed sound engineerBob Pridden,who was controlling the mixing desk, and dragged him onstage, shouting obscenities at him. Townshend subsequently picked up some of the tapes and threw them over the stage, kicked his amplifier over, and walked off. The band returned 20 minutes later, playing older material.[63][64]Townshend and Moon appeared on local television the following day and attempted to brush things off. The Who played two other shows in Newcastle without incident.[63]

The US tour started on 20 November at theCow Palacein San Francisco. The group were nervous about playingQuadropheniaafter the British tour, especially Moon. Before the show, he was offered sometranquillisersfrom a fan. Just after the show started, the fan collapsed and was hospitalised. Moon's playing, meanwhile, became incredibly erratic, particularly duringQuadropheniawhere he did not seem to be able to keep time with the backing tapes. Towards the end of the show, during "Won't Get Fooled Again", he passed out over his drumkit. After a 20-minute wait, Moon reappeared onstage, but after a few bars of "Magic Bus", collapsed again, and was immediately taken to hospital.[65]Scot Halpin,an audience member, convinced promoterBill Grahamto let him play drums, and the group closed the show with him. Moon had a day to recover, and by the next show atThe Forum,was playing at his usual strength.[66]

The group began to get used to the backing tapes, and the remainder of gigs for the US tour were successful.[67]The tour continued in February 1974, with a short series of gigs in France.[68]The final show at thePalais des Sports de GerlandinLyonon the 24th was the last timeQuadropheniawas played as a stage piece with Moon, who died in 1978. Townshend later said that Daltrey "ended up hatingQuadrophenia– probably because it had bitten back ".[69]

The Who played a sporadic selection of shows for the rest of 1974. On 18 May, they headlined the "Summer of 74" festival atThe Valleyin front of an estimated 80,000 people.[70]On 10-11 and 13-14 June, the group played atMadison Square Garden,their first show in New York in almost three years.[71]

The Who by Numbers Tour

[edit]
Main article:The Who by Numbers Tour

The Who began their "Greatest Rock and Roll Band In The World" tour on 3 October 1975, the same day thatThe Who By Numberswas released.[72]They toured the UK and Europe before flying to the US in November, and ended the year with three of shows at theHammersmith Odeonfrom 21-23 December.[73]

Owing to group debts, the Who spent much of 1976 touring. This included lengthy coast-to-coast trips across the US, playing in large arenas and stadiums, and was the most extensive tour they had undertaken in five years.[74]On 31 May, they headlined the "Who Put The Boot In" festival at The Valley in front of 60,000 fans. The concert earned them a world record for the loudest band, with concert volume registering 120decibels.[75]This was followed by similar shows at Celtic Park, Glasgow and Swansea City Football Ground.[76]The final date of the tour was inToronto, Canadaon 21 October, which was Moon's last public performance.[77]

The Kids Are Alrightconcerts

[edit]

After the 1976 concerts, the Who were inactive during the first half of 1977, during which timepunk rockbecame popular, with several punk bands citing the group as an influence. When they reconvened in September to work onThe Kids Are Alright,Townshend announced there would be no touring.[78]The only concert played that year was a closed show at theGaumont State Cinema,Kilburnon 15 December. It was intended to be used forThe Kids Are Alrightbut almost none of the footage appeared in the final cut.[79]

Unhappy with the Gaumont performance, the Who played another show atShepperton Studioson 25 May 1978 in front of a hand-picked audience of 500.[80]The performances of "Baba O'Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again" were used in the finished film. It was the last concert Moon played with the group; he died on 7 September.[81]

With Kenney Jones

[edit]

Following Moon's death, the Who recruited drummerKenney Jonesand played their first concert together at theRainbow Theatreon 2 May 1979.[82]They played a number of other shows in the UK and Europe over summer, before beginning a tour of the US in September.[83]On 3 December, at the group's performance at theRiverfront Coliseum,Cincinnati,Ohio,eleven fans died after being crushed in a stampede to get into the stadium.[84]The group continued to tour the US into 1980.[85]

At the start of 1981, the Who played their longest British tour in ten years.[86]In late 1982, they toured the US as the First Farewell Tour, playing their final show inToronto.[87]

