Twana language

Twana
Twana
Skokomish
tuwaduq
Native to	United States
Region	Puget Sound,preciselyHood Canal,Washington state
Ethnicity	350Twana(1977)
Extinct	1980
Revival	2010s
Language family	Salishan Coast Salish Central Twana; ; ;
Writing system	NAPA
Language codes
ISO 639-3	twa
Glottolog	twan1247

TheTwana(tuwaduq)^[3]language, also known asSkokomish,is aCoast Salishlanguage of theSalishanlanguage family, spoken by theTwana,the Indigenous people ofHood Canal,inWashington.The name "Skokomish" is anAnglicizationof the Twana wordsquqəʔbəšand means "river people" or "people of the river".^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

History

It is believed by some elders within theSkokomishcommunity (such asBruce Subiyay Miller) that the language branched off fromLushootseed(a neighboring related Coast Salish language) because of the region-wide tradition of not speaking the name of someone who died for a year after their death. Substitute words were found in their place and often became normalizing in the community, generating differences from one community to the next. Subiyay speculated that this process increased the drift rate between languages and separated Twana firmly fromLushootseed.^{[citation needed]}

The last fluent speaker died in 1980.^[1]^[2]TheSkokomish Indian Tribereleased an online Twana dictionary in 2020,^[3]and the language is currently being revived.^[2]

Phonology

Consonants^[7]
		Bilabial	Alveolar			Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
		Bilabial	central	sibilant	lateral	Palatal	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p	t	ts		tʃ	k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tsʼ	tɬʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
	voiced	b	d	d͡z^[a]		d͡ʒ^[a]	ɡ^[a]	ɡʷ^[a]
Fricative				s	ɬ	ʃ	x^[b]	xʷ	χ	χʷ	h
Sonorant	plain	m	n		l	j		w
Sonorant	glottalized	ˀm			ˀl	ˀj		ˀw

^^a ^b ^c ^dFound in loan words.
^The sound[x]is disputed to be a main sound.^{[clarification needed]}

Vowel sounds present are[eɛəoa].

References

^^a ^b ^cTwanaatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^^a ^b ^c"Breathing life into the Tuwaduq language - Indian Country Today".2022-08-16. Archived fromthe originalon August 16, 2022.Retrieved2024-09-22.
^^a ^b ^cDrachman, Gaberell (2020).tuwaduq: The Twana Language E-Dictionary Project(PDF).Skokomish Indian Tribe.
^Bright, William(2004).Native American Placenames of the United States.University of Oklahoma Press. p. 452.ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.Retrieved3 November2010.
^Wray, Jacilee (2003). "Skokomish: Twana Descendants".Native Peoples of the Olympic Peninsula: Who We Are.University of Oklahoma Press. p. 65.ISBN 978-0-8061-3552-6.Retrieved3 November2010.
^The Skokomish Tribal Nation
^Drachman, Gaberell (1969).Twana Phonology.Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University.

External links

OLAC resources in and about the Twana language

This article related to theIndigenous languages of the Americasis astub.You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.

ThisWashington-related article is astub.You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it.

[loans-8] Found in loan words.

[9] The sound[x]is disputed to be a main sound.^{[clarification needed]}

[e18-1] TwanaatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)

[:1-2] "Breathing life into the Tuwaduq language - Indian Country Today".2022-08-16. Archived fromthe originalon August 16, 2022.Retrieved2024-09-22.

[:0-3] Drachman, Gaberell (2020).tuwaduq: The Twana Language E-Dictionary Project(PDF).Skokomish Indian Tribe.

[4] Bright, William(2004).Native American Placenames of the United States.University of Oklahoma Press. p. 452.ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.Retrieved3 November2010.

[5] Wray, Jacilee (2003). "Skokomish: Twana Descendants".Native Peoples of the Olympic Peninsula: Who We Are.University of Oklahoma Press. p. 65.ISBN 978-0-8061-3552-6.Retrieved3 November2010.

[6] The Skokomish Tribal Nation

[7] Drachman, Gaberell (1969).Twana Phonology.Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University.

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History

Phonology

See also

References

External links