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2010 Pacific hurricane season

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2010 Pacific hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedMay 29, 2010
Last system dissipatedDecember 21, 2010
Strongest storm
NameCelia
• Maximum winds160 mph (260 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
• Lowest pressure921mbar(hPa;27.2inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions13
Total storms8 (record low, tied with1977)
Hurricanes3 (record low)
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		2
Total fatalities268 total
Total damage$1.62 billion (2010USD)
Related articles
Pacific hurricane seasons
2008,2009,2010,2011,2012

The2010 Pacific hurricane seasonwas the least active Pacific hurricane season on record (reliable records began in1971), tied with1977.The season accumulated the second-fewestACEunits on record, as many of thetropical cycloneswere weak and short-lived. Altogether, only three of the season's eightnamed stormsstrengthened into hurricanes. Of those, two became major hurricanes, with one,Celia,reachingCategory 5intensity on theSaffir-Simpsonscale. Despite the inactivity, however, it was the costliest Pacific hurricane season on record at the time, mostly due toTropical Storm Agatha.The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern North Pacific (east140°W) and on June 1 in the central North Pacific (from 140°W to theInternational Date Line). It ended in both regions on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when mosttropical cyclogenesisoccurs in these regions of the Pacific. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as evidenced by the formation of Tropical Storm Omeka on December 19.

The first system of the season, Agatha, developed on May 29 near the coast of Guatemala. In the second week of June, a sudden spree of tropical cyclones developed, and between June 16 and 22, four cyclones formed, including the two major hurricanes of the season, Celia and Darby, the first of which reached Category 5 intensity. This near-record activity was a reversal from theprevious season,when no storm formed until June 18. Following this activity, July saw zero named storms. In August and September only 2 tropical storms and one hurricane formed.Tropical Depression Eleven-Ecaused a great deal of flooding in southern Mexico, causing millions of dollars in damage, as well as causing over 50 deaths and $500 million in damage in areas ofOaxacaandGuatemala.Tropical Storm Omeka was a rareoff-season storm.

Seasonal forecasts

[edit]
Predictions of tropical activity in the 2010 season
Source Date Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes 		Ref
Average(1981–2010) 15.4 8.4 3.9 [1]
Record high activity 27 16(tie) 11 [2]
Record low activity 8(tie) 3 0(tie) [3]
NOAA May 27, 2010 9–15 4–8 1–3 [4]
Actual activity
 8 3 2

On May 19, 2010, theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) released their forecast for the 2010 Central Pacific hurricane season, which would start on June 1. They expected two or three cyclones to form in or enter the region throughout the season, below the average of four or five storms. The below-average activity forecast was based on two factors: the first was the continuance of a period of decreased activity in the central Pacific; and second, the effects of aNeutral El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) orLa Niña,both of which reduce cyclone activity in the region. However, in light of the near-miss ofHurricane Feliciathe previous year, forecasters at theCentral Pacific Hurricane Centergave the public a basic message for the 2010 season, "Prepare! Watch! Act!".[5]

On May 27, 12 days after the official start of the 2010 eastern Pacific hurricane season, NOAA released their forecast for the basin. Similar to the forecast for the central Pacific, below-average activity was expected, with nine to fifteennamed stormsforming, four to eight of which would become hurricanes and a further one to three would become major hurricanes. This lessened activity was based on the same two factors as the central Pacific, decreased activity since1995and the ENSO event. Overall, NOAA stated there was a 75% chance of below-average activity, 20% of near-normal and only a 5% chance of above-average due to a strong La Niña.[6]