Concert tours and performances

[edit]
Year Duration Shows
1962–1963 July 1962 – 29 December 1963(England) 166
Then known as the Detours,Roger Daltrey,Pete Townshend,andJohn Entwistleperform with varying personnel in and around the London area.
1964 2 January 1964 – 31 December 1964(United Kingdom) 193
The group becomes the Who (and for a short period, the High Numbers), performing strictly in England. In May, drummerKeith Moonjoins Daltrey, Townshend, and Entwistle, completing the band's classic lineup.[1]They release their first two singles, "Zoot Suit/I'm the Face"(as the High Numbers)[88]and "I Can't Explain".[89]
1965 1 January 1965 – 24 December 1965(Europe) 263
The band performed mostly in the United Kingdom, with a few dates in Paris and a short tour of Scandinavia. Supported releases include "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere","My Generation"and thealbum of the same name.[90]
1966 1 January 1966 – 31 December 1966(Europe) 222
Performances mostly in the United Kingdom, with various short tours around Continental Europe. Supported releases include "Substitute","I'm a Boy",My Generation,andA Quick One.[91]
1967 6 January 1967 – 30 December 1967(Europe, North America) 217
Performances in the United Kingdom and Europe, as well as the band's first trips to North America.[2]Supported releases include "Pictures of Lily",A Quick One,andThe Who Sell Out.
1968 1 January 1968 – 21 December 1968(Worldwide) 156
Dates in the United Kingdom and tours of Australia/New Zealand and North America. Supported releases includeThe Who Sell Outand "Magic Bus".[92]
1969 18 January 1969 – 19 December 1969(Europe, North America) 113
Various dates in the United Kingdom and three separate trips to North America; the group also performs its first opera house shows later in the year in support ofTommy.[2]
1970 16 January 1970 – 20 December 1970(Europe, United States) 74
Opera house dates in Europe, as well as various dates and tours of the United Kingdom and the United States, supportingTommy.[4]The live albumLive at Leedswas recorded in February.[93]
1971 4 January 1971 – 15 December 1971(United Kingdom, United States) 73
A series of performances at theYoung Vicin London for theLifehouseproject,[5]as well as tours of the United Kingdom and the United States supportingWho's Next.[94]
1972 11 August 1972 – 14 September 1972(Europe) 17
A five-week European tour promotingWho's Next.[95]
1973 10 March 1973 – 23 December 1973(Europe, North America) 27
One TV live special in the Netherlands early in the year, with tours of England and North America later in the year in support ofQuadrophenia.[96]
1974 9 February 1974 – 14 June 1974(Europe, United States) 15
A tour of France, sporadic dates in England, and four shows in New York, supportingQuadrophenia.[97]
1975 3 October 1975 – 23 December 1975(Europe, North America) 43
Tours of Europe and North America supportingThe Who By Numbers.[98]
1976 27 February 1976 – 21 October 1976(Europe, North America) 36
Two tours of North America and sporadic dates in the United Kingdom and Europe, supportingThe Who By Numbers.The group's last tours with Keith Moon.[99]
1977–1978 15 December 1977 – 25 May 1978(England) 2
Two special performances in London filmed forThe Kids Are Alrightdocumentary, marking Keith Moon's last performances before his death.[100]
1979 2 May 1979 – 28 December 1979(Europe, United States) 35
New drummerKenney Jonesand keyboardistJohn "Rabbit" Bundrickjoined the band for a brief run of shows throughout Europe in the summer and fall and the New York metro area in September.[7]These shows serve to reestablish the Who as a band. In the late autumn, the band undertake a short tour of the Midwest and Northeast promotingThe Kids Are AlrightandQuadropheniafilms.Eleven fans diedprior to a 3 December show inCincinnati.[101]
1980 26 March 1980 – 16 July 1980(Europe, North America) 43
European warm-up dates and two tours of North America, supportingWho Are You.[102]
1981 25 January 1981 – 28 March 1981(Europe) 27
Tour of the United Kingdom and an appearance on the German TV programRockpalast,supportingFace Dances.[103]
1982 10 September 1982 – 17 December 1982(England, North America) 42
Two warm-up shows inBirmingham,England, followed by two tours of North America, supportingIt's Hard.Tim Gormanserves as the keyboardist for the year, while the group intended at the time for this to be their last tour.[104]The live albumWho's Lastis recorded in North America.[9]
1985 and 1988 13 July 1985 – 8 February 1988(England) 2
The band reunited for short performances atLive Aidin 1985 and again for the 1988BPI Awards,their last appearances with Kenney Jones.[9]
1989 21 June 1989 – 2 November 1989(North America, England) 50
Reunion tours of North America and England with drummerSimon Phillipsand several other supporting musicians and singers, including lead guitaristSteve Bolton.[9]The live albumJoin Together[105]and part of theTommy and Quadrophenia LiveDVD were recorded.
1996–1997 29 June 1996 – 16 August 1997(Europe, North America) 72
The group reunites again for a charity show inHyde Parkwith drummerZak Starkeyand a number of other support musicians for a full-scale performances ofQuadrophenia;tours of North America and Europe followed.[10]Part of theTommy and Quadrophenia LiveDVD was recorded.
1999 29 October 1999 – 31 December 1999(United States, England) 8
The band played as a five-piece for the first time since 1982, including two acoustic shows for theBridge School Benefitand two charity shows in Chicago, followed by two Christmas shows in London.[106]The live albumsThe Vegas JobandBlues to the Bushwere recorded.
2000 6 June 2000 – 27 November 2000(United States, United Kingdom) 38
Tours of the United States and England, the last charity date at theRoyal Albert Hallin London was released as alive albumandDVD.[106]
2002 27 January 2002 – 28 September 2002(England, North America) 32
Five shows in England early in the year marked the group's final performances withJohn Entwistle.A North American tour commenced at theHollywood Bowlwith bassistPino Palladinoa few days after Entwistle's death.[106]TheEncore Series 2002includes all but two shows from the North American tour.
2004 22 March 2004 – 9 August 2004(Worldwide) 18
A series of dates in the United Kingdom and the United States in addition to the band's first trip to Japan and their first shows in Australia since 1968.[107]Supporting theThen and Nowcompilation album, which included two new songs. Shows are chronicled in theEncore Series 2004.
2005 11 June 2005 – 2 July 2005(Europe, North America) 3
Charity acoustic performance in New York and an appearance atLive 8,the latter with bassist Damon Minchella and drummerSteve Whitefilling in for Pino Palladino and Zak Starkey.[107]
2006–2007 7 June 2006 – 1 December 2007(Europe, North America) 113
Tours of the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States, supportingEndless Wire.[107]Shows are chronicled in theEncore Series 2006 and 2007
2008–2009 13 April 2008 – 21 May 2009(Worldwide) 30
Various shows in England and the United States as well as tours of North America, Japan, and New Zealand/Australia.
2010 4 February 2010 – 30 March 2010(United States, England) 3
The band was the featured act for theSuper Bowl XLIVhalftime show.[108]They also performedQuadropheniafor theirTeenage Cancer Trustconcert in London.
2011 13 January 2011(England) 1
A short performance in London for the Killing Cancer charity.
