Thutmose I
Thutmose I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Thutmosis, Tuthmosis, Thothmes in Latinized Greek | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() A stone head, most likely depicting Thutmose I, at theBritish Museum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reign | 12 regnal yrs 1506–1493 BC (low chronology) 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | Amenhotep I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Thutmose II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consort | Ahmose Mutnofret | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | Thutmose II Hatshepsut Amenmose Wadjmose Nefrubity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Father | Unknown (possiblyAmenhotep IorAhmose Sapair) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mother | Senseneb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 1493 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Burial | KV20,laterKV38;Mummy found in theDeir el-Bahriroyal cache(Theban Necropolis) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monuments | Pylons IV and V, two obelisks, and a hypostyle hall atKarnak | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynasty | 18th Dynasty |
Thutmose I(sometimes read asThutmosisorTuthmosis I,Thothmesin older history works in Latinized Greek; meaning "Thothis born ") was the thirdpharaohof the18th DynastyofEgypt.He received the throne after the death of the previous king,Amenhotep I.During his reign, he campaigned deep into the Levant andNubia,pushing the borders of Egypt farther than ever before in each region. He also built many temples in Egypt, and a tomb for himself in theValley of the Kings;he is the first king confirmed to have done this (though Amenhotep I may have preceded him).
Thutmose I's reign isgenerally dated to 1506–1493 BC,but a minority of scholars—who think that astrological observations used to calculate the timeline of ancient Egyptian records, and thus the reign of Thutmose I, were taken from the city ofMemphisrather than fromThebes—would date his reign to 1526–1513 BC.[2][3]He was succeeded by his sonThutmose II,who in turn was succeeded by Thutmose II's sister,Hatshepsut.
Family
[edit]It has been speculated that Thutmose's father wasAmenhotep I.His mother,Senseneb,was of non-royal parentage and may have been a lesser wife or concubine.[4]Queen Ahmose,who held the title ofGreat Royal Wifeof Thutmose, was probably the daughter ofAhmose Iand the sister of Amenhotep I;[5]but she was never called "king's daughter," so there is some doubt about this, and some historians believe she was Thutmose's sister.[6]Assuming she was related to Amenhotep, one might speculate that she was married to Thutmose in order to guarantee succession. This is known not to be the case for two reasons. First, Amenhotep's alabaster bark built atKarnakassociates Amenhotep's name with Thutmose's name well before Amenhotep's death.[7]Second, Thutmose's first-born son with Ahmose,Amenmose,was apparently born long before Thutmose's coronation. He can be seen on a stela from Thutmose's fourth regnal year hunting near Memphis, and he became the "great army-commander of his father" sometime before his death, which was no later than Thutmose's own death in his 12th regnal year.[8]Thutmose had another son,Wadjmose,and two daughters,HatshepsutandNefrubity,by Ahmose. Wadjmose died before his father, and Nefrubity died as an infant.[9]
Thutmose had also one son by his another wife,Mutnofret,who was likely a daughter ofAhmose Iand a sister ofAmenhotep I.[10]This son succeeded him asThutmose II,whom Thutmose I married to his daughter, Hatshepsut.[9]It was later recorded by Hatshepsut that Thutmose willed the kingship to both Thutmose II and Hatshepsut, but this is considered propaganda by Hatshepsut's supporters to legitimise her claim to the throne when she later assumed power.[11]
Reign
[edit]Dates and length of reign
[edit]Aheliacal risingofSothiswas recorded in the reign of Thutmose's predecessor, Amenhotep I, which has been dated to1517 BC,assuming the observation was made atThebes.[12]The year of Amenhotep's death and Thutmose's subsequent coronation can be accordingly derived, and is dated to 1506 BC by most modern scholars. But if the observation were made at eitherHeliopolisorMemphis,as a minority of scholars argue, Thutmose would have been crowned in 1526 BC.[13]Manethorecords that Thutmose I's reign lasted 12 years and 9 months (or 13 years) as a certain Mephres in his Epitome.[14]This data is supported by two dated inscriptions from Years 8 and 9 of his reign bearing his cartouche found inscribed on a stone block in Karnak.[15]Accordingly, Thutmose is usually given a reign from 1506 BC to 1493 BC (low chronology), but a minority of scholars date it from 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology).[12]
