Jump to content

Trioceros

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Trioceros
Jackson's three-horned chameleon
(Trioceros jacksonii)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Chamaeleonidae
Subfamily: Chamaeleoninae
Genus: Trioceros
Swainson,1839
Type species
Chamaeleo oweni
Gray,1831[1]

Triocerosis agenusoflizardsin the familyChamaeleonidae,the chameleons, native to lowlands and highlands in the African mainland, ranging fromEthiopiasouth toMozambiqueand west as far asGhana.Trioceroswas considered asubgenusof the genusChamaeleountil 2009, when it was elevated to full genus level.[2]

Triocerosvary greatly in appearance and size. Many species in the genus have various ornaments, such as one to four horns on the head, crests on the nape or throat, or spines or sail-like structures on the top of the back or tail. They are primarily found in adult males, but generally reduced or even absent in females, and there are also many species in the genus where both sexes lack conspicuous ornaments. Although horn-like structures are found in certain other chameleon genera,Triocerosis the only where it can be cylindrical, annulated and bony.[2]

Trioceroscontains species that lay eggs (similar to most other chameleon genera) and species that give birth to live young (similar to onlyBradypodion). It is likely that giving birth to live young is an adaption to temperature, as it inTriocerosgenerally is found in species from highlands. The relatively cold highland climate slows the development of eggs laid in the ground; when instead retained inside the body until birth, a female can actively sun bask to increase the temperature.[3]

Species and subspecies[edit]

The followingspeciesandsubspeciesare recognized as being valid.[4]

Image Name Common Name Subspecies Distribution
Trioceros affinis
(Rüppell,1845)		 beardlessEthiopianmontane chameleon,Rüppell'sdesert chameleon Ethiopia.
Trioceros balebicornutus
(Tilbury,1998)		 Baletwo-horned chameleon Ethiopia.
Trioceros bitaeniatus
(Fischer,1884)		 side-striped chameleon, two-lined chameleon Ethiopia, southern Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros camerunensis
(L. Müller,1909)		 Cameroondwarf chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros chapini
(de Witte,1964)		 Chapin'schameleon,[5]grey chameleon Gabon and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros conirostratus
(Tilbury, 1998)		 South Sudanese unicorn chameleon South Sudan and Uganda.
Trioceros cristatus
(Stutchbury,1837)		 crested chameleon, fringed chameleon Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, and Togo.
Trioceros deremensis
(Matschie,1892)		 Usambaragiant three-horned chameleon, wavy chameleon East Usambara, Uluguru, Nguu and Nguru Mountains, and Udzungwa Mountains.
Trioceros ellioti
(Günther,1895)		 Elliot'schameleon,[6]montane side-striped chameleon, Elliot's groove-throated chameleon Burundi, Kenya, South Sudan, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros feae
(Boulenger,1906)		 Biokohornless chameleon, Bioko montane chameleon,Fea'schameleon Bioko.
Trioceros fuelleborni
(Tornier,1900)		 (named afterFriedrich Fülleborn),[7]flapjack chameleon, Ngosi Volcano chameleon, Poroto three-horned chameleon, mountain three-horned chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros goetzei
(Tornier, 1899)		 Goetze'schameleon,[8]Ilolo chameleon, Goetze's whistling chameleon
  • Trioceros goetzei goetzei(Tornier, 1899)– Goetze's whistling chameleon
  • Trioceros goetzei nyikae(Loveridge,1953)– Nyika whistling chameleon
 Tanzania and Malawi.
Trioceros hanangensis
Krause&Böhme[de],2010		 Mount Hanangmontane dwarf chameleon, Mount Hanang chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros harennae
(Largen,1995)		 Harenna hornless chameleon
  • Trioceros harennae harennae(Largen, 1995)–Harennahornless chameleon
  • Trioceros harennae fitchi(Nečas,2004)–Fitch'sHarenna hornless chameleon[9]
 Ethiopia
Trioceros hoehnelii
(Steindachner,1891)		 helmeted chameleon, high-casqued chameleon,von Höhnel'schameleon[10] Kenya and Uganda
Trioceros incornutus
(Loveridge, 1932)		 Ukinga hornless chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros ituriensis
(K.P. Schmidt,1919)		 Ituri forest chameleon Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya.
Trioceros jacksonii
(Boulenger, 1896)		 Jackson'schameleon[11]
  • Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii(Boulenger, 1896)– Jackson's three-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus(Rand,1958)– dwarf Jackson's chameleon
  • Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus(Eason,Ferguson&Hebrard,1988)–Mount Kenyathree-horned chameleon, yellow-crested Jackson's chameleon
 south-central Kenya and northern Tanzania.
Trioceros johnstoni
(Boulenger, 1901)		 Johnston'schameleon,[12]Johnston's three-horned chameleon, Ruwenzori three-horned chameleon Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda
Trioceros kinangopensis
Stipalaet al., 2012		 Aberdare Mountains dwarf chameleon Kenya.
Trioceros kinetensis
(K.P. Schmidt, 1943)		 Mount Kineti montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Kineti chameleon South Sudan.
Trioceros laterispinis
(Loveridge, 1932)		 spiny-flanked chameleon Tanzania.
Trioceros marsabitensis
(Tilbury, 1991)		 Marsabitone-horned chameleon, Mt. Marsabit chameleon, Tilbury's chameleon Kenya.
Trioceros melleri
(Gray,1865)		 giant one-horned chameleon,Meller'schameleon,[13]Meller's giant one-horned chameleon Malawi, northern Mozambique, and Tanzania
Trioceros montium
(Buchholz,1874)		 Cameroon sailfin chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros narraioca
(Nečas,Modrý&Šlapeta,2003)		 Mount Kulalchameleon or Mount Kulal stump-nosed chameleon Kenya
Trioceros ntunte
(Nečas, Modry & Slapeta, 2005)		 Mount Nyiru chameleon, Nyiru montane dwarf chameleon Kenya
Trioceros nyirit
Stipala et al., 2011		 Mount Mtelo stump-nosed chameleon, Pokot chameleon Kenya
Trioceros oweni
(Gray, 1831)		 Owen'schameleon[14] Nigeria in the north, to Angola in the south, and Burundi in the east
Trioceros perreti
(Klaver& Böhme, 1992)		 Perret'schameleon,[15]Perret's montane chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros pfefferi
(Tornier, 1900)		 Pfeffer'stwo-horned chameleon,[16]Pfeffer's chameleon, Bakossi two-horned chameleon Cameroon.
Trioceros quadricornis
(Tornier, 1899)		 four-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis quadricornis(Tornier, 1899)– southern four-horned chameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis eisentrauti(Mertens,1968)–Rumpi Hillschameleon
  • Trioceros quadricornis gracilior
    (Böhme & Klaver, 1981)– northern four-horned chameleon
 western Cameroon and southeastern Nigeria.
Trioceros rudis
(Boulenger, 1906)		 coarse chameleon, rough chameleon,Ruwenzoriside-striped chameleon, Rwenzori bearded montane dwarf chameleon western Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo
Trioceros schoutedeni
(Laurent,1952)		 Schouteden'smontane dwarf chameleon[17] Rwanda and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trioceros schubotzi
(Sternfeld,1912)		 Mount Kenya montane dwarf chameleon, Mount Kenya side-striped chameleon,Schubotz'schameleon[18] Kenya
Trioceros serratus
(Mertens, 1922)		 Cameroon
Trioceros sternfeldi
(Rand, 1963)		 (named afterRichard Sternfeld),[19]Crater Highlands side-striped chameleon,Tanzanianmontane dwarf chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros tempeli
(Tornier, 1899)		 Tanzania mountain chameleon,Tempel'schameleon,[20]Udzungwa double-bearded chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros werneri
(Tornier, 1899)		 Werner'schameleon,[21]Wemer's chameleon, Wemer's three-horned chameleon Tanzania
Trioceros wiedersheimi
(Nieden,1910)		 Mount Lefo chameleon,Wiedersheim'schameleon[22] Cameroon and Nigeria
Trioceros wolfgangboehmei
Koppetsch,Nečas &Wipfler,2021		 Ethiopia.