2012–2013 12 August 2012 – 8 July 2013(North America, Europe) 52
The Who toured North America for the first time since 2008, (their first appearance in North America since theirSuper Bowl XLIVperformance). They performedQuadropheniain its entirety, as well as an encore set of Who classics such as "Who Are You","Behind Blue Eyes","Pinball Wizard","The Kids Are Alright","Baba O'Riley","Won't Get Fooled Again",and" Tea & Theatre ".[109]Daltrey and Townshend were once again joined by drummerZak Starkey,bassistPino Palladino,guitarist and vocalistSimon Townshend,as well as first-time touring membersChris Stainton(keyboards),Loren Gold(keyboards/backing vocals),Frank Simes(musical director, keyboards, backing vocals, percussion),[110]and a 2-piece horn section.
2014–2016 23 November 2014 – 29 May 2016(Worldwide) 69
The group undertook its "long goodbye" with its first ever appearance in theUnited Arab Emiratesfollowed by a UK leg.[111]2015 saw dates in Europe and two long legs in North America. The personnel from the previous tour was retained, minus the horn section.
2016 11 June 2016 – 16 October 2016(Europe, North America) 13
A continuity of the previous tour, consisting of concerts in Europe and North America. The tour was announced on 3 May 2016. The personnel from the previous tour was retained.
Tommy2017 30 March 2017 – 12 April 2017(United Kingdom) 7
A BritishTommy(plus hits) 7-date concert tour.[112]
2017 13 July 2017 – 1 October 2017(North America, South America) 19
A 19-date North & South American concert tour.
2019–2021 7 May 2019 – 29 March 2021(North America, United Kingdom) 56
A 56-show symphonic concert tour of North America and the U.K., partially supporting their albumWho.[113]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^abMcMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 14.
  2. ^abcMcMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 53.
  3. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 83.
  4. ^abAtkins 2000,p. 137.
  5. ^abSnow 2015,p. 111.
  6. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 292.
  7. ^abMcMichael & Lyons 1997,pp. 179–180.
  8. ^Whitaker 2015.
  9. ^abcdMcMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 197.
  10. ^abMcMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 201.
  11. ^Snow 2015,p. 205.
  12. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 26.
  13. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 28-29.
  14. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 33.
  15. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 51.
  16. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 54–56.
  17. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 61.
  18. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 68.
  19. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 90.
  20. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 93.
  21. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 94.
  22. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 110, 139.
  23. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 146.
  24. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 152.
  25. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 154.
  26. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 156–7.
  27. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 159.
  28. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 162.
  29. ^abNeill & Kent 2002,p. 166.
  30. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 167.
  31. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 171, 175.
  32. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 183.
  33. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 185–187.
  34. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 189.
  35. ^Townshend 2012,p. 142.
  36. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 190.
  37. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 193.
  38. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 216–218.
  39. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 226–227.
  40. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 229.
  41. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 230.
  42. ^abNeill & Kent 2002,p. 231.
  43. ^Marsh 1983,p. 350.
  44. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 239.
  45. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 241–242.
  46. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 243.
  47. ^Atkins 2000,p. 136.
  48. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 271.
  49. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 273.
  50. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 278.
  51. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 281.
  52. ^Marsh 1983,p. 389.
  53. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 287.
  54. ^Marsh 1983,p. 392.
  55. ^Marsh 1983,p. 393.
  56. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 307.
  57. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 324.
  58. ^Marsh 1983,pp. 425–426.
  59. ^Marsh 1983,p. 247,359.
  60. ^Fletcher 1998,p. 359.
  61. ^Unterberger 2011,p. 232.
  62. ^Fletcher 1998,p. 360.
  63. ^abNeill & Kent 2002,p. 336.
  64. ^Perrone 2008.
  65. ^Fletcher 1998,p. 361.
  66. ^Fletcher 1998,p. 362.
  67. ^Fletcher 1998,p. 363.
  68. ^Fletcher 1998,p. 369.
  69. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 346.
  70. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 351.
  71. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 354–355.
  72. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 376.
  73. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 379–381.
  74. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 383.
  75. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 387.
  76. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 387–388.
  77. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 391.
  78. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 393.
  79. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 406.
  80. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 412.
  81. ^Neill & Kent 2002,pp. 412, 416.
  82. ^Marsh 1983,p. 509.
  83. ^Marsh 1983,p. 510.
  84. ^Marsh 1983,p. 512.
  85. ^Marsh 1983,p. 513.
  86. ^Marsh 1983,p. 521.
  87. ^Marsh 1983,p. 524.
  88. ^Atkins 2000,p. 31.
  89. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 31.
  90. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 19.
  91. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 37.
  92. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,pp. 69–70.
  93. ^Snow 2015,p. 96.
  94. ^Snow 2015,p. 119.
  95. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,pp. 147–148.
  96. ^Neill & Kent 2002,p. 226.
  97. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 163.
  98. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 166.
  99. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,pp. 172–173.
  100. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 178.
  101. ^Flippo 1980.
  102. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 188.
  103. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,p. 191.
  104. ^McMichael & Lyons 1997,pp. 192–193.
  105. ^Erlewine.
  106. ^abcSnow 2015,pp. 204–206.
  107. ^abcSnow 2015,p. 214.
  108. ^Browne 2010.
  109. ^Roberts 2013.
  110. ^The Who: Quadrophenia and More.
  111. ^Snow 2015,p. 219.
  112. ^Lach 2016.
  113. ^Greene 2019.