Seasonal summary

[edit]
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of the 2010 Pacific hurricane season.
Tropical Storm Georgette (2010)Tropical Storm Hermine (2010)Hurricane Frank (2010)Hurricane Celia (2010)Tropical Storm AgathaSaffir–Simpson scale
Activity by month compared to averages[7][nb 1]
Month Actual activity vs. Averages[nb 2] ACE[nb 3]
Storms Hurricanes Major Month Year
May[8] 1 (0–1) 0 (0) 0 (0) – –
June[9] 3 (2) 2 (1) 2 (0–1) >300% >300%
July[10] 0 (3–4) 0 (2) 0 (1) 0% 107%
August[11] 2 (4) 1 (2) 0 (1) 40% 75%
September[12] 1 (3) 0 (2) 0 (1) <5% 46%
October[13] 0 (2) 0 (1) 0 (0-1) 0% 48%
November[14] 0 (0-1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0% ~46%
Total[7] 7 (15) 3 (9) 2 (4) – ~46%

Background

[edit]

TheAccumulated Cyclone Energy(ACE) index for the 2010 Pacific hurricane season (Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific combined) as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the National Hurricane Center was 51.2 units.[nb 4][15]This ranked as the second-quietest since 1966. The vast majority of the ACE stemmed from Hurricanes Celia and Darby, which collectively accounted for roughly 70 percent of the seasonal total.[7]

Continuing a trend of below-average activity that began in1995,the 2010 season was quiet as expected. The Eastern Pacific proper saw record-low numbers of named storms and hurricanes, with only seven and three respectively forming.[7]Inclusive of the Central Pacific, the basin tied its record low activity of eight named storms set in1977.[3][16]

Inactivity was largely attributed to a moderately strongLa Niñaevent which resulted in below-averagesea surface temperaturesacross the basin. Another major factor limiting storm formation was the eastward displacement of200 mbdivergence.The displacement of this feature brought conditions that favor tropical development closer to the rugged terrain of Mexico and Central America, a factor known to disrupt low-level circulations. Accordingly, six of the seven named storms in the Eastern Pacific proper formed east of 106°W, four of which originated over theGulf of Tehuantepecwhere the greatest depth of warm waters were restricted to. A final limiting factor was above-averagewind shearacross much of the basin east of 130°W and north of 10°N.[7]

The record inactivity experienced in the Northeastern Pacific also took place in theNorthwestern Pacific.Since reliable records began in the 1970s, there has been no precedent for both basins experiencing exceptionally low tropical cyclone formation. Moreover, this general lack of storm formation was reflected in all cyclone basins except the Atlantic. On average, the Northeastern Pacific accounts for 16 percent of the world's storms; however, during 2010, it accounted for roughly 10 percent (7 out of 67 cyclones).[17]

Least intense Pacific hurricane seasons[18]
Rank Season ACEvalue
1 1977 22.3
2 2010 51.2
3 2007 51.6
4 1996 53.9
5 2003 56.6
6 1979 57.4
7 2004 71.1
8 1981 72.8
9 2013 74.8
10 2020 77.3

Early to peak intensity

[edit]
List of costliest Pacific hurricane seasons(as of 2023)
Rank Cost Season
1 ≥$13.07–17.07 billion 2023
2 $4.52 billion 2013
3 $3.15 billion 1992
4 $1.62 billion 2010
5 ≥$1.52 billion 2014
6 ≥$1.46 billion 2018
7 $834 million 1982
8 $760 million 1998
9 $735 million 1994
10 $566 million 2015

The season began with record-high activity, featuring twomajor hurricanesin June. ACE values exceeded 300 percent of the long-term mean, though most was due toCategory 5Hurricane Celia.[9]Hurricane Celia was also the second-earliest forming storm of that intensity during the course of a season, surpassed only byHurricane Avain1973.[3]The month featured an ACE value of 37.22, eclipsing the previous record set in1984.[9]Furthermore, Darby was the earliest second major hurricane of a season, eclipsingHurricane Daniel (1978);[19]however, this has since been surpassed byCristinain 2014,Blancain 2015, andBudin 2018.[20][21]This activity abruptly halted and languished throughout the month of July.[7]No named storms developed during the month, marking the first such occurrence since1966.However, due to the activity in June, ACE value for the season by the start of August remained slightly above normal, roughly 107 percent the yearly mean.[10]

Late activity

[edit]