Military achievements
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Egypt_1450_BC.svg/220px-Egypt_1450_BC.svg.png)
Upon Thutmose's coronation, Nubia rebelled against Egyptian rule. According to the tomb autobiography ofAhmose, son of Ebana,Thutmose traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, personally killing the Nubian king.[16]Upon victory, he had the Nubian king's body hung from the prow of his ship, before he returned toThebes.[16]After that campaign, he led a second expedition against Nubia in his third year in the course of which he ordered the canal at the first cataract—which had been built underSesostris IIIof the 12th Dynasty—to bedredgedin order to facilitate easier travel upstream from Egypt to Nubia. This helped integrate Nubia into the Egyptian empire.[9]This expedition is mentioned in two separate inscriptions by the king's son Thure:[17]
Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Aakheperre who is given life. His Majesty commanded to dig this canal after he found it stopped up with stones [so that] no [ship sailed upon it]; Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22. His Majesty sailed this canal in victory and in the power of his return from overthrowing the wretchedKush.[18]
In the second year of Thutmose's reign, the king cut asteleat Tombos, which records that he built a fortress at Tombos, near the third cataract, thus permanently extending the Egyptian military presence, which had previously stopped atBuhen,at the second cataract.[19]
Campaign in the Levant and Syria
[edit]Thutmose's Tombos stele indicates that he had already fought a campaign in Syria; hence, his Syrian campaign may be placed at the beginning of his second regnal year.[20]This second campaign was the farthest north any Egyptian ruler had ever campaigned.
Although it has not been found in modern times, he apparently set up a stele when he crossed theEuphratesRiver.[21]During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose. But after he returned, they discontinued tribute and began fortifying against future incursions.[9]Thutmose celebrated his victories with an elephant hunt in the area ofNiy,near Apamea in Syria,[8]and returned to Egypt with strange tales of the Euphrates, "that inverted water which flows upstream when it ought to be flowing downstream."[9]The Euphrates was the first major river the Egyptians had ever encountered that flowed from the north, which was downstream on theNile,to the south, upstream on the Nile. Thus the river became known in Egypt as simply "inverted water."[9]
Textual sources from the time of Thutmose I include references toRetenu,Naharin,and the 'land ofMitanni'. The last is believed to be the first historical reference to that kingdom.[22]
Many Levantine sites were destroyed in the middle of the 16th century B.C., and these destructions have often been attributed to the military campaigns of Thutmose I, or of his predecessorAmenhotep I.Initially these campaigns may have aimed at defeating the power of theHyksos,who were formerly strong in this area.[22]
As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction at this time. For example, the fiery destruction of Stratum XVIII atGezerhas been assigned to the second half of the 16th century BCE, the time of Amenhotep I and Thutmose I, based on the pottery and scarabs discovered in the destruction debris.[22]
It does not appear that the Egyptians' aim at this stage was to control the area permanently, because they established no permanent presence in the area. This happened later, during the 18th dynasty.[22]
Rebellions in the south
[edit]Thutmose had to face one more military threat, another rebellion by Nubia in his fourth year.[20]His influence accordingly expanded even farther south, as an inscription dated to his reign has been found as far south asKurgus,south of the fourth cataract.[21]He inscribed a large tableau on the Hagar el-Merwa, a quartz outcrop c. 40m long and 50m wide 1200 meters from the Nile, on top of several local inscriptions.[23]This is the furthest south the Egyptian presence is attested.[23]During his reign, he initiated a number of projects that effectively ended Nubian independence for 500 years. He enlarged a temple to Sesostris III and Khnum, opposite the Nile fromSemna.[24]There are also records of specific religious rites the viceroy of El-Kab was to have performed in the temples in Nubia in proxy for the king.[25]He also appointed a man called Turi to the position ofviceroy of Kush,also known as the "King's Son of Cush."[26]With a civilian representative of the king permanently established in Nubia, Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings.[20]
Building projects
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Obelisk_of_Thutmosis_I_in_Karnak.jpg/170px-Obelisk_of_Thutmosis_I_in_Karnak.jpg)
