Timeline of Māori battles
This timeline sets out intertribal battles involvingMāori peoplein what is nowNew Zealand.
Pre-colonial time (c. 1350 to 1839)
[edit]16th century
[edit]- Ngāti Hotusuffered a major defeat at the battle ofPukekaikiore('hill of the meal of rats') to the southwest ofLake TaupōwhereNgāti Tūwharetoadevastated them, causing the few survivors to flee.
- The battle of the five fortsatKakahi:The Ngāti Hotu set up a ring of five forts around Kakahi which the Whanganui Māori attacked and took one by one until finally the last two, Otutaarua and Arikipakewa, fell. The final, brutal episode of the battle was played out on the flats between Kakahi and theWhanganui river.
17th century
[edit]- 1642, Dec: Four ofTasman's crew are killed at Wharewharangi (Murderers) Bay by aNgāti Tūmatakōkiriwar party. Tasman's ships are approached by 11wakaas he leaves and his ships fire on them, hitting a Māori standing in one of the waka.[1]Tasman's ships depart without landing. The Dutch chart the west of theNorth Island.
18th century
[edit]- c. 1741, Te-Rangi-hinganga-tahi ( "the day when all fell together" ), also known as The Battle of Paruroa. The battle nearParauin the lowerWaitākere Ranges,where paramount chief ofWaiohua,Kiwi Tāmaki,was defeated by theTe TaoūhapūofNgāti Whātua,led by Waha-akiaki, Tūperiri and Waitaheke. This battle signified the end of Waiohua hegemony in theAuckland isthmus.[2]
- c. 1740s: the final major battle between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua atMāngere Mountain.The few regrouped Waiohua forces, led by Mahitokotoko and Mahikourona, scattered shells around the base of the pā on top of Māngere Mountain, to warn the warriors of any invading forces. A Ngāti Whātua war party led by Tūperiri attacked the pā by stealth, by placing tōpuni (dog skin cloaks) on top, to muffle the sounds of the shells.[3]After the battle, Tūperiri began to settle centralTāmaki Makaurau,leading to the birth ofNgāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei.[3]The names Te Ara Tōpuni or Te Ara Pūeru ( "the road of cloaks" ) can refer to this battle, or describe the site on Māngere Mountain where the battle occurred.[4]
- 1772, 12 Jun:Marion du Fresneis killed atTacoury's Cove,Bay of Islandsby local Māori.[5]
- 1773, 18 Dec: A skirmish atGrass CoveinQueen Charlotte Soundresults in the deaths of two Māori and nine members ofCook's expedition.
- c. 1790s: TheBattle of Hingakaka(sometimesHiringakaka) was fought between two Māori armies, an allied southern North Island army and a Tainui alliance army, nearŌhaupōin theWaikatoin the late 18th or early 19th centuries, and was reputedly "the largest battle ever fought on New Zealand soil".[6]- So many chiefs died in the battle that it is known asHingakaka(the fall of parrots).
- Late 1700s: Tūhuru, chief of Ngāti Waewae (a hapu ofNgāi Tahu) defeatsNgāti Wairangiin a battle at Kōtukuwhakaoho (Stillwater, West Coast), securing Ngāi Tahu control overpounamuon the West Coast.[7][8]
19th century pre 1839
[edit]- 1807-1845: TheMusket Warswere a series of three thousand[9]or more battles and raids fought inNew Zealandand theChatham IslandsamongstMāoribetween 1807 and 1845,[10]after Māori obtainedmuskets.
- 1807 or 1808:NgāpuhifightNgāti Whātua,Te Uri-o-HauandTe Roroaiwi at thebattle of Moremonuion the west coast ofNorthland,the first battle in which Māori usedmuskets.
- 1821:Battle of OkokiwithPotatau Te Wherowhero.Te Hiakaiwas shot in the battle.
- 1825: The battle of Te Ika-a-ranganui between Ngapuhi and hapu against Ngatiwhatua, resident occupiers of the land fought upon. It was a battle ofUtu.