Through the remainder of the season, the basin observed record low activity with only three additional named storms developing.[13]Since Omeka was the first storm in the Central Pacific during the year, it marked the latest start to a season since reliable records began, excluding seasons with no storms.[22][2][23]

Systems

[edit]

Tropical Storm Agatha

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationMay 29 – May 30
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h)(1-min);
1001mbar(hPa)
Main article:Tropical Storm Agatha

Early May 29, the season's first tropical depression consolidated near theGulf of Tehuantepec.Large-scale southwesterly flow prompted the system to move slowly northeast.Scatterometerdata indicated the depression soon strengthened into a tropical storm, at which time it wasassigned the nameAgatha.Attaining peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h), Agatha soon madelandfalllate on May 29 nearChamperico,Guatemala,just south of the border with Mexico. Once onshore, the mountainous terrain of Guatemala caused the storm to quickly dissipate early on May 30.[24]

Although a weak tropical cyclone, Agatha brought torrential rainfall to much of Central America.[25]Daily accumulations peaked at 16.78 in (426 mm) in Montufar,Guatemalaand 19.0 in (483 mm) inIlopango,El Salvador.[24][26]According to Guatemala's president,Álvaro Colom,some areas received more than 3.3 ft (1 m) of rain.[27]The ensuing flash floods and landslides proved catastrophic, especially in Guatemala where at least 174 people died.[28]In El Salvador, 11 people were killed and damage from the storm reached $112.1 million.[26]Honduras also suffered significant losses from the storm with 18 fatalities and at least $18.5 million in damage.[29]One person was also killed in Nicaragua.[30] The storm also associated with a very large sinkhole.

Tropical Depression Two-E

[edit]
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationJune 16 – June 17
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h)(1-min);
1007mbar(hPa)

Atropical waveemerged off the west coast of Africa on June 2 and entered the Atlantic Ocean. Tracking westward, the system eventually reached the eastern Pacific on June 13. As it approached theGulf of Tehuantepec,convectionincreased, despite strongwind shear.Early on June 16, sufficient development had taken place for the NHC to classify the wave as a tropical depression, at which time the depression was situated roughly 110 mi (175 km) south ofSalina Cruz,Mexico. Ascatterometerpass over the storm revealed it to have attained peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) later that day. Thereafter, wind shear took its toll on the system and its low-level circulation ultimately dissipated early on June 17 while still off the coast of Mexico.[31]

Due to its proximity to land, tropical storm watches and warnings were issued in advance of the storm when the system was first classified. This was discontinued when the system dissipated.[31]Rainfall associated with the depression extended as far north asOaxaca.InSan Juan Bautista Tuxtepec,82 homes were damaged by flood waters and 40 others were affected in the town of Zimatlán de Alvarez.[32]Some homes lost their roofs and a few trees were downed as a result of high winds.[33]

Tropical Storm Blas

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationJune 17 – June 21
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h)(1-min);
994mbar(hPa)

On May 30, a new tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean. Little convective development took place as it traversed the region; however, as it crossed Central America between June 9 and 10, it began to show signs of strengthening. By June 13, anarea of low pressuredeveloped within the wave and slowly developed a surface circulation over the following 48 hours as it remained nearly stationary over open waters. Early on June 17, deep convection was able to maintain itself over the system, prompting the NHC to classify the low as Tropical Depression Three-E; at this time, the depression was situated 305 mi (490 km) south-southwest ofManzanillo, Mexico.Within hours of becoming a tropical depression, a ship in the region reported sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h), indicating that the system had developed into a tropical storm. The newly upgraded storm, now named Blas by the NHC, began to track slowly to the northwest, and later nearly due west, in response to a strengthening ridge over Mexico.[34]

Strongwind shearprevented Blas from strengthening further over the following day; however, by June 19, the system entered a region of weaker shear. This allowed convection to develop over the center of circulation and that afternoon, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) and a pressure of 992 mbar (hPa; 29.29 inHg). Shortly thereafter, coolersea surface temperaturestook their toll on Blas, causing the storm to gradually weaken. By June 21, the system weakened to a tropical depression as convection diminished. Hours later, it degenerated into a non-convective remnant low while situated about 715 mi (1,150 km) west-southwest of the southern tip ofBaja California Sur.The remnants of Blas persisted through June 23 as they continued westward, before it dissipated to a weak upper-level low.[34]

