Treaty of Ahmet Pasha
TheTreaty of Ahmet Pasha(Persian:عهدنامه احمد پاشا,Turkish:Ahmet Paşa Antlaşması) was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between theOttoman EmpireandSafavid Persia.
Background
[edit]In the 17th century, a stalemate between the Ottoman and Safavid empires had been reached by the treaties ofSeravandZuhab.However, during the short rule ofAfghanistanbasedHotaki dynasty,chaos in Iran resulted in clashes along frontiers, especially inCaucasus.Meanwhile,Peter I of Russiabegan to occupy the Iranian territories in theNorth CaucasusandTranscaucasia,gains which were confirmed by theTreaty of Saint Petersburg (1723).Fearing a Russian-controlled Caucasus, the Ottomans decided to captureTbilisito balance the Russian advance. But this operation resulted in a long Ottoman Safavid war.
War
[edit]Between 1723 and 1730, the Ottomans were able to controlSouth Caucasusby capturingYerevanandGanjain addition toTbilisi.In the southern fronts (i.e., Western Iran), Ottomans capturedTabriz,Urmia,Khorramabad,[1]KermanshahandHamedān.In 1724, the Ottomans and Russians had agreed, by theTreaty of Constantinople (1724),to further divide the aforementioned Iranian territories between the two of them. But afterTahmasp IIof Safavids began controlling Iran, the Ottoman advance was checked. Tired of war, both sides decided to end the war. Ahmet Pasha (Ottoman) and Mehmet Rıza Kulu (Persian) signed the treaty.[2][3]
Terms of treaty
[edit]The terms of the treaty were:
- Ottoman Empire kept its gains in Caucasus,[4]
- Ottoman gains in West Iran (exceptHamadan,[5][6]andKermanshah[7]) were conceded to Persia, and
- Aras Riverbecame the new border line in South Caucasus.
Aftermath
[edit]The treaty proved to be anarmisticerather than a permanent treaty. Because, neither Ottoman sultanMahmut Iapproved the loss of Tabriz (needs explanation, see Hamadan above) norNader Shah,then the commander in chief of the Persian army, the losses in Caucasus. During Nader Shah's reign,Afsharid Persiawas able to regain its losses.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2003).Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire.Scarecrow Press. p. xlvi.ISBN978-0810866065.
- ^Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi vol.III,AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp. 282-290.
- ^Prof.Yaşar Yücel-Prof Ali Sevim:Türkiye tarihi vol.IV,AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp. 3-4.
- ^On line document (in Turkish)
- ^Erewantsʻi, Abraham; Bournoutian, George (1999).History of the wars: (1721-1736).Mazda Publishers. p. 2.ISBN978-1568590851.
(...) against Nader's advice, Shah Tahmasp marched against the Turks to force their withdrawal from Transcaucasia. The Ottomans routed the Persian forces in 1731, and in January 1732, the Shah concluded an agreement that left eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Shirvan, and Hamadan in Turkish hands.
- ^A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.Infobase Publishing. pp. 415–416.ISBN978-1438110257.
But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)
- ^A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.Infobase Publishing. pp. 415–416.ISBN978-1438110257.
But while Nadir pursued conquests in the east, Shah Tahmasp reopened hostilities with the Ottomans in an effort to regain his lost territories. He was defeated and agreed to a treaty that restored Tabriz but left Kermanshah and Hamadan in Ottoman hands. Nadir was incensed at the treaty (...)
Sources
[edit]- Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2010).The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire.Rowman & Littlefield. p. liii.ISBN978-0810875791.