Thutmose I organized great building projects during his reign, including manytemplesand tombs, but his greatest projects were at theTemple of Karnakunder the supervision of the architectIneni.[27]Before Thutmose, Karnak probably consisted only of a long road to a central platform, with a number of shrines for the solar bark along the side of the road.[28]Thutmose was the first king to drastically enlarge the temple. He had the fifth pylon built along the temple's main road, along with a wall around the inner sanctuary and two flagpoles to flank the gateway.[28]Outside of this, he built a fourth pylon and another enclosure wall.[28]Between pylons four and five, he had ahypostyle hallconstructed, with columns made ofcedarwood. This type of structure was common in ancient Egyptian temples, and supposedly represents a papyrus marsh, an Egyptian symbol of creation.[29]Along the edge of this room he built colossal statues, each one alternating wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and the crown of Lower Egypt.[28]Finally, outside of the fourth pylon, he erected four more flagpoles[28]and two obelisks, although one of them, which now has fallen, was not inscribed untilThutmose IIIinscribed it about 50 years later.[27]The cedar columns in Thutmose I's hypostyle hall were replaced with stone columns by Thutmose III, but at least the northernmost two were replaced by Thutmose I himself.[27]Hatshepsut also erected two of her own obelisks inside Thutmose I's hypostyle hall.[28]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stela_of_Tuthmosis_I_d1.jpg/220px-Stela_of_Tuthmosis_I_d1.jpg)
In addition to Karnak, Thutmose I also built statues of theEnneadatAbydos,buildings at Armant, Ombos,el-Hiba,Memphis, and Edfu, as well as minor expansions to buildings in Nubia, at Semna, Buhen,Aniba,and Quban.[citation needed]
Thutmose I was the first king who definitely was buried in theValley of the Kings.[21]Ineni was commissioned to dig this tomb, and presumably to build his mortuary temple.[8]His mortuary temple has not been found, possibly because it was incorporated into or demolished by the construction of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple atDeir el-Bahri.[30]His tomb, however, has been identified asKV38.In it was found a yellow quartzite sarcophagus bearing the name of Thutmose I,[5]but Thutmose III may have moved his body into the tomb of Hatshepsut,KV20,which also contains a sarcophagus with the name of Thutmose I on it.[21]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Thutmose_the_First.jpg/220px-Thutmose_the_First.jpg)
Death
[edit]Burial
[edit]Thutmose I was originally buried and then reburied inKV20in a double burial with his daughter Hatshepsut rather thanKV38,which could only have been built for Thutmose I during the reign of his grandson Thutmose III based on "a recent re-examination of the architecture and contents of KV38."[31]The location of KV20, if not its original owner, had been known since the Napoleonic expedition of 1799 and, in 1844, the Prussian scholarKarl Richard Lepsiushad partially explored its upper passage,[32]but all its passageways "had become blocked by a solidified mass of rubble, small stones and rubbish which had been carried into the tomb by floodwaters" and only during the 1903–04 excavation season didHoward Carter,after two previous seasons of strenuous work, clear its corridors and enter its double burial chamber.[32]Here, among the debris of broken pottery and shattered stone vessels from the burial chamber and lower passages, were the remnants of two vases made for QueenAhmose Nefertari,which formed part of Thutmose I's original funerary equipment; one of the vases contained a secondary inscription that says that Thutmose II made it "as his monument to his father."[33]Other vessels that bore Thutmose I's names and titles had also been inscribed by his son and successor, Thutmose II, along with fragments of stone vessels made for Hatshepsut before she herself became king as well as other vessels that bore her royal name of 'Maatkare', which would have been made only after she took the throne.[34]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hatshepsut%27s_sarcophagus_for_Thutmose_I.jpg/220px-Hatshepsut%27s_sarcophagus_for_Thutmose_I.jpg)
