Tohunga
In the culture of theMāoriof New Zealand, atohunga(tōhukainSouthern Māori dialect) is an expert practitioner of any skill or art, either religious or otherwise.[1]Tohunga include expert priests, healers, navigators, carvers, builders, teachers and advisors. A tohunga may have also been the head of awhānau(family) but quite often was also arangatira(chief) and anariki(noble).[2]The equivalent and cognate in Hawaiian culture iskahuna,tahu'a in Tahitian.
Callings and practices
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There are many classes of tohunga (Best 1924:166) including:
- Tohunga ahurewa: highest class of priest
- Tohunga matakite: foretellers of the future
- Tohunga whakairo:expert carvers
- Tohunga raranga:expert weavers
- Tohunga tātai arorangi: experts at reading the stars
- Tohunga kōkōrangi: expert in the study of celestial bodies (astronomer)
- Tohunga tārai waka: expert canoe builders
- Tohunga wetereo: expert inthe language(linguist)
- Tohunga tā moko: expert intā moko(tattooist)
- Tohunga mahi toi: expert artist
- Tohunga tikanga tangata: expert in the study of humans (anthropologist)
- Tohunga o Tumatauenga: expert in weapons or war party chaplain
- Tohunga kiato: lowest class of priest
Each tohunga was a gifted spiritual leader and possessed the natural ability of communicating between the spiritual and temporal realms throughkarakia(prayers),pātere(chants) or performingwaiata(songs) that had been passed down to them by tohunga before them. However, their rites were mainly in the specific fields in which they practiced, as outlined above.
Practices and knowledge
[edit]Tohunga held knowledge of most spiritual and temporal rites, and knowledge in general was passed down through many generations by oral communication at wananga (places of learning/schools). Tools they also used weretaonga pūorofor the purpose of calling on divine intervention or assistance from the gods.
Although Māori had high respect for the knowledge and skills of tohunga, witchcraft was feared by both superstitious Maori and Europeans alike.[3][4]Settler prejudices, the risk of charlatans taking advantage of vulnerable people, and because many forms of traditional Māori medicine were no longer effective against introduced European diseases,[5]this combination of factors led to the enactment of theTohunga Suppression Act 1907.
Some tohunga declined to pass on their oral traditions after the Act was enforced in New Zealand,[6]leaving Māori people bereft of much of their traditional base, beliefs and practices. The Act was repealed in 1962, but by this time, much of the language and traditions had been either corrupted or lost, but a fewkaumatua and kuiacontinued to orally communicate their knowledge through the generations.[citation needed]
The importance, role and practices of female tohunga have been to some extent been ignored, or only briefly touched upon by twentieth century scholars, and have only been explored with greater depth in modern times.
Tohunga under tapu
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Tapuwas, and still is, one of the most deeply ingrained beliefs and religious customs of Māori. The word tapu may be translated as "sacred" or "forbidden", but Māori tapu has a host of variations. There was a personal tapu and local tapu; tapu of one kind or another faced the Māori everywhere. It often served a purpose similar to some of theJewish laws of prohibition and quarantine.[citation needed]
Tohunga were imbued with the mysterious essences of the tapu because of their knowledge of ancient and potentkarakia,religious ceremonies and their office as mediums of communication with theatua(gods and spirits). Allarikialso had a strong personal tapu which prevented any common person eating out of the same food basket or using anything belonging to the chief.[citation needed]
The remains of the sacred dead and all connected therewith were highly tapu and anyone who had been engaged in handling the dead or bones of the dead would be extremely tapu and would not dare to touch food with the hands. Consequently, such persons had to be fed in the manner shown in the painting here. This was painted from life at an old-timepā(village) in the Wanganui district. The outer palisaded fence of the pā, with its roughly carved posts, usuallytōtara,is shown in the background. The tohunga is kneeling on mats in front of araupōwhare(house) in a remote corner of the settlement.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Chitham, Karl (2019).Crafting Aotearoa: a cultural history of making in New Zealand and the wider Moana Oceania.Kolokesa Uafā Māhina-Tuai, Damian Skinner, Rigel Sorzano. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 66.ISBN978-0-9941362-7-5.OCLC1118996645.
- ^Mead, S. M. (1997).Landmarks, bridges and visions: Essays.Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 197).
- ^Tregear, Edward (1905).The Maori Race.p. 498.
- ^Best, Elsdon."Maori Magic: Notes upon Witchcraft, Magic Rites, and various Superstitions as practised or believed in by the Old-time Maori".National Library of New Zealand.Retrieved11 April2017.
- ^"The Maori superstition in the north"Tuapeka Times, 9 Aug 1893, p. 4.
- ^"Nga Maumahara: Memory Loss".AUT University.2011.Retrieved26 October2012.
- Best, Elsdon,Māori Religion and Mythology.Dominion Museum,Bull. 10, 1924
- T. R. Hiroa(Sir Peter Buck),The Coming of the Māori.Second Edition. First published 1949. Wellington:Whitcombe and Tombs1974.