Trimerophytopsida

Trimerophytopsida; Temporal range:Devonian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Fossil ofPsilophyton dawsonii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Class:	†Trimerophytopsida; A.S.Foster& E.M.Gifford 1974
Order
	†Trimerophytales
Synonyms[citation needed]
	Trimerophyta (orth. var.); Psilophyta (orth. var.); Trimerophytophyta Bold 1973; Trimerophytophytina Banks 1975; Psilophytophyta Zimmermann 1930; Psilophytophytina Kryshtofovich 1945;

Trimerophytopsida(orTrimeropsida) is aclassof earlyvascular plantsfrom theDevonian,informally calledtrimerophytes.It contains genera such asPsilophyton.This group is probablyparaphyletic,and is believed to be the ancestral group from which both thefernsandseed plantsevolved. Different authors have treated the group at differenttaxonomic ranksusing the namesTrimerophyta,Trimerophytophyta,Trimerophytina,TrimerophytophytinaandTrimerophytales.

Taxonomy[edit]

At first most of the early land plants other than the bryophytes (i.e. thepolysporangiophytes) were placed in a single class Psilophyta, established in 1917 by Kidston and Lang.^[1]As additional fossils were discovered and described, it became apparent that the Psilophyta were not a homogeneous group of plants. In 1968 Banks first proposed splitting this taxon into three groups, which he put at therankofsubdivision;he clarified his proposal in 1975. One of the three groups was the Trimerophytina.^[2]^[3]The subdivision is based on thetypegenusTrimerophyton,which might be expected to produce 'Trimerophytophytina' as the name of the subdivision, but theInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plantsallows the 'phyton' part of a genus name optionally to be omitted before '-ophyta', '-ophytina' and '-opsida'.^[4]

The group has also since been treated as a division under the name Trimerophyta^[5]or Trimerophytophyta, as a class under the name Trimeropsida or Trimerophytopsida (as here),^[6]and as an order under the name Trimerophytales.^[7]

Subphylum †TrimerophytinaBanks 1975^[8]^[9]
- Class †TrimerophytopsidaFoster & Gifford 1974[TrimeropsidaBanks 1975;PsilophytopsidaKidston & Lang 1917;PsilophytidaeNemejc 1963]
  - Order †TrimerophytalesBanks ex Kasper et al. 1974[PsilophytalesPia 1924]
    - Family †TrimerophytaceaeBanks 1967[PsilophytaceaeHirmer 1927;HostinellaceaePia 1924;DawsonitaceaeNemejc 1963]
      - Genus †DawsonitesNemejc 1963
      - Genus †HostinellaBarrande ex Stur 1882
      - Genus †OocampsaAndrews, Gensel & Kasper 1975
      - Genus †EuphyllophytonHao & Beck
      - Genus †PauthecophytonXue et al. 2012
      - Genus †PsilophytonDawson 1859 emend. Hueber & Banks 1967
      - Genus †TrimerophytonHopping 1956

References[edit]

^Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny",American Journal of Botany,91(10): 1683–99,doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683,PMID 21652317
^Banks, H.P. (1968), "The early history of land plants", in Drake, E.T. (ed.),Evolution and Environment: A Symposium Presented on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Foundation of Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University,New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 73–107,cited inBanks, H.P. (1980), "The role ofPsilophytonin the evolution of vascular plants ",Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,29:165–176,doi:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90056-1
^Banks, H.P. (1975), "Reclassification of Psilophyta",Taxon,24(4): 401–413,doi:10.2307/1219491,JSTOR 1219491
^McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012),International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011,vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154 (electronic ed.), Vienna: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG,retrieved2014-07-02,Article 16.4
^Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009),Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants(2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press,ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8,p. 227
^See, e.g.,Berry, C.M. & Fairon-Demaret, M. "The Middle Devonian Flora Revisited". InGensel & Edwards (2001),pp. 120–139.
^Banks, H.P. (1970),Evolution and Plants of the Past,London: Macmillan Press,ISBN 978-0-333-14634-7,p. 57
^Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni (2015).Modern plant systematics.Liga-Pres. p. 685.doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164.ISBN 978-966-397-276-3.
^"Part 2- Plantae (starting with Chlorophycota)".Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement.Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2018.Retrieved30 June2016.

Bibliography[edit]

Gensel, P.G. & Edwards, D., eds. (2001),Plants invade the Land: Evolutionary & Environmental Perspectives,New York: Columbia University Press,ISBN 978-0-231-11161-4

[Crane_2004-1] Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny",American Journal of Botany,91(10): 1683–99,doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683,PMID 21652317

[2] Banks, H.P. (1968), "The early history of land plants", in Drake, E.T. (ed.),Evolution and Environment: A Symposium Presented on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Foundation of Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University,New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 73–107,cited inBanks, H.P. (1980), "The role ofPsilophytonin the evolution of vascular plants ",Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,29:165–176,doi:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90056-1

[3] Banks, H.P. (1975), "Reclassification of Psilophyta",Taxon,24(4): 401–413,doi:10.2307/1219491,JSTOR 1219491

[4] McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012),International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011,vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154 (electronic ed.), Vienna: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG,retrieved2014-07-02,Article 16.4

[Taylor_et_al_2009_227-5] Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009),Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants(2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press,ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8,p. 227

[6] See, e.g.,Berry, C.M. & Fairon-Demaret, M. "The Middle Devonian Flora Revisited". InGensel & Edwards (2001),pp. 120–139.

[7] Banks, H.P. (1970),Evolution and Plants of the Past,London: Macmillan Press,ISBN 978-0-333-14634-7,p. 57

[8] Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni (2015).Modern plant systematics.Liga-Pres. p. 685.doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164.ISBN 978-966-397-276-3.

[9] "Part 2- Plantae (starting with Chlorophycota)".Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement.Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2018.Retrieved30 June2016.

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Taxonomy[edit]

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