Tokyo Prefecture (1868–1943)
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| Tokyo Prefecture Đông kinh phủ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PrefectureofJapan | |||||||||
| 1868–1943 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
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 Ginza,Tokyo City,in 1933 | |||||||||
| Capital | Tokyo City | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 2 October 1868 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1 July 1943 | ||||||||
| Political subdivisions | 3 cities 3 Districts | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Part of theTokyo Metropolis | ||||||||
Tokyo Prefecture(Đông kinh phủ,Tōkyō-fu)was a Japanese government entity that existed between 1868 and 1943.[1]
History
[edit]
When the prefecture was established with the merger of the twoshogunate city administrationsin theMeiji restorationin 1868, Tokyo initially consisted only of the former city area of the shogunate capitalEdo.Beginning in 1871, the territory of Tokyo was expanded beyond Edo in several steps to reach roughly its present extent with theTama transferin 1893. The surroundingformer shogunate domain(incl. hatamoto fiefs) in Musashi province was initially administered by Musashi governors, but then split up between the prefecturesShinagawa,KosugeandŌmiya/Urawa.In 1871/72, the surrounding rural areas from these three prefectures and the Setagaya exclave ofHikone ex-domain/prefecturewere merged into Tokyo.
The "system of large and small/major and minor districts" ( đại khu tiểu khu chế,daiku-shōku-sei) which was tied to the modernized family registration system(koseki)created an (unpopular) subdivision of all prefectures into numbered subunits.
| Level of government (executive, legislature) |
Organization in Tokyo |
|---|---|
| Empire (appointedcouncil, no assembly) |
Home Ministry |
| Prefecture (appointedgovernor, no assembly) |
Tōkyō-fu( "Tokyo Prefecture" ) |
| [numbered] large/major districts(daiku)& small/minor districts(shōku) |
In 1878, the ancient ritsuryō districts were reactivated as administrative units in rural areas, and the status of urban districts(-ku)was newly introduced for major cities. Under thegunkuchōson-hensei-hō( quận khu đinh thôn biên chế pháp, "Law on the organization of -gun/-ku/-chō/-son" ), both urban and rural districts were further subdivided into urban and rural units (-machiand-mura,i.e. towns and villages in the countryside, but neighbourhood-sized units in larger settlements; for example, there were 13 -machi/-chō and 93 -mura inEbara Districtin the 1870s, including five (one "North", three "South", one "New" ) forShinagawaalone; the >100 subdivisions of Ebara were merged into only 1 town and 18 villages in 1889, today there are only four special wards left in its former territory:Shinagawa,Meguro,Ōta,Setagaya). Initially, Tokyo contained only six [rural] districts, but other rural areas were added to Tokyo later (Izu & Ogasawara islands 1878/80, the three Tama districts 1893).
| Empire (appointedcabinetfrom 1885, no assembly) |
Home Ministry | |
|---|---|---|
| Prefecture (appointed governor, electedassembly) |
Tōkyō-fu( "Tokyo Prefecture" ) | |
| District (appointed chief, no(gun)/elected(ku)assembly) |
15 [urban] districts (-ku) | 6 [rural] districts (-gun) |
| Locality/[Proto-]Municipality (with restrictions: elected chief, electedassemblyfrom 1880) |
hundreds of urban and rural subdivisions/neighbourhoods, towns and villages (-machi/-chōand-mura) | |
When the modern municipalities were introduced in 1889, Tokyo was subdivided into c. 80 municipalities: 1 city, a handful of towns, and dozens of villages. With the Tama transfer of 1893, the number of municipalities in Tokyo grew to over 170. By 1943, there were only 87 municipalities left: 3 cities, 18 towns and 66 villages (see theList of mergers in Tokyo).
| Empire (appointed cabinet, Imperial Dietwith two equal chambers: one appointed,one elected) |
Home Ministry | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefecture (appointed governor &"council", elected assembly) |
Tōkyō-fu( "Tokyo Prefecture" ) | |||
| (District) (appointed chief &"council", indirectly elected assembly) |
Tōkyō-shi( "Tokyo City") (until 1898 without independent administration: pref. governor=city mayor) |
0→2 other cities (-shi) Hachiōji 1917, Tachikawa 1940 |
6→9→8→3 Districts (-gun) (until abolition in 1920s) |
|
| Municipality (mayorappointed from assembly proposals + in cities:"council" from 1920s: indirectly elected mayor [& "council" ], elected assembly) |
>80→>170→84 towns (-machi) and villages (-mura) | |||
| 15→35Wards(-ku) | ||||
Even after the Tama transfer, Tokyo City remained the dominant part of Tokyo in terms of population and economic strength. That increased further during the progressing industrialization and the explosive growth of the city in the early 20th century, only temporarily set back by the devastation brought about by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. The outskirts grew, but eventually Tokyo City's dominance within Tokyo only increased again as many of the explosively grown suburbs were merged into Tokyo City in 1932, including some of the largesttownsin Japanese history with over 100,000 inhabitants each such asNishisugamoinKitatoshima DistrictandShibuyainToyotama District.