Hurricane Celia

[edit]
Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
DurationJune 18 – June 28
Peak intensity160 mph (260 km/h)(1-min);
921mbar(hPa)
Main article:Hurricane Celia (2010)

Celia formed out of atropical waveon June 18, quickly organized into a tropical storm, and later into a hurricane the following day as deepconvectionconsolidated around the center. On June 21, the storm further intensified into aCategory 2 hurricane;however, over the following days, Celia's winds fluctuated. The system briefly attained major hurricane status on June 23 before temporarily succumbing towind shear.Once this shear lightened the next day, Celiarapidly intensifiedto attain its peak intensity with winds of 160 mph (255 km/h) and an estimatedbarometric pressureof 921mbar(hPa; 27.20inHg).[35]

Not long after reaching this strength, wind shear increased and the system entered a dry, stable environment. Over the following 42 hours, sustained winds decreased to tropical storm force and the system began to stall over the open ocean by June 27. Despite highly unfavorable conditions, the storm managed to retain tropical storm status through June 28 and degenerated into a non-convective remnant low that evening. The remnants of Celia continued to drift towards the north before finally dissipating on June 30, about 990 mi (1,590 km) southwest of the southern tip ofBaja California Sur.[35]

Hurricane Darby

[edit]
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
DurationJune 23 – June 28
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h)(1-min);
959mbar(hPa)

The second, and final, major hurricane of the season, Hurricane Darby originated from a vigoroustropical wavethat moved off the west coast of Africa on June 8. Initially well-organized, the wave rapidly deteriorated within 24 hours; it continued westward without redevelopment and entered the Eastern Pacific on June 19. The following day, anarea of low pressuredeveloped within the system as it slowed and turned towards the west-northwest. Gradually organizing, the low strengthened into a tropical depression on June 23 while situated roughly 380 mi (610 km) south-southeast ofSalina Cruz,Mexico. Over the following two days, Darby underwent two periods of rapid intensification. At the end of the second phase on June 25, the storm attained its peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a pressure of 959 mbar (hPa; 28.32 inHg). Though a strong storm, Darby was unusually small with tropical storm force winds extending only 70 mi (115 km) from its center.[36]

Not long after peaking, a large area of westerly winds, produced byHurricane Alexover theGulf of Mexico,caused Darby to stall offshore before turning to the east, being drawn into the circulation of the larger storm. Increasedwind shearproduced by the "massiveoutflowof Alex "caused the small storm to rapidly weaken.[36]By June 28, Darby had diminished to a tropical depression and later to a remnant low off the coast of Mexico. The low persisted for another day before fully dissipating offshore.[36]

While offshore, authorities in Mexico advised residents to be cautious of heavy rains from Darby. Alerts were issued for several areas; however, the storm dissipated before reaching land.[37][38]The combined effects of Hurricanes Alex and Darby resulted in heavy rains over much ofChiapas,amounting to 12 to 16 in (300 to 400 mm) in some areas. Flash flooding damaged 43 homes and affected 60,000 people.[39]

Tropical Depression Six-E

[edit]
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationJuly 14 – July 16
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h)(1-min);
1006mbar(hPa)

On July 11, a low pressure formed southwest of Central America.[40]The next day, the system began to organize.[41]After a decrease in convection,[42]the system became more concentrated.[43]After additional development, the NHC upgraded the disturbance into Tropical Depression Six-E on July 14.[44]Six-E slowed down forward momentum, and slowly turned north. The depression did not develop further, and it degenerated into an area of low pressure on July 16. However, the remnant low of the system continued moving westward for the next couple days, before fully dissipating on July 18.[45]

Though relatively far from land, the depression's outer bands brought locally heavy rains to portions ofColimaandJalisco.[46]