Nota bene:In the above list, abinomial authorityortrinomial authorityin parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other thanTrioceros.

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^Trioceros oweniat theReptarium.cz Reptile Database.Accessed 17 May 2022.
  2. ^abTilbury, C.R., & Tolley, K.A.(2009). "A re-appraisal of the systematics of the African genusChamaeleo(Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae) ".Zootaxa2079:57–68.
  3. ^Hughes, D.F.; Blackburn, D.G. (2020)."Evolutionary origins of viviparity in Chamaeleonidae".Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research.58(1): 284–302.doi:10.1111/jzs.12328.
  4. ^Triocerosat theReptarium.cz Reptile Database
  5. ^Beolens et al., p. 51.
  6. ^Beolens et al., p. 82.
  7. ^Beolens et al., p.95.
  8. ^Beolens et al., p. 103.
  9. ^Beolens et al., p. 90.
  10. ^Beolens et al., p. 124.
  11. ^Beolens et al., p. 132.
  12. ^Beolens et al., p. 135.
  13. ^Beolens et al., p. 175.
  14. ^Beolens et al., p. 198.
  15. ^Beolens et al., p. 203.
  16. ^Beolens et al., p. 205,
  17. ^Beolens et al., p. 237.
  18. ^Beolens et al., p. 238.
  19. ^Beolens et al., 253.
  20. ^Beolens et al., p. 263.
  21. ^Beolens et al., p. 282.
  22. ^Beolens et al., p. 285.

References[edit]

  • Boelens, Bo;Watkins, Michael;Grayson, Michael(2011).The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.ISBN978-1-4214-0135-5.
  • Swainson, W.(1839).The Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles, or Monocardian Animals. Vol. II.London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans; John Taylor. (A. Spottiswoode, printer). 452 pp. (Trioceros,new genus, p. 369).


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trioceros&oldid=1231472651"