Through a Glass Darkly(film)

Through a Glass Darkly
Swedish theatrical release poster
Directed by	Ingmar Bergman
Written by	Ingmar Bergman
Produced by	Allan Ekelund
Starring	Harriet Andersson Gunnar Björnstrand Max von Sydow Lars Passgård
Cinematography	Sven Nykvist
Edited by	Ulla Ryghe
Music by	Erik Nordgren Johann Sebastian Bach
Distributed by	Janus Films
Release date	16 October 1961(1961-10-16)
Running time	91 minutes
Country	Sweden
Language	Swedish

Through a Glass Darkly(Swedish:Såsom i en spegel,lit. 'As in a Mirror') is a 1961 Swedishdramafilm written and directed byIngmar Bergman,and starringHarriet Andersson,Gunnar Björnstrand,Max von SydowandLars Passgård.The film tells the story of aschizophrenicyoung woman (Andersson) vacationing on a remote island with her husband (von Sydow), novelist father (Björnstrand), and frustrated younger brother (Passgård).

Bergman structured the film as athree-actplay, drawing on his personal experiences and relationships. The film was his first of several shot on the island ofFårö,at the recommendation of cinematographerSven Nykvist.The score incorporates the music ofJohann Sebastian Bach.Themes explored include the equation of God with love, exploitation in art, psychosis, and sexuality.

Through a Glass Darklywas released to positive reviews, specifically for Andersson's performance, and won theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.It was followed by Bergman's thematically related 1963 filmsWinter LightandThe Silence.

Plot

The story takes place during a 24-hour period while four family members take their vacation on a remote island, shortly after one of them, Karin, is released from an asylum where she has been treated forschizophrenia.Karin's husband Martin (von Sydow), a respected doctor, tells her father David (Björnstrand) that Karin's disease is almost incurable. Meanwhile, Minus (Passgård), Karin's 17-year-old brother, tells Karin that he wishes he could have a real conversation with his father and feels deprived of his father's affection. David is anovelistsuffering from "writer's block"who has just returned from a long trip abroad. He announces he will leave again in a month, though he promised he would stay. The others perform a play for him that Minus has written. David, while feigning approval of the play, takes offence since the play can be interpreted as an attack on his character.

That night, after rejecting Martin'seroticovertures, Karin wakes up and follows the sound of afoghornto the attic. She faints after an episode in which shehears voicesbehind the peeling wallpaper. She then enters David's room and looks through his desk and finds his diary, seeing his description of her disease as incurable. She discovers his callous desire to record the details of her deterioration. The following morning, David and Martin, while fishing, confront each other over Karin. Martin accuses David of sacrificing his daughter for his art and of beingself-absorbed,callous, cowardly, and phony. David is evasive but admits that much of what Martin says is true. David says that he recently triedto kill himselfby driving over a cliff but was saved by a faultytransmission.He says that after that, he discovered that he loves Karin, Minus and Martin, and this gives him hope. Meanwhile, Karin tells Minus about her episodes, and that she is waiting for God to appear behind the wallpaper in the attic. Minus is somewhat sexually frustrated, and Karin teases him, even more so after she discovers that he hides apornographic magazine.Later, on the beach, when Karin sees that a storm is coming, she runs into a wrecked ship and huddles in fear. Minus goes to her and they engage inincestuoussexual activity.

Minus tells the other men about the incident in the ship and Martin calls for an ambulance. Karin asks to speak with her father alone. She confesses her misconduct toward Martin and Minus, saying that a voice told her to act that way and also to search David's desk. She tells David she would like to remain at the hospital, because she cannot go back and forth between two realities but must choose one. While they are packing to go to the hospital, she runs to the attic where Martin and David observe her actions. She says that God is about to walk out of the closet door, and asks her husband to allow her to enjoy the moment. She becomes fixated on a crack in the wall out of which a spider emerges. The ambulance, a helicopter, flies by the window, making a lot of noise and shaking the door open. Karin moves toward the door eagerly but then she runs from it, terrified, and goes into a frenzy of panic. Karin vanishes and, reappearing in a frenzy, is sedated. When she stands, she tells them of God: an evil-faced spider who tried to penetrate her. She looked into God's eyes, and they were "cold and calm," and when God failed to penetrate her he retreated onto the wall. "I have seen God," she announces.

