Nicotiana
| Nicotiana | |
|---|---|
| |
| Nicotiana tabacum | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Solanaceae |
| Tribe: | Nicotianeae |
| Genus: | Nicotiana L. |
| Type species | |
| Nicotiana tabacum L.
| |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Nicotiana(/ˌnɪkoʊʃiˈeɪnə,nɪˌkoʊ-,-kɒti-,-ˈɑːnə,-ˈænə/[2][3][4]) is agenusofherbaceous plantsandshrubsin thefamilySolanaceae,that isindigenousto the Americas, Australia, Southwestern Africa and the South Pacific. VariousNicotianaspecies,commonly referred to astobacco plants,are cultivated as ornamental garden plants.N. tabacumis grown worldwide for the cultivation oftobacco leavesused for manufacturing and producingtobacco products,includingcigars,cigarillos,cigarettes,chewing tobacco,dipping tobacco,snuff,andsnus.
Taxonomy
[edit]Species
[edit]
The 79 known species include:[1][5][6]
- Nicotiana acuminata(Graham)Hook.– manyflower tobacco[7]
- Nicotiana africanaMerxm.[7]
- Nicotiana alataLink&Otto– jasmine tobacco, sweet tobacco, winged tobacco, Persian tobacco,tanbaku(inPersian)[7]
- Nicotiana attenuataTorreyexS. Watson– coyote tobacco[7]
- Nicotiana benthamianaDomin[7]– benth, benthi
- Nicotiana clevelandiiA. Gray[7]– Cleveland's tobacco
- Nicotiana glaucaGraham– tree tobacco, Brazilian tree tobacco, shrub tobacco, wild tobacco, tobacco plant, tobacco bush, tobacco tree, mustard tree[7]
- Nicotiana glutinosaL.
- Nicotiana langsdorffiiWeinm.[7]– Langsdorff's tobacco
- Nicotiana longifloraCav.[7]– longflower tobacco or long-flowered tobacco
- Nicotiana occidentalisH.-M. Wheeler[7]– native tobacco
- Nicotiana obtusifoliaM. Martens&Galeotti– desert tobacco,punche,"tabaquillo"[7]
- Nicotiana otophoraGriseb.[7]
- Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaViv.– Tex-Mex tobacco
- Nicotiana quadrivalvisPursh– Indian tobacco
- Nicotiana rusticaL.– Aztec tobacco, strong tobacco,mapacho[7]
- Nicotiana suaveolensLehm.– Australian tobacco[7]
- Nicotiana sylvestrisSpeg.& Comes– woodland tobacco, flowering tobacco, South American tobacco[7]
- Nicotiana tabacumL.– common tobacco, domesticated tobacco, cultivated tobacco, commercial tobacco (grown for the production ofcigars,cigarillos,cigarettes,chewing tobacco,dipping tobacco,snuff,snus,etc.)[7]
- Nicotiana tomentosiformisGoodsp.[7]
Manmade hybrids
[edit]- Nicotiana×didepta–N. debneyi×N. tabacum[8]
- Nicotiana×digluta–N. glutinosa×N. tabacum[9]
- Nicotiana×sanderaeHort. ex Wats.–N. alata×N. forgetiana[8]
Formerly placed here
[edit]- Petunia axillaris(Lam.) Britton et al.(asN. axillarisLam.) – large white petunia, wild white petunia, white moon petunia[10]
Etymology
[edit]The genusNicotiana(from which the wordnicotineis derived) was named in honor ofJean Nicot,French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent samples as a medicine to the court ofCatherine de' Medici.[11]
Ecology
[edit]
Despite containing enoughnicotineand/or other compounds such asgermacreneandanabasineand otherpiperidine alkaloids(varying between species) todetermostherbivores,[12]a number of such animals haveevolvedthe ability to feed onNicotianaspecies without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species and therefore some tobacco plants (chiefly tree tobacco (N. glauca)) have become established asinvasive speciesin some places.[13]
In the 19th century, young tobacco plantings came under increasing attack fromflea beetles(the potato flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris) and/orEpitrix pubescens), causing the destruction of half the United States tobacco crop in 1876. In the years afterward, many experiments were attempted and discussed to control the potato flea beetle. By 1880, it was discovered that covering young plants with a frame covered with thin fabric (instead of with branches, as had previously been used for frost control) would effectively protect the plants from the beetle. This practice spread until it became ubiquitous in the 1890s.[citation needed]
Tobacco, alongside itsrelated products,can be infested byparasitessuch as the tobacco beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) and the tobacco moth (Ephestia elutella), which are the most widespread and damagingpestsin thetobacco industry.[14]Infestation can range from the tobacco cultivated in the fields to theleavesused for manufacturingcigars,cigarillos,cigarettes,chewing tobacco,dipping tobacco,etc.[14]Both thegrubsofLasioderma serricorneand thecaterpillarsofEphestia elutellaare considered major pests.[14]
Othermothswhosecaterpillarsfeed onNicotianainclude:
- Black cutworm, greasy cutworm, or floodplain cutworm (as a caterpillar),dark sword-grassor ipsilon dart (as a moth) (Agrotis ipsilon)
- Turnip moth (Agrotis segetum)
- Mouse moth(Amphipyra tragopoginis)
- Clover cutworm (as a caterpillar),nutmeg(as a moth) (Hadula trifoliiorAnarta trifolii)
- Endoclita excrescens
- Hawaiian tobacco hornworm or Hawaiian tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), Blackburn's sphinx moth (as a moth) (Manduca blackburni)
- Tobacco hornworm or Goliath worm (as a caterpillar), tobacco hawkmoth or Carolina sphinx moth (as a moth) (Manduca sexta)
- Tomato hornworm (as a caterpillar), five-spotted hawkmoth (as a moth) (Manduca quinquemaculata)
- Cabbage moth(Mamestra brassicae)
- Angle shades(Phlogophora meticulosa)
- Setaceous Hebrew character(Xestia c-nigrum)
- Cabbage looper(Trichoplusia ni)[15]
- Fall armyworm(Spodoptera frugiperda)
- Tobacco spitworm (as a caterpillar), potato tuber moth (as a moth) (Phthorimaea operculella)[16]
- South American tomato pinworm, tomato pinworm or tomato leafminer (as a caterpillar), South American tomato moth (as a moth) (Tuta absoluta)[16]
- Eggplant leafroller moth or nightshade leaftier (Lineodes integra)[16]
- Eggplant webworm moth (Rhectocraspeda periusalis)[16]
These are mainlyNoctuidae,but they also compriseSphingidae,Gelechiidae,andCrambidae.
