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Townsend Harris

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For the eponymous NYC high school, seeTownsend Harris High School.

Townsend Harris
1855 portrait of Harris byJames Bogle
Born(1804-10-04)October 4, 1804
Washington County, New York,US
DiedFebruary 25, 1878(1878-02-25)(aged 73)
New York City,US
Signature
Townsend Harris in later life

Townsend Harris(October 4, 1804 – February 25, 1878) was an American merchant and politician who served as the first United StatesConsul GeneraltoJapan.He negotiated theHarris Treatybetween the US and Japan and is credited as the diplomat who first openedShogunate Japanto foreign trade and culture in theEdo period.

In New York

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Harris was born in the village of Sandy Hill (nowHudson Falls), inWashington Countyin upstate New York. He moved early toNew York City,where he became a successful merchant and importer fromChina.[1]

In 1846, Harris joined theNew York City Board of Education,serving as its president until 1848. He was an avid and critical reader and also taught himselfFrench,ItalianandSpanish.[1]He founded the Free Academy of the City of New York, which later became theCity College of New York,to provide education to the city's working people. A city high school bearing Harris's name,Townsend Harris High School,soon emerged as a separate entity out of the Free Academy's secondary-level curriculum; the school survived until 1942 when MayorFiorello La Guardiaclosed it because of budget constraints. Townsend Harris High School was re-created in 1984 as a public magnet school for the humanities.[2]

Harris Treaty of 1856 with Siam

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Harris, though anxious to get to his new post in Japan, went first toBangkok,to update the 1833Roberts Treaty.In his formal audience with the English-speaking and Western-orientedSecond King, Phra Pin Klao,Harris stated America's position:

The United States does not hold any possessions in the East, nor does it desire any. The form of government forbids the holding of colonies. The United States, therefore, cannot be an object of jealousy to any Eastern Power. Peaceful commercial relations, which give as well as receive benefits, is what the President wishes to establish withSiam,and such is the object of my mission.

Finalization of theBowring Treatyof 1855 delayed Harris for about a month, but he had only to negotiate minor points to transform it into the Harris Treaty of 1856.[3]

Re-designated theTreaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation,the amendments granted Americansextraterritorial rightsin addition to those in the Roberts Treaty. American missionaryStephen Mattoon,who had acted as translator, was appointed the first United StatesconsultoSiam.[4][5][6]

In Japan

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Townsend Harris had the US Legation relocate at theZenpuku-jiTemple from 1859, following theTreaty of Amity and Commerce.
Townsend Harris monument inZenpuku-ji

PresidentFranklin Piercenamed Harris the firstConsul GeneraltoTokugawa Japan[7]in July 1856, where he opened the first US Consulate at theGyokusen-ji Templein the city ofShimoda,Shizuoka Prefecture,[8]soon after CommodoreMatthew Perryhad first opened trade between the US and Japan in 1854. At that time, Japan was not a nation united under one leader, but was politically made up of jealous feudal principalities; the Shogunate ended in 1868, in part in response to Harris as envoy from the US since 1854, asWilliam Elliot Griffisdescribed the changes inside Japan after it opened itself to trade with the US and European nations.[9]

Harris played an important political role in Japan in the 1850s and 1860s, alongside fellow Western diplomatsDirk de Graeff van Polsbroek,Max von Brandt,Rutherford AlcockandGustave Duchesne, Prince de Bellecourt.Although these men were bound by personal friendship, national rivalries and differences in dealing with the Japanese led to conflict and antagonism. However, the chaotic and ungovernable circumstances of the first few years forced them to cooperate.[10] Harris demanded the courtesies due to an accredited envoy and refused to deliver his president's letter to anyone but the Shogun inEdo,and to him personally. After prolonged negotiations lasting 18 months, Harris finally received a personal audience with the Shogun in the palace. After another four months, he successfully negotiated theTreaty of Amity and Commerce,or the "Harris Treaty of 1858", securing trade between the US and Japan and paving the way for greater Western influence in Japan's economy and politics.[6]During treaty negotiations in June 1857, Harris requested the provision of teenage sex servants for himself and his translator.[11]: 56 A 17 year-old named Tôjin Okichi was forced to have sex with Harris.[11]: 56–57 Harris rejected her after three days because of a skin eruption on her back and demanded "cleaner" girls.[11]: 57 Japanese officials provided him with two other teenagers in Spring and Summer 1858.[11]: 57 

He served during thefirst Japanese Embassy to the United States,during which a false report of his death reached the US.[12]Unfortunately he was addicted to alcohol and the complaints about his functioning led to his departure in 1861. Upon his departure, senior Japanese diplomat Moriyama wrote to him "You have been more than a friend. You have been our benefactor and teacher. Your spirit and memory will live forever in the history of Japan."[13]

Harris was favorably impressed by his experiences in Japan at the end of its self-imposed period of isolation. He wrote:

"The people all appeared clean and well-fed... well clad and happy looking. It is more like the golden age of simplicity and honesty than I have ever seen in any other country".[14]

Return to US

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Townsend returned to New York in 1861 after his eventful and successful period as envoy and ambassador to Japan. AuthorWilliam Elliot Griffishad been in Japan from 1871 to 1874, invited to help modernize education there. Griffis met with Harris in New York in 1874. Harris asked of Griffis, "What do the Japanese think of me?" Griffis asked Townsend why he had not published his journals from those years.[9]Griffis felt that Harris had not appreciated the extent of his favorable effect in Japan from his work in the five years as envoy, as Griffis later wrote in a 1919 article inThe New York Times.Griffis obtained the journals from the niece of Harris in 1893, and had those journals published in 1895 byHoughton Mifflin Harcourtin New York, with additional biographical sketches and annotations.[15]That book,Townsend Harris, First American Envoy in Japan,and translated into Japanese, was the basis for a play about Harris, written byKido Okamotoand staged in Japan in 1919. The play was successful in Japan, reflecting how positively Harris was viewed in Japan. The actor playing Harris was made up to look like Harris, based on a photograph held in Tokyo.[9]

Masao Miyoshi,born and educated in Japan and later a teacher in US universities, asserts in his bookAs We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)that the restrictive lifestyle for Townsend Harris as ambassador in Japan "had forever molded the opener of Japan into a hermit" for the rest of his life while in New York City.[16]

Death and legacy

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Harris died in New York City on February 25, 1878, at age 73. He is buried inGreen-Wood CemeteryinBrooklyn,New York.[9]

In 1986, the nation of Japan presented a gift of a refurbished gravesite including paving stones, a stone lantern, a cherry tree, a dogwood tree, and two commemorative stones, in commemoration of the continuing respect and affection of the Japanese people for Harris.[13]

Portrayal in fiction

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Harris was portrayed byJohn Waynein the 1958 movieThe Barbarian and the Geisha,directed byJohn Huston.Although the primary plot, dealing with Harris' attempt diplomatically to achieve détente between the U.S. and Japan, is essentially accurate, the subplot dealing with the love affair between Harris and Okichi is substantially fictional.[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abRines, George Edwin, ed. (1920)."Harris, Townsend".Encyclopedia Americana.
  2. ^Weiss, Samuel (June 10, 1985)."THE NEW TOWNSEND HARRIS HIGH KEEPS OLD GOALS".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedMarch 9,2024.
  3. ^"1b. Harris Treaty of 1856".Royal Gifts from Thailand.National Museum of Natural History.June 21, 2007. Archived fromthe original(exhibition)on December 22, 2015.RetrievedApril 19,2012.
  4. ^"History of Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Thailand (Siam) and the United States of America".Thai American Diplomacy History.Thailand-USA Portal and Hub. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^"The Foundations: 1833–1880".United States Embassy, Bangkok. Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2012.
  6. ^abDennett, Tyler (1922).Americans in Eastern Asia: a critical study of United States' policy in the Far East in the nineteenth century,pp. 347–366.
  7. ^"Townsend Harris: America's First Consul to Japan, biography by the Consulate General of Japan in New York".Archived fromthe originalon March 12, 2007.RetrievedAugust 29,2021.
  8. ^"Japanese Delegation Visits CCNY July 24 2006 to honor founder Townsend Harris: Visit Coincides With 150th Anniversary of Harris' Appointment as First US Consul to Japan".Archived fromthe originalon March 11, 2007.RetrievedAugust 27,2021.
  9. ^abcdGriffis, William. (December 28, 1919)."Townsend Harris, Center of Japanese Drama; Adventures of First American Envoy to Mikado's Empire Furnish the Basis of a Play by a Native Writer, and Tokio Is Applauding the Stars and Stripes".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 28,2021.
  10. ^Consuls and the Institutions of Global Capitalism, 1783–1914; by Ferry de Goey, p 75 (2015)
  11. ^abcdDriscoll, Mark W. (2020).The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection.Durham:Duke University Press.ISBN978-1-4780-1121-7.
  12. ^"The Japanese in Philadelphia".The New York Times.June 11, 1860.RetrievedApril 8,2022.
  13. ^ab"The Japan Connection: The 150th Anniversary of Townsend Harris' Arrival in Japan".City College of New York Exhibition Program.Archived fromthe originalon June 15, 2010.
  14. ^Perrin 1979,p. 90
  15. ^Griffis, William Elliot (2018) [1895].Townsend Harris, First American Envoy in Japan.Creative Media Partners.ISBN9781376868081.
  16. ^Miyoshi, Masao (1979).As We Saw Them: The First Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860).University of California Press. p. 173.ISBN978-1568360287.
  17. ^Falk, Ray (January 12, 1958)."Shooting a 'Barbarian'; Townsend Harris Biography Is Filmed At Authentic Japanese Locales",New York Times.

Bibliography

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