Tropical Storm Estelle

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 6 – August 10
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h)(1-min);
994mbar(hPa)

After an unusual, record inactive July, an area of disturbed weather formed off the south coast of Mexico, on August 4 from a tropical wave that left Africa 13 days earlier.[47]The system became better organized throughout the next day, and was upgraded into a tropical depression on August 6, 138 mi (222 km) southwest ofAcapulco, Mexico.Initially, there was uncertainty regarding the storm's path.[48]It reached tropical storm status on the same day. On August 8, the storm showed signs of weakening. It was downgraded into a tropical depression the next day. Estelle became a remnant low on August 10, dissipating shortly thereafter.[47]

Though the center of Estelle remained offshore, its outer bands brought moderate to heavy rains and increased surf to coastal areas ofGuerrero,Michoacán,Colima,andJaliscoon August 7.[49]The following day, a detachment of clouds associated with the storm brought locally heavy rains toMazatlán,resulting in localized street flooding.[50]

Tropical Depression Eight-E

[edit]
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 20 – August 21
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h)(1-min);
1003mbar(hPa)

On August 3, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean. By August 15, the wave crossed Central America and entered the Eastern Pacific. Over the following five days, development was relatively slow at first, resulting in forecasters at the NHC not predicting the system to become a tropical cyclone. However, on August 20, a low-pressure area formed and quickly became a tropical depression. At this time, the system was situated roughly 185 mi (300 km) west-southwest ofManzanillo,Mexico. Tracking northwestward in response to a mid-level ridge over northwestern Mexico, the depression moved through a region of moderate wind shear, preventing further development. Once over cooler waters on August 21, convection began to wane and the system degenerated into a remnant low later that day. Continuing along the same path, the remnants of the depression dissipated early on August 23, over open waters.[51]

Hurricane Frank

[edit]
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 21 – August 28
Peak intensity90 mph (150 km/h)(1-min);
978mbar(hPa)
Main article:Hurricane Frank (2010)

The tropical wave that became Frank was first noticed on August 15 south of theWindward Islands.Tropical Depression Nine-E formed on August 21 south of theGulf of Tehuantepec.It developed into a tropical storm the following morning. On August 23, Frank continued to intensify, but later faced shear and entered a period of weakening. However, on August 24, as shear decreased, it began to reorganize and strengthen again, becoming a hurricane on August 25. Frank also formed an eye feature that persisted for about a day. Two days later, Frank weakened back into a tropical storm. Frank encountered unfavorable conditions of high shear and cool waters, causing it to rapidly weakening overnight. Frank became a remnant low on August 28.

In Mexico, six deaths were reported. A total 30 homes were destroyed with 26 others damaged. Two major roads were damaged with another road blocked due to a landslides. Several rivers overflowed their banks as well.[52]In the wake of the storm, 110 communities requested assistance from the government. By September 14, an estimated 200,000 food packages were distributed to the region. Losses from Hurricane Frank exceeded 100 millionpesos(US$8.3 million).[53]

Tropical Depression Ten-E

[edit]
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 3 – September 4
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h)(1-min);
1003mbar(hPa)

Tropical Depression Ten-E originated from atropical wavethat moved off the west coast of Africa on August 14. Tracking westward, the wave eventually crossed Central America and entered the Pacific Ocean on August 26. Gradual organization took place by early September as deepeningconvection.During September 3, a low-level circulation developed within the system and the NHC classified it as a tropical depression. At this time, the depression was situated roughly 255 mi (410 km) south-southeast of the southern tip ofBaja California Sur.Located between a strongridgeover Mexico andtroughover the north Pacific Ocean, the system tracked northwestward throughout the remainder of its existence.Maximum sustained windsnever exceeded 35 mph (55 km/h) before moving into a region cooler waters and moderatewind shear.The combination of these two factors caused convection to diminish; the depression degenerated into a non-convective remnant low on September 4 before dissipating the following day.[54]

Tropical Depression Eleven-E

[edit]
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 3 – September 4
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h)(1-min);
1004mbar(hPa)
Main article:Tropical Storm Hermine (2010)