- c. 1810s:Ngāi TahudefeatsNgāti Tūmatakōkiriin a battle at Kōtukuwhakaoho (Stillwater, West Coast),[11][8][12][13]at which Tūhuru, chief of Ngāti Waewae, kills the paramount chiefs of Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, Te Pau and Te Kokihi, leaving Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri lands in the north-west South Island to be divided between Ngāi Tahu,Ngāti ApaandNgāti Kuia.[14][15]
Post-colonial time (1839-1872)
[edit]19th century post 1839
[edit]- New Zealand Wars
- 1842, Jun 17:Wairau Affray
- 1845, Mar 11:Flagstaff War
- TheBattle of Ohaeawaiwas fought between British forces and localMāoriduring theFlagstaff Warin July 1845 at Ohaeawai.[16]
- c. 1846, May:Hutt Valley Campaign
- 1846, Aug 6–13:Battle of Battle Hill.British troops, local militia and kūpapa pursued aNgāti Toaforce led by chiefTe Rangihaeatathrough steep and dense bushland.
- 1857, Apr 16:Wanganui Campaign
- 1860, Mar to 1861, Mar:First Taranaki War
- 1863, Jul to 1864, Apr:Invasion of the Waikato
- 1863, Nov 20–21: TheBattle of Rangiririwas a major engagement in theinvasion of Waikato.More than 1400 British troops defeated about 500 warriors of theKingitanga(Māori King Movement).[17]
- 1864: War in theWaikatoends with battle ofŌrākau.
- 1864: TheOhuraFight of 1864 - "This was probably the last purely Maori apart from European organisation in New Zealand" -The Journal of the Polynesian Society - Vol. 35
- 1864, Apr 29:Tauranga Campaign
- 1863, May 4:Second Taranaki War
- 1865, April to 1866, Oct:East Cape War
- 1868, Jun to 1869, Mar:Titokowaru's War
- 1868, Jul to 1872, May:Te Kooti's War
References
[edit]- ^The Prow:The first meeting - Abel Tasman and Māori in Golden Bay
- ^"The Muddy Creeks Plan - a Local Area Plan for Parau, Laingholm, Woodlands Park and Waimā"(PDF).Auckland Council.13 February 2014.Retrieved28 June2021.
- ^abBlair, Ngarimu (2 June 2021)."Statement of evidence of Ngarimu Alan Huiroa Blair on behalf of the plaintiff"(PDF).Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei.Retrieved24 September2021.
- ^Ballara, Angela(2003).Taua: 'musket wars', 'land wars' or tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century.Auckland: Penguin.ISBN9780143018896.
- ^Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- ^The Oxford companion to New Zealand military history.page 653
- ^Tumahai, Francois; Wallace, Susan (20 July 2011)."Cultural Impact Assessment of Hokitika Rimu Treetop Walk Māhinapua"(PDF).Department of Conservation.Retrieved18 September2021.
- ^abTumahai, Francois; Wallace, Susan (20 July 2011)."Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae".Ngāi Tahu.Retrieved24 September2021.
- ^Climates of War.p32. Edmund Bohan. Hazard Press. 2005.
- ^Musket Wars. R.D. Crosby. Reed. 1999.p33
- ^Tumahai, Francois; Wallace, Susan (20 July 2011)."Cultural Impact Assessment of Hokitika Rimu Treetop Walk Māhinapua"(PDF).Department of Conservation.Retrieved18 September2021.
- ^Mitchell, Hillary (10 February 2015)."Te Tau Ihu".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Ministry for Culture and Heritage.Retrieved15 September2016.
- ^Dawber, Carol; Win, Cheryl (March 2008).Between the ports: Collingwood to Waitapu.Dunedin: River Press. p. 33.ISBN978-0-9582779-1-4.
- ^Mitchell, John; Mitchell, Hilary (April 2020)."Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri".The Prow: Ngā Kōrero o te Tau Ihu.Retrieved18 September2021.
- ^Smith, S. Percy(10 February 2015)."HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF THE MAORIS OF THE WEST COAST, NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND, PRIOR TO 1840".New Zealand Electronic Text Collection.Retrieved15 September2016.
- ^Cowan, James (1922). "Volume I: 1845–1864".The New Zealand Wars: a history of the Maori campaigns and the pioneering period.Wellington: R.E. Owen. pp. 73–144.
- ^Belich, James(1986).The New Zealand Wars.Auckland: Penguin. pp. 142–157.ISBN0-14-027504-5.