But Carter also discovered two separate coffins in the burial chamber. Hatshepsut's beautifully carved sarcophagus "was discovered open with no sign of a body, and with the lid lying discarded on the floor"; it is now housed in the Cairo Museum along with a matching yellow quartzitecanopic chest.[34]A second sarcophagus was found lying on its side with its almost undamaged lid propped against the wall nearby; it was eventually presented toTheodore M. Davis,the excavation's financial sponsor, as a gesture of appreciation for his support.[34]Davis in turn presented it to theMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston.The second quartzite sarcophagus had originally been engraved with the name of "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare Hatshepsut",[34]but when it was complete, Hatshepsut decided to commission an entirely new sarcophagus for herself and donated the existing finished sarcophagus to her father, Thutmose I.[34]The stonemasons then attempted to erase the original carvings by restoring the surface of the quartzite so that it could be re-carved with the name and titles of Tuthmose I instead. This quartzite sarcophagus measures 7 feet long by 3 feet wide with walls 5 inches thick and bears a dedication text that records Hatshepsut's generosity towards her father:
...long live the Female Horus...The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, the son of Re, Hatshepsut-Khnemet-Amun! May she live forever! She made it as her monument to her father whom she loved, the Good God, Lord of theTwo Lands,Aakheperkare, the son of Re, Thutmosis thejustified.[35]
Thutmose I was not destined to lie alongside his daughter after Hatshepsut's death. Thutmose III, Hatshepsut's successor, decided to reinter his grandfather in an even more magnificent tomb,KV38,featuring another yellow sarcophagus dedicated to Thutmose I and inscribed with texts that proclaim this pharaoh's love for his deceased grandfather.[36]Unfortunately, Thutmose I's remains were disturbed late during the 20th dynasty whenKV38was plundered; the sarcophagus's lid was broken and all this king's valuable precious jewelry andgrave goodswere stolen.[36]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thutmose_I%2C_MET_Museum%2C_NYC.jpg/220px-Thutmose_I%2C_MET_Museum%2C_NYC.jpg)
Mummy
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thutmose_I_mummy_head.png/220px-Thutmose_I_mummy_head.png)
Thutmose I's mummy was discovered in theDeir el-BahriCacheabove theMortuary Temple of Hatshepsut,revealed in 1881. It had been interred along with those of the 18th- and 19th-dynasty leadersAhmose I,Amenhotep I,Thutmose II,Thutmose III,Ramesses I,Seti I,Ramesses II,andRamesses IX,as well as the 21st-dynasty pharaohsPinedjem I,Pinedjem II,andSiamun.
Thutmose I's original coffin was taken over and reused by a later pharaoh of the 21st dynasty. The mummy of Thutmose I was thought to be lost, but EgyptologistGaston Maspero,largely on the strength of familial resemblance to the mummies of Thutmose II and Thutmose III, believed he had found his mummy in the otherwise unlabelled mummy #5283.[38]This identification has been supported by subsequent examinations, revealing that the embalming techniques used came from the appropriate period of time, almost certainly after that of Ahmose I and made during the 18th dynasty.[39]
Gaston Maspero described the mummy as follows:
The king was already advanced in age at the time of his death, being over fifty years old, to judge by the incisor teeth, which are worn and corroded by the impurities of which the Egyptian bread was full. The body, though small and emaciated, shows evidence of unusual muscular strength; the head is bald, the features are refined, and the mouth still bears an expression characteristic of shrewdness and cunning.[38]
James Harris and Fawzia Hussien (1991) conducted an X-ray survey on New Kingdom royal mummies and examined Thutmose I's mummified remains. The study found that Thutmose I's mummy had all the craniofacial characteristics common amongNubianpopulations and a “typical Nubian morphology”.[40]
A 2020 genetic study performed by a team underZahi Hawasson the Amarna royal mummies also featured the unidentified royal mummy previously thought to be Thutmose I in the control samples. The study indicated that the mummy belonged tohaplogroup L,which is mainly observed in southern, western and central Asia (highest in theIndian subcontinent).[41]
What was thought to be his mummy could be viewed in theEgyptian MuseuminCairo.But in 2007, Hawass announced that the mummy previously thought to be Thutmose I is that of a 30-year-old man who died as a result of an arrow wound to the chest. Because of the young age of the mummy and the cause of death, it was determined that the mummy was probably not that of Thutmose I.[42]The mummy has the inventory number CG 61065.[43]In April 2021 the mummy was moved to theNational Museum of Egyptian Civilizationalong with those of 17 kings and four queens in an event termed thePharaohs' Golden Parade.[44]
See also
[edit]Notes and references
[edit]- ^Clayton, Peter. Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson Ltd, paperback 2006, p.100
- ^Nicolas Grimal,A History of Ancient Egypt,Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988, p. 202.
