Toi invasion
| Toi invasion | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||
| Belligerents | ||||||||
| Jurchenpirates | JapaneseDazaifu | Goryeo | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
| Unknown |
Fujiwara no Masatada† Fujiwara no Takaie Ōkura no Taneki | Unknown | ||||||
| Strength | ||||||||
| 3,000 | ? | ? | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
| 8 ships captured by Goryeo[3] | 850+ (killed and abducted) 350 dead, 1,300 enslaved. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships.[4] | ? | ||||||
  Location within Japan | ||||||||
TheToi invasion(Japanese:Đao y の nhập khấu,Hepburn:toi no nyūkō)was the invasion of northernKyūshūbyJurchenpiratesin 1019.[5]
History
[edit]At the time, Toi (되,Doe) meant "barbarian" in theKorean language.The Toi pirates sailed with about 50 ships from direction ofGoryeo,then assaultedTsushimaandIki,starting 27 March 1019. After theIki Islandgarrison consisting of 147 soldiers led by Fujiwara Notada was wiped out, the Jurchen pirates slaughtered all the Japanese men while seizing Japanese women as prisoners. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed.[6]
After that, they raided Chikuzen Province's Ido, Shima, and Sawara counties, and on April 9, they raided Hakata. For a week, usingNoko Islandin theHakata Bayas a base, they sacked villages and kidnapped over 1000 Japanese, mostly women and young girls, for use as slaves. TheDazaifu,the administrative center of Kyūshū, then raised an army and successfully drove the pirates away.[7]
After that, they then raided Matsuura County, Hizen Province from April 13 to May 20, and were eventually repelled by Genchi, the founder of the "Matsuura 48 Parties", and after attacking Tsushima again, they retreated towards the Korean Peninsula.[8]
A few months later, the Goryeo delegate Jeong Jaryang (Trịnh tử lương) reported that the Goryeo navy had intercepted the pirates off ofWonsanand eliminated them. They rescued around 300 Japanese captives. Under Korean captivity "they were provided white clothes and fed meals with silverware". The Korean government then repatriated them back to Japan where they were thanked by the Dazaifu and given rewards. There remain detailed reports by two captive women, Kura no Iwame and Tajihi no Akomi, with Kura no Iwame's report being copied down.[9]
The Japanese children and women kidnapped by the Jurchens were mostly likely forced to become prostitutes and sex slaves. Only 270 or 259 Japanese on 8 ships were returned when Goryeo managed to intercept them. 1280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese-owned livestock were killed for food.[10]
These Jurchen pirates lived in what is today Hamgyŏngdo,North Korea.[11]
Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan, the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when theTokugawa Ieyasuviewed the unification of Manchu tribes as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought thatHokkaido(Ezochi) had a land bridge to Tartary (Orankai) where Manchus lived and thought the Manchus could invade Japan. In 1627, TheTokugawa shogunatesent a message toJoseonvia Tsushima offering help to Joseon against theLater Jin invasion of Joseon.Joseon refused it.[12]
References
[edit]- ^Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 2.Kōdansha. Kodansha. 1983. p. 79.ISBN978-0-87011-620-9.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link) - ^Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.).Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1.Robin Jeanne Lewis, Asia Society, Richard W. Bulliet (2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371.ISBN0684188988.
- ^Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007).Kamens, Edward;Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.).Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries.University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 376.ISBN9780824830137.
- ^Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988).The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2.Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. Canh tạo · sơn thôn (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95.ISBN0521223539.
- ^Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988).The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2.Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan. Canh tạo · sơn thôn (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xxi.ISBN0521223539.
- ^Takekoshi, Yosaburō(2004).The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134.ISBN0415323797.
- ^Tetsutaro, Sato (March 1994)."Thoughts on Hakata Kegosho (Humanities and Social Sciences)".Nakamura Gakuen Research Bulletin.26:35–51.
- ^Seiichiro, Seno (1975).History of Nagasaki Prefecture.Yamakawa Publishing Co., Ltd.
- ^Triều tiên học báo, Issues 198-201.Triều tiên học hội (Japan), triều tiên học hội (Japan). Triều tiên học hội. 2006.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link) - ^Batten, Bruce L. (31 January 2006).Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500-1300.University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100.ISBN9780824842925.
- ^Kang, Chae-ŏn; Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne (2006)."5".The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism.Sook Pyo Lee, Suzanne Lee. Homa & Sekey Books. p. 75.ISBN978-1-931907-30-9.
- ^Mizuno, Norihito (2004).Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy From the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century(Dissertation). The Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164.CiteSeerX10.1.1.839.4807.
- (in Japanese)Timeline (includes information on Toi invasion)