Karin and Martin leave in the helicopter. Minus tells his father that he is afraid, because when Karin had grabbed him in the ship, he began leaving ordinary reality. He asks his father if he can survive that way. David tells him he can if he has "something to hold on to". He tells Minus of his own hope:love.David and his son discuss the concept of love as it relates to God, and they find solace in the idea that their own love may help sustain Karin. Minus is grateful and in awe that he finally had a real conversation with his father, uttering: "Papa spoke to me".

Cast

• Harriet Andersson– Karin
• Gunnar Björnstrand– David
• Max von Sydow– Martin
• Lars Passgård– Minus

Production

Development

Bergman's relationship with his wifeKäbi Lareteiinfluenced the film, which is dedicated to her.

AfterIngmar Bergmanmade notes on his ideas for the film in his diary, drawing on his personal experiences in planning to meet and reconcile with his parents Karin andErik Bergman,Ingmar wrote the screenplay on the island ofToröin theStockholm archipelago.He imagined it as a three-act play, where the acts serve as "mirror panels," showing the same thing from different angles.This led to the phrase from the Biblical passage1 Corinthians 13being used as the film's title.

Bergman claimed the inspiration for the character of Karin was a woman he had lived with when he was younger. He reported she heard voices telling her to do things.The scene where David describes hisattempted suicideis also inspired by Bergman's real-life attempt in Switzerland, before makingSmiles of a Summer Nightin 1955.Bergman explained that "while I was preparing the film, I became interested in the human drama surrounding another human being who really was in the process of slipping away".He also referred to his screenplay as "a desperate attempt to present a simple philosophy: God is love, and love is God".Bergman later regretted that message as lacking truth,and acknowledged that the optimistic epilogue was "tacked loosely onto the end," causing him to feel "ill at ease" when later confronted with it.He added that "I was touching on a divine concept that is real, but then smeared a diffuse veneer of love all over it."

While working onThrough a Glass Darkly,he was adaptingThe SeagullbyAnton Chekhovin theRoyal Dramatic Theatre,and borrowed an idea fromThe Seagullin having Minus write a play.Bergman dedicated the film to his then-wifeKäbi Laretei,with influence from what he described as their "complicated, staged relationship".

Casting

Actor		Role
Harriet Andersson	...	Karin
Gunnar Björnstrand	...	David
Max von Sydow	...	Martin
Lars Passgård	...	Minus

In keeping with his idea of the film being a "chamber play" in the mold of the work ofAugust Strindberg,Bergman referred to his cast as a "string quartet".Bergman sent Andersson the screenplay, with Andersson initially declining, saying the role would be too challenging for her. She said Bergman replied with "Don't give me that load of shit!"To prepare, Andersson contacted a nurse to discuss schizophrenia.At the time,Lars Passgårdwas a novice actor.

Filming

CinematographerSven Nykvistand directorIngmar BergmanshootingThrough a Glass Darkly.

Through a Glass Darklywas filmed on the island ofFårö,at cinematographerSven Nykvist's recommendation.It was Bergman's first film shot there, where he would film several more.Nykvist developed his style with the film, employing few camera movements.The director and cinematographer had very serious conversations in which they rethought how lighting should be employed.Nykvist and Bergman also planned to makeThrough a Glass Darklyas their first colour film collaboration, but were unhappy with the look of the colour shots they tested.

The film relies on natural sounds to convey silence in the characters' lives, withcellomusic after the incest scene being an exception.Four interpretations of Sarabande fromSuite No. 2 in D minor for Cello, BWV 1008byJohann Sebastian Bachare used in the film, with cellistErling Blöndal Bengtssonproviding all of them.

Release

In Sweden, the film was released bySF Studioson 16 October 1961.The film also screened at the12th Berlin International Film Festivalduring June and July 1962.

Janus Filmslaunched the film's U.S. release inNew York Cityon 13 March 1962, delaying it until the finalists for theAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Filmwere announced. Janus also promoted its Oscar campaign by screening it for Academy members inLos Angelesbefore voting occurred.On 19 August 2003,The Criterion Collectionreleased the film onDVDinRegion 1,along with Begman's filmsWinter LightandThe SilenceandVilgot Sjöman's documentaryIngmar Bergman Makes a Movie.On 20 November 2018, Criterion included aBlu-rayversion, along with 38 other Bergman films, in the setIngmar Bergman's CinemainRegion A.