During mid-August, a westward moving tropical wave in the Atlantic Ocean spawnedHurricane Danielle.[55]The southern portion of this system continued its track and later entered the Eastern Pacific on August 29. By September 2, convection consolidated over the Gulf of Tehuantepec and alow-level circulationdeveloped as it moved in a general northward direction. Classified a tropical depression the following day,[56]the National Hurricane Center initially expected it to attain tropical storm status before moving over land.[57]A ship in the region measured gale-force winds, supporting this forecast but later analysis revealed that these winds were associated with a broadmonsoon troughwhich the depression was embedded within. Failing to intensify, the system made landfall nearSalina Cruz,Mexico and rapidly weakened. Maintaining its circulation, the depression survived its crossing of Mexico and regenerated into Atlantic Tropical Storm Hermine. The crossover of this storm is regarded as an uncommon occurrence,[56]taking place only a handful of times since reliable records in the Atlantic began in 1851.[58]

Due to the depression's proximity to land,tropical storm warningswere issued for southern Mexico.[56]The depression produced a swath of heavy rain along its immediate track, with localized peaks over 10 in (250 mm) and a storm maximum of 13.6 in (350 mm) inAlvarado, Veracruz.[59]Flooding affected more than 25,000 people in Oaxaca and 6,000 people in Guerrero.[60][61]The monsoon trough in which the depression was embedded was responsible for tremendous damage across Central America,[56]including at least 54 fatalities and $500 million in damage across Guatemala.[62][63]At least three others perished in Costa Rica.[64]

Tropical Storm Georgette

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 20 – September 23
Peak intensity40 mph (65 km/h)(1-min);
999mbar(hPa)
Main article:Tropical Storm Georgette (2010)

Georgette originated from atropical wavethat moved off the west coast of Africa on September 1. Tracking westward across the Atlantic, the wave eventually spawned an area of low pressure, which developed intoHurricane Karlon September 14. The wave itself continued through the Caribbean Sea, and entered the Eastern Pacific on September 17, but signification development was not anticipated. Tracking northwestward, the low gradually organized into a tropical depression by September 20, at which time it was situated south ofBaja California Sur.Shortly thereafter, it intensified into a tropical storm and was named Georgette. On September 21, Georgette attained its peak intensity with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 999 mbar (hPa; 29.50 inHg). The storm struck Baja California Sur later that day before weakening to a tropical depression. It continued north as a depression and made landfall on mainland Mexico on September 22. The system dissipated over northern Mexico early on September 23.[65]

Georgette caused the heaviest rains on Baja California Sur in the last 15 years, leaving many people homeless.[66]Georgette also produced high waves. The tropical cyclone worsened Mexico's flooding problem which started whenHurricane Karlmade landfall several days earlier.[67]A peak rainfall total of 5.9 in (150 mm) fell in Todos Santos.[68]Throughout Sonora, rainfall up to 4.7 in (120 mm) triggered flooding that damaged 220 homes.[69]Georgette caused 2.61 in (66 mm) of rainfall in Guaymas[70]Flooding was reported in several places (Empalme, Etchojoa, Navojoa, Guaymas,Los Mochis), causing 500,000 people to be evacuated.[65]Heavy runoff caused inflows of 18,000 cu ft/s (510 m3/s) into El Novillo Dam, forcing the Comisión Nacional del Agua, the local water authorities, to release water from the dam.[71]After impacting Mexico, moisture from the system combined with an approaching trough to produce heavy rainfall and thunderstorms across New Mexico. A total of 6.42 in (163 mm) was reported inGladstone.[72]The rains caused flooding that killed a person along the Rio Grande nearCarnuel.[73]

Tropical Storm Omeka

[edit]
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationDecember 18 – December 21
(Out of basin December 19–20)
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h)(1-min);
997mbar(hPa)