- ^Ancient Egyptian Chronology,chapter 10: "Egyptian Sirius/Sothic Dates and the Question of the Sirius–Based Lunar Calendar", Rolf Kraus, 2006, pp. 439–57.
- ^Bart, Anneke (February 2007)."Ancient Egypt".euler.slu.edu.Archivedfrom the original on February 6, 2009.Retrieved16 May2023.
- ^abGardiner 1964 p. 176
- ^Bleiberg(2000) p.400
- ^Grimal (1988) p.203
- ^abcGardiner (1964) p.179
- ^abcdefSteindorff (1942) p.36
- ^Dodson & Hilton 2004: 126, 131
- ^Erman (1894) p.43
- ^abGrimal (1988) p.202
- ^Helk (1983) pp.47-9
- ^"Manetho's Kings".Archived fromthe originalon 2003-01-28.Retrieved2017-06-20.
- ^Jürgen von Beckerath (1997), p.120
- ^abSteindorff and Seele (1942) p.34
- ^Lorna Oakes, Pyramids, Temples and Tombs of Ancient Egypt, Hermes House, 2003. p.207
- ^Oakes, op. cit., p.207
- ^Breasted (1906) p.28
- ^abcSteindorff and Seele (1942) p.35
- ^abcdShaw and Nicholson (1995) p.289
- ^abcdWeinstein, James M. (1981). "The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment".Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research(241): 1–28.doi:10.2307/1356708.JSTOR1356708.S2CID164015977.
- ^abDavies, Vivian (2017). "Nubia in the New Kingdom: the Egyptians at Kurgus".Nubia in the New Kingdom. Lived Experience, Pharaonic Control and Indigenous Traditions.British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan.3:65–106.
- ^Erman (1894) p.503
- ^Breasted (1906) p.25
- ^Breasted (1906) p.27
- ^abcBreasted (1906) p.41
- ^abcdefGrimal (1988) p.300
- ^Shaw (2003) p.168
- ^Gardiner (1964) p.170
- ^Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, hardback, 1996. pp.121-25
- ^abTyldesley, p.122
- ^Tyldesley, pp.123-24
- ^abcdeTyldesley, p.124
- ^Tyldesley, p.125
- ^abTyldesley, p.126
- ^"Dragging a Statue of Thutmose I".www.metmuseum.org.Retrieved2021-11-16.
- ^abMaspero, Gaston.History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 4 (of 12),Project Gutenberg Ebook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17324.https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/3/2/17324/17324-h/v4c.htm#image-0047Archived2011-09-17 at theWayback Machine
- ^Smith (2000) p.25-28
- ^Harris, James E.; Hussien, Fawzia (September 1991). "The identification of the Eighteenth Dynasty royal mummies; a biological perspective".International Journal of Osteoarchaeology.1(3–4): 235–239.doi:10.1002/oa.1390010317.
- ^Maternal and Paternal Lineages in King Tutankhamun's Family Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Zahi Hawass. Volume I, pp.497–518; 2020[1]Archived9 May 2021 at theWayback Machine
- ^Anderson, Lisa (14 July 2007)."Mummy awakens new era in Egypt".Chicago Tribune.
- ^Habicht, M.E; Bouwman, A.S; Rühli, F.J (25 January 2016)."Identifications of ancient Egyptian royal mummies from the 18th Dynasty reconsidered".Yearbook of Physical Anthropology.159(S61): 216–231.doi:10.1002/ajpa.22909.PMID26808107.
- ^Parisse, Emmanuel (5 April 2021)."22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade'".ScienceAlert.Retrieved5 April2021.
Bibliography
[edit]
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- When Egypt Ruled the EstGeorge Steindorff and Keith C. Seele, 1942, University of Chicago Press (Scanned version,University of Chicagowebsite)
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh,an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Thutmose I (see index)