References

[edit]
  • Atkins, John (2000).The Who on Record: A Critical History, 1963–1998.McFarland.ISBN978-0-7864-0609-8.
  • Fletcher, Tony(1998).Dear Boy: The Life of Keith Moon.Omnibus Press.ISBN978-1-84449-807-9.
  • Marsh, Dave(1983).Before I Get Old: The Story of The Who.Plexus.ISBN978-0-85965-083-0.
  • McMichael, Joe; Lyons, "Irish" Jack (1997).The Who Concert File.Omnibus.ISBN0-7119-6316-9.
  • Neill, Andy; Kent, Matt (2002).Anyway Anyhow Anywhere: The Complete Chronicle of The Who 1958–1978.Barnes & Noble.ISBN978-1-40276-691-6.
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  • Townshend, Pete(2012).Who I Am: A Memoir.HarperCollins.ISBN978-0-06-212726-6.
  • Unterberger, Richie(2011).Won't Get Fooled Again: The Who from Lifehouse to Quadrophenia.Jawbone.ISBN978-1-90600-235-0.
  • Browne, David (10 February 2010)."The Who's Townshend Reveals the Story Behind Big Super Bowl Set".Rolling Stone.Retrieved22 January2020.
  • Erlewine, Stephen Thomas."Join Together - The Who".AllMusic.Retrieved22 January2020.
  • Flippo, Chet (24 January 1980)."Rock & Roll Tragedy: Why 11 Died at the Who's Cincinnati Concert".Rolling Stone.Retrieved22 January2020.
  • Greene, Andy (14 January 2019)."The Who Announce U.S. Dates for 'Moving On!' Symphonic Tour".Rolling Stone.Retrieved22 January2020.
  • Lach, Stef (23 November 2016)."The Who to Perform Tommy in Full on 2017 UK Tour".Classic Rock.Retrieved22 January2020.
  • Perrone, Pierre (24 January 2008)."The worst gigs of all time".The Independent.Retrieved23 January2020.
  • Roberts, Randall (31 January 2013)."Review: The Who Performs 'Quadrophenia' and More at Staples Center".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved22 January2020.
  • Whitaker, Sterling (16 December 2015)."Revisiting the Who's First Breakup".Ultimate Classic Rock.Retrieved22 January2020.
  • "The Who: Quadrophenia and More".KFC Yum! Center.16 February 2013.Retrieved22 January2020.
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