On December 16, anextratropical cyclonedeveloped in the western Pacific Ocean beneath anuppr-level low,just west of theInternational Date Line.The system drifted southeastward, crossing into the Central Pacific on December 17.[22]Because the cyclone was large and sprawling, the CPHC did not anticipate development.[74]On December 18, the system organized into asubtropical depression.It quickly intensified into a subtropical storm as it curved to the southeast into an area of warmer than normal water temperatures, which fueled the development of thunderstorms. On December 19, the storm crossed the International Date Line back into the western Pacific, and soon after developed a temporary eye-feature. The CPHC estimated peak winds of 60 mph (100 km/h) while in the Western Pacific. The storm soon turned eastward, crossing back into the Central Pacific on December 20 roughly 505 miles (815 km) south ofMidway Island.At that time, the CPHC designated the system as Tropical Storm Omeka.[22]The storm marked the latest date for a named storm in the basin since reliable records in the 1960s, as well as the first December named storm sincePakain 1997.[22][75][76][2]

Upon entering the basin, Omeka had sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), which marked its peak intensity in the basin. The storm was already weakening due to wind shear from an approaching trough, and it soon turned northeastward into an area of cooler waters.[22]After intermittent bursts of convection, Omeka transitioned into an extratropical low on December 21. Around that time, the storm brushed Lisianski Island, part of thePapahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.The low that was formerly Omeka dissipated on December 22.[22]

Storm names

[edit]
Main articles:Tropical cyclone naming,History of tropical cyclone naming,andList of historic tropical cyclone names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of140°Win 2010.[77]This is the same list used for the2004 season.[78]as nonames were retiredafter that season.

  • Isis(unused)
  • Javier(unused)
  • Kay(unused)
  • Lester(unused)
  • Madeline(unused)
  • Newton(unused)
  • Orlene(unused)
  • Paine(unused)
  • Roslyn(unused)
  • Seymour(unused)
  • Tina(unused)
  • Virgil(unused)
  • Winifred(unused)
  • Xavier(unused)
  • Yolanda(unused)
  • Zeke(unused)

For storms that form in the North Pacific between 140°W to theInternational Date Line,the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list.[77]One named storm, listed below, formed within the area in 2010.[22]

  • Omeka

Retirement

[edit]
See also:List of retired Pacific hurricane names

Even despite the name was not used during this season, theWorld Meteorological Organizationretired the nameIsisfrom the rotating Eastern Pacific name lists in 2015 after the name has become associated with theIslamic extremist militant group,also known as ISIS.[79][80]It was replaced withIvettefor the2016 season.

Season effects

[edit]

This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 2010 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2010 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2010Pacific hurricaneseason statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Stormcategory
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s)
Agatha May 29–30 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1001 Southwestern Mexico, Central America $1.11 billion 204
Two-E June 16–17 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 Southwestern Mexico Minor None
Blas June 17–21 Tropical storm 65 (100) 994 None None None
Celia June 18–28 Category 5 hurricane 160 (260) 921 Southwestern Mexico,Clipperton Island None None
Darby June 23–28 Category 3 hurricane 120 (195) 959 Southwestern Mexico None None
Six-E July 14–16 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1006 Western Mexico None None
Estelle August 6–10 Tropical storm 65 (100) 994 Southwestern Mexico, Northwestern Mexico None None
Eight-E August 20–21 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1003 None None None
Frank August 21–28 Category 1 hurricane 90 (150) 978 Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico $8.3 million 6
Ten-E September 3–4 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1003 None None None
Eleven-E September 3–4 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1004 Southwestern Mexico, Central America $500 million 0 (57)
Georgette September 20–23 Tropical storm 40 (65) 999 Northwestern Mexico Minor 0 (1)
Omeka December 20–21 Tropical storm 50 (85) 997 Hawaii None None
Season aggregates
13 systems May 29 – December 21 160 (260) 921 $1.62 billion 210 (58)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Values are only for the Eastern Pacific (east of140°W).
  2. ^Storm averages are those in parentheses.
  3. ^Percentage of average ACE through the end of the month
  4. ^The total represents the sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for every (sub)tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000 while they are above that threshold; therefore, tropical depressions are not included.

References

[edit]
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