Cultivation
[edit]Several species ofNicotiana,such asN. sylvestris,[17]N. alata'Lime Green'[18][19]andN. langsdorffiiare grown asornamental plants,often under the name of flowering tobacco.[5][20]They are popularvespertines(evening bloomers); their sweet-smelling flowers opening in the evening to be visited byhawkmothsand otherpollinators.In temperate climates, they behave asannuals(hardiness9a-11).[21] Thehybridcultivar'Lime Green'[19]has gained theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit.[22]
Garden varieties are derived fromN. alata(e.g., the 'Niki' and 'Saratoga' series) and more recently fromNicotiana×sanderae(e.g., the 'Perfume' and 'Domino' series).[20]
The tobacco budworm (Chloridea virescens) has proved to be a massive "pest" of many species in the genus, and has resisted many attempts at management.[23]
References
[edit]- ^ab"Nicotiana L."Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Retrieved24 July2022.
- ^"Nicotiana".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-03-22.
- ^"Nicotiana".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.Retrieved2016-01-21.
- ^Sunset Western Garden Book,1995:606–607
- ^ab"Nicotiana".RetrievedMay 26,2020.
- ^"Search results — The Plant List".www.theplantlist.org.RetrievedMay 26,2020.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqKnapp et al. (2004) Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) Taxon. 53(1):73-82.
- ^abBot, Ann (2003)."Molecular Systematics, GISH and the Origin of Hybrid Taxa inNicotiana(Solanaceae) ".Annals of Botany.92(1): 107–127.doi:10.1093/aob/mcg087.PMC4243627.PMID12824072.
- ^Clausen, R.E. (1928) Interspecific hybridization in Nicotiana. VII. The cytology of hybrids of the synthetic species,digluta,with its parents,glutinosaandtabacum.Univ. Cal. Pub. Botany. 11(10):177-211.
- ^"GRIN Species Records ofNicotiana".United States Department of Agriculture.Retrieved2010-11-30.
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^Austin, Gregory."Chronology of Psychoactive Substance Use".Teachers College Columbia University.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-08-09.Retrieved2014-02-08.
- ^Panter, KE; Keeler, RF; Bunch, TD; Callan, RJ (1990). "Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion ofLupinus,ConiumandNicotianaspecies ".Toxicon.28(12): 1377–1385.Bibcode:1990Txcn...28.1377P.doi:10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-Y.PMID2089736.
- ^"Nicotiana glauca (Tree Tobacco) Key".BioNET-EAFRINET.
- ^abcRyan, L., ed. (1995)."Introduction".Post-harvest Tobacco Infestation Control.Norwell, MassachusettsandDordrecht,Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers.pp. 1–4.doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2723-5_1.ISBN978-94-017-2723-5.
- ^United States. Agricultural Research Service (1984),Suppression and Management of Cabbage Looper Populations,U.S. States Dept. of Agriculture, retrieved 25 September 2017
- ^abcdHayden, James E.; Lee, Sangmi; Passoa, Steven C.; Young, James; Landry, Jean-François; Nazari, Vazrick; Mally, Richard; Somma, Louis A.; Ahlmark, Kurt M. (2013)."Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae".Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae.Fort Collins, Colorado: USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP).Retrieved2020-02-14.
- ^"RHS advice & tips on garden & indoor plants | Plant finder & selector / RHS Gardening".www.rhs.org.uk.RetrievedMay 26,2020.
- ^"'Lime Green' flowering tobacco ".RetrievedMay 26,2020.
- ^ab"Nicotiana 'Lime Green'".RHS Gardening.Retrieved18 January2021.
- ^ab"The National Garden Bureau".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-04-21.Retrieved2014-07-23.
- ^"PlantFiles: Nicotiana Species, Flowering Tobacco".Dave's Garden.RetrievedMay 26,2020.
- ^"AGM Plants - Ornamental"(PDF).Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 69.Retrieved13 April2018.
- ^"Tobacco budworm -Heliothis virescens(Fabricius) ".entnemdept.ufl.edu.Retrieved2017-11-09.
Bibliography
[edit]- Integrated Taxonomic Information System(ITIS)(1999):Nicotiana.Retrieved 2007-11-20.
- Panter, K.E.; Keeler, R.F.; Bunch, T.D.; Callan, R.J. (1990). "Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion ofLupinus,ConiumandNicotianaspecies ".Toxicon.28(12): 1377–1385.Bibcode:1990Txcn...28.1377P.doi:10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-y.PMID2089736.
- Ren, Nan; Timko, Michael P (2001)."AFLP analysis of genetic polymorphism and evolutionary relationships among cultivated and wildNicotianaspecies ".Genome.44(4): 559–571.doi:10.1139/gen-44-4-559.PMID11550889.Archived fromthe originalon 2012-12-05.
External links
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