Various plans for a unification of the prefectural and city government were discussed over the decades. An early proposal in the 1890s by then Home MinisterNomura Yasushienvisioned to separate the rural areas of Tokyo as Musashi prefecture and transform only Tokyo City into a "Metropolis", but it failed in the Imperial Diet. Some plans, especially those by the commoner political parties and during the "Taishō democracy" of the 1920s, envisioned a "Metropolis" more similar to aspecial city:an enlarged, prefecture-level city withmorelocal autonomy. While the city did gain some additional authority under the 1922 "six major cities law" (more formally: Lục đại đô thị hành chính giam đốc ニ quan スル pháp luật,roku-daitoshi gyōsei kantoku ni kan suru hōritsu,"Law relating to the administrative supervision of the six major cities" ), and the governments made plans for a "Metropolis" system – the 1932 "Greater Tokyo City" mergers had been part of a Metropolis plan from the Tokyo City Assembly –, the actual reform was carried out later as part of the Tōjō cabinet's wartime authoritarian centralization measures (or "simplification of local government" ). Not only was the Home Ministry control over prefectures and municipalities tightened as in the whole country – municipal mayors became appointive similar to the Meiji era –; Tokyo's prefectural government and Tokyo City's municipal government were indeed unified into one "Metropolitan" government, but under still tighter central government supervision.
Thus, in 1943, 86 of Tokyo's 87 municipalities remained Tokyo's municipalities,Tokyo Citywas abolished, all municipalities and the 35 ex-city wards were now part ofTokyo Metropolis(Đông kinh đô,Tōkyō-to)which continues to serve as prefectural government for all of Tokyo, but now additionally as the municipal government in former Tokyo City. The governor of Tokyo, previouslychijias in all prefectures, was now calledchōkan( "head/chief" [often of a central government agency]) and tied even more closely to the Imperial government than the governors of other prefectures. He became ashinninkan( thân nhậm quan ), meaning he was appointed directly by the Emperor,in the same procedureas a member of the Cabinet, the governors of Chōsen/Korea or Taiwan/Formosa, or an Army General or Navy Admiral.
| Empire (appointed cabinet, bicameral appointed/elected Diet) |
Emperor/Cabinet/Home Ministry | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prefecture (appointed governor, elected assembly) |
Tōkyō-to( "Tokyo Metropolis" ) | ||
| Municipality (appointed mayor, elected assembly) |
2 cities (-shi) |
84 towns (-machi) and villages (-mura) | |
| 35wards(-ku) | |||
The "Metropolis" is not to be confused with theTokyo metropolitan areawhich extends into prefectures other than Tokyo and, depending on definition, may or may not include all of the "Metropolis".
In 1944/45, the establishment of regional bureaus created new parallel local administrative structures, lacking even the limited control by elected assemblies that prefectures and municipalities featured. And on the local level, the pre-existing neighbourhood associations (seechōnaikaiandTonarigumi) had been tied into the totalitarian Yokusankai vision and were endowed with far-reaching authority to establish an authoritarian system of control reaching down even to individual citizens. But the war tide had turned, and soon, the occupation under Douglas MacArthur overturned the wartime centralization, and beyond that, introduced new far-reaching local autonomy rights for prefectures, municipalities and even citizens in the form of "direct demands" (chokusetsu seikyū:recalls, popular initiative referendums for prefectural/municipal by-laws [excluding taxation], petitions, etc.).
The titlechōkanfor the governor actually remained in place until 1947 when theConstitutionand theLocal Autonomy Lawmade Tokyo equal with other prefectures again and gave the residents of former Tokyo City (almost) the same rights as in other municipalities with the introduction ofspecial wards.Thefirst gubernatorial election,held in April 1947 as part of the1st unified elections,was still held asTōkyō-to chōkan senkyo,and the first elected governor (who had also been the penultimate appointed governor from 1946 to 1947) initially still took office aschōkan,but becamechijiin May 1947.[1]
References
[edit]- ^abTokyo Metropolitan Government,Đông kinh đô niên biểu(in Japanese);retrieved 2018-09-19.
Further reading
[edit]- Jacobs, A.J. (8 October 2010)."Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s".Urban Studies Research.2011:5.doi:10.1155/2011/692764.
- Steiner, Kurt. (1965).Local Government in Japan.
External links
[edit]- Historical Development of Japanese Local Governance,Parts 1–4
- National Archives of Japan:変 mạo – giang hộ から đế đô そして thủ đô へ–(henbō – Edo kara teito soshite shuto e –,"Transfiguration: From Edo to Imperial capital, then to [state/national] capital"; Japanese, includes some maps showing the territorial expansion 1868–1893 and the establishment of subdivisions of Tokyo)
35°41′N139°46′E/ 35.68°N 139.77°E
- tokubetsu-ku kyōgikai( đặc biệt khu hiệp nghị hội; "Conference of special wards"; an association of the 23 special wards/ "cities" that cover former Tokyo City since 1947):Đông kinh ２３ khu のおいたち (Tōkyō-23ku no oitachi)(pdf; Japanese), retrieved 2019/06/22.
- Maps of prefectures and their districts and capitals in the Kantō region [without islands except forIzu's Great Island=present-day Ōshima TowninMeiji 4 (1871/72),1876,1889,1900
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