Reception

Critical reception

Numerous critics praised the performance ofHarriet Andersson.

In Sweden, the film received positive reviews for its characters,minimalistscreenplay, andHarriet Andersson's performance.Varietystaff describedThrough a Glass Darklyas "Not a pleasant film, it is a great one".Time's review praised it as "one of the best and certainly the ripest of Ingmar Bergman's creations".InThe New York Times,Bosley Crowthercalled the film "tightly constructed and starkly realistic," and Andersson "beautifully expressive of the haunting awareness, the agony of madness, that move the girl".U.S. criticBrendan Gillcalled Andersson "well-nigh perfect".U.K. criticTom Milnewrote that despite a concept suggesting "angst and self-torture," the film is "warm and highly controlled," and Andersson is brilliant.The New RepubliccriticStanley Kauffmann,calling it "aStrindbergianstudy in mental torment, "wrote its scenes were" gripping "and Andersson is" stark, beleaguered, volatile ".The film ranked 8th onCahiers du Cinéma'sTop 10 Films of the Year Listin 1962.In 1996,Through a Glass Darklywas included inMovielineMagazine's "100 Greatest Foreign Films".

Much of the criticism focused on the ending, where the characters appear overly calm despite losing Karin, and God is simply equated with love.In 2008,Roger Ebertadded the film to hisGreat Movieslist, impressed by Nykvist's lighting and concluding "we're struck by Bergman's deep concern that humans see the world as through a glass, darkly, and are unable to perceive its meaning".In his2014 Movie Guide,Leonard Maltingave the film three and a half stars, describing it as a "Moody, evocative story of insanity".The film has a 100% rating onRotten Tomatoes,based on 27 reviews, with aweighted averageof 8.70/10.

Awards and honors

The film won the1962Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film,marking the second year in a row Bergman had won the award, afterThe Virgin Springin 1961.Harriet Andersson attended the ceremony to accept the Academy Award on Bergman's behalf.The film was also in competition for theGolden Bearat the12th Berlin International Film Festival.

Award	Date of ceremony	Category	Recipient(s)	Result	Ref(s)
Academy Awards	9 April 1962	Best Foreign Language Film	Sweden	Won
	8 April 1963	Best Original Screenplay	Ingmar Bergman	Nominated
BAFTA Awards	1963	Best Film	Through a Glass Darkly	Nominated
		Best Foreign Actress	Harriet Andersson	Nominated
National Board of Review	21 December 1962	Top Foreign Films	Through a Glass Darkly	Won

Themes

The genre of "family drama" is one analytic approach, with academic Frank Gado referring to Minus as the "consciousness" of this portrayal of family.The tense relationship between the family members is revealed in the meal scene, where David's children are dismayed by his intentions to leave soon after returning to the family, placing a damper on the joy of the occasion.Minus expresses his desire, "I wish I could talk to Papa just once".Minus' play also reveals conflicts. Gado wrote that thestory within a storytakes place in Saint Teresa's Chapel, withSaint Teresahaving used the "interior castle"as a symbol of the soul.While appearing to be "Gothic nonsense", Gado argued that Minus was attempting to tell David that he has always fallen short of greatness as a writer, and that Minus' character uses art to explain his failings in love, in much the same way David retreats to writing to avoid being with Karin. Gado further argued that David's blindfolding before the performance signifies his eyes opening to reality.

The fact that David plans to use Karin's condition as a source for his writing creates a "portrait of the artist as charlatan, windbag, and heartless exploiter", essayist Peter Matthews wrote.In the end, when David shares his thoughts of love as God to Minus, Gado believed Minus is most impressed not by the theory but the "face to face" encounter with his father and the sharing of love, signified in Minus' closing line "Papa spoke to me".

In Karin's relationship with her husband,psychiatristBarbara Young wrote Karin appears "withdrawn" sexually from Martin, but her sexuality is "still alive in her psychosis".Young observed what she described as a "flirtatious"relationship she has with Minus, and when she hears voices, she" massages her thighs in a sexual way ".Her sexuality and knowledge of Minus'sexual frustrationis what leads her toincestwith Minus, and why they defy theincest taboo,Young wrote.She believed it was this episode of incest that finally led Karin to realize that she "can't live in two worlds".

Karin envisions God as a "spider-god".Bergman's next film,Winter Lightexplains the metaphor when the character Tomas, played by Björnstrand, relates the spider-god to suffering, as opposed to his previous ideas of a God of love that provides comfort.The story ends with a discussion of how God is love, a question further explored inWinter Light,which asks if understanding God is as simple as that.OneWinter Lightcharacter mocks the idea of God as love, quoting the end ofThrough a Glass Darklyexactly.The titleThrough a Glass Darklyis derived from1 Corinthians 13,which Gado observed also follows themes of "faith, hope and love".

Legacy

Main articles:Winter LightandThe Silence (1963 film)

Through a Glass Darklyis sometimes considered the first film in a trilogy that includesWinter LightandThe Silence,and focuses on spiritual issues. Bergman writes, "These three films deal with reduction.Through a Glass Darkly– conquered certainty.Winter Light– penetrated certainty.The Silence– God's silence – the negative imprint. Therefore, they constitute a trilogy ".He later retracted his claim the films form a trilogy.

Bergman would return to Fårö to shoot several more films, includingPersona(1966),Hour of the Wolf(1968),Shame(1968),The Passion of Anna(1969),Fårö Document(1969) andThe Touch(1971).Fårö Documentis a documentary, while the others use the island for symbolism and have been termed the "island films".

In 2004, producer Andrew Higgie persuaded Bergman to allow a stage version of the work, initially intended for a production byAndrew UptonandCate Blanchettduring their time as Co-Artistic Directors atSydney Theatre Company.Upton relinquished the project to Jenny Worton,dramaturgof theAlmeida Theatre,London, where it was presented in July 2010, starringRuth Wilsonin the lead role of Karin.

See also

• List of films featuring mental illness
• List of submissions to the 34th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
• List of Swedish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Balio, Tino (2010).The Foreign Film Renaissance on American Screens, 1946–1973.University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN978-0299247935.
• Bergman, Ingmar; Worton, Jenny (2010).Through a Glass Darkly.London: Nick Hern Books.ISBN978-1-84842-123-3.
• Gado, Frank (1986).The Passion of Ingmar Bergman.Durham: Duke University Press.ISBN0822305860.
• Garcia, Carla Ambrósio (2016). "The Caesuras inThrough a Glass Darkly".Bion in Film Theory and Analysis: The Retreat in Film.Routledge.ISBN978-1317274520.
• Gervais, Marc (2001).Ingmar Bergman: Magician and Prophet.Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.ISBN077352004X.
• Hart, Kylo-Patrick R. (2008). "The Auteur Filmmaker as Star: Reading the Films of Ingmar Bergman as Autobiographical Acts".Film and Television Stardom.Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
• Luko, Alexis (2015). "Through a Glass Darkly (1961)".Sonatas, Screams, and Silence: Music and Sound in the Films of Ingmar Bergman.Routledge.ISBN978-1135022730.
• Maltin, Leonard(2013).Leonard Maltin's 2014 Movie Guide.A Signet Book.
• Marker, Lise-Lone; Marker, Frederick J. (1992).Ingmar Bergman: A Life in the Theater(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN0521421217.
• Pamerleau, William C. (2009). "Religiosity in the Films of Ingmar Bergman".Existentialist Cinema.Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-0230235465.
• Sadoul, Georges (1972).Dictionary of Films.Translated by Peter Morris. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.ISBN0520021525.
• Shargel, Raphael, ed. (2007).Ingmar Bergman: Interviews.University Press of Mississippi.ISBN978-1578062188.
• Singer, Irving (2009).Ingmar Bergman, Cinematic Philosopher: Reflections on His Creativity.Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The MIT Press.ISBN978-0262264815.
• Steene, Birgitta (2005).Ingmar Bergman: A Reference Guide.Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.ISBN9053564063.
• Vermilye, Jerry (1 January 2002).Ingmar Bergman: His Life and Films.McFarland & Company Publishers.ISBN978-0-7864-1160-3.
• Young, Barbara (15 October 2015).The Persona of Ingmar Bergman: Conquering Demons through Film.Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN9781442245662.

External links

• Through a Glass DarklyatIMDb
• Through a Glass DarklyatAllMovie
• Through a Glass Darklyat theSwedish Film Institute Database
• Through a Glass Darkly: Patron Saint of Angstan essay by Peter Matthews at theCriterion Collection