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Typhoon Imbudo

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Typhoon Imbudo (Harurot)
Imbudo approaching thePhilippinesnear peak intensity on July 21
Meteorological history
FormedJuly 15, 2003
DissipatedJuly 25, 2003
Very strong typhoon
10-minute sustained(JMA)
Highest winds165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure935hPa(mbar); 27.61inHg
Category 4-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained(SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds240 km/h (150 mph)
Lowest pressure910hPa(mbar); 26.87inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities85
Damage$383 million (2003USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines,China
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the2003 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Imbudo,[nb 1]known in the Philippines asSuper Typhoon Harurot,[1]was a powerfultyphoonthat struck thePhilippinesand southernChinain July 2003. The seventhnamed stormand fourth typhoon ofthe season,Imbudo formed on July 15 to the east of the Philippines. The storm moved generally west-northward for much of its duration due to aridgeto the north. Favorable conditions allowed Imbudo to intensify, gradually at first before undergoingrapid deepeningon July 19. After reaching typhoon status, Imbudo strengthened further to peak10–minute sustained windsof 165 km/h (103 mph) on July 20. The typhoon madelandfallon northernLuzonnear peak intensity on July 22, but quickly weakened over land. Once in theSouth China Sea,Imbudo re-intensified slightly before making its final landfall in southern China nearYangjiangon July 24, dissipating the next day.

In the Philippines, Imbudo was the strongest typhoon in five years, causing widespread flooding and power outages in theCagayan Valleyfor weeks. Damage was heaviest inIsabelaprovince near where the storm struck. Most of the banana crop was destroyed, and other crops sustained similar but lesser damage. Imbudo disrupted transportation across much of Luzon. Nationwide, the storm damaged or destroyed 62,314 houses, causing P4.7 billion (PHP,$86 millionUSD) in damage, mostly in the Cagayan Valley.[nb 2]There were also 64 deaths in the country. In Hong Kong, strong winds killed a man after knocking him off a platform. In China, damage was heaviest inGuangdongwhere the storm struck. Thousands of trees fell, and 595,000 houses were wrecked. Hundreds of canceled flights stranded travelers across the region. InGuangxi,high rainfall increased water levels in 45 reservoirs to warning levels. In Guangxi and Guangdong, collectively 20 people were killed, and damage reached about ¥4.45 billion (CNY,US$297 million).

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Storm type
triangleExtratropical cyclone,remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Imbudo were from a disorganized area ofconvectionnearChuukin the open western Pacific in mid-July. With weakwind shear,the system slowly became better organized.[2]On July 15, theJapan Meteorological Agency(JMA)[nb 3]estimated that a tropical depression formed.[3]The next day, theJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)[nb 4]issued atropical cyclone formation alert(TCFA), noting thatoutflowhad increased due to anupper-level lowto the northeast. At 1800UTCon July 16, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 09W about 665 km (413 mi) east ofYap.[2]Asubtropical ridgenearOkinawasteered the nascent depression to the west-northwest for much of its duration. With warm waters and favorable upper-level conditions, the depression quickly organized,[5]and the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm Imbudo on July 17.[3]

After becoming a tropical storm, Imbudo passed about 35 km (22 mi) north of Yap.[2]The JMA upgraded Imbudo to a severe tropical storm late on July 18,[3]around the same time that the JTWC upgraded it to a typhoon. An increase in outflow to the south and to the north from atropical upper tropospheric trough(TUTT) caused a 36‑hour period ofrapid developmentbeginning on July 19.[5]During that time, the JMA upgraded Imbudo to typhoon status,[3]thePhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA) began issuing advisories as the storm approached the Philippines,[1]and a 30 km (19 mi) wideeyeformed.[2]At 1200 UTC on July 20, the JMA estimated peak10 minute sustained windsof 165 km/h (103 mph).[3]At the same time, the JTWC estimated 1 minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), making it asuper typhoon.[5]By late on July 20, the typhoon had developed concentric eyewalls, and the TUTT was moving away, thus diminishing outflow.[2]Imbudo maintained peak winds for about 12 hours,[3]before the innermost eye contracted to a diameter of 11 km (6.8 mi) in the midst of aneyewall replacement cycle.[2]At 0300 UTC on July 22, Imbudo struck northernLuzon,with 1 minute winds estimated at 205 km/h (127 mph) by the JTWC.[5]

Rapidly weakening over land, Imbudo emerged into theSouth China Seaabout six hours afterlandfall.[2][3]The JTWC estimated winds had decreased to 150 km/h (93 mph), although the agency estimated Imbudo quickly re-intensified to a secondary peak of 165 km/h (103 mph) in 1 minute winds. Dry air prevented convection from redeveloping significantly, and the eye had become large over open waters.[2]At 0300 UTC on July 24, Imbudo made its final landfall west ofMacau,[3]nearYangjiang,Guangdong.[6]It was the strongest to hit the province sinceTyphoon Sallyin 1996,[7]striking China with 10 minute winds of 140 km/h (87 mph), as estimated by the JMA. The storm rapidly weakened over land while moving over southern China. Late on July 25, Imbudo dissipated near the border of China and Vietnam.[3]

Preparations

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Before Imbudo struck, officials evacuated over 14,000 people to at least 60 shelters.[2][6]Government offices were closed along the typhoon's path, and schools were closed in the capital, Manila.[8]PAGASA issued anumber 4 warning signal,the highest level, for three northern provinces, indicating the imminent threat of a powerful storm.[9]Despite the warning, a post-storm survey inIsabelaprovince indicated that 34% were unaware of the storm's arrival, while others believed the typhoon would not be as strong.[10]In Manila, four flights were canceled atNinoy Aquino International Airport,and theManila Light Rail Transit Systemwas shut down for two hours.[8]Travel by ship and bus were halted in some areas.[11]On July 22 before the storm struck, the Philippine military was put on red alert, increasing security at thepresidential palace.The military stated it was due to the typhoon, although newspapers suggested it was to prevent a coup attempt;[12]a failed coup ultimately did occur on July 27 in what would become known as theOakwood mutiny.[13]

TheHong Kong Observatoryissued anumber 8 warning signal,indicating the potential for gale-force winds within the territory.[6]AtHong Kong International Airport,at least 100 flights were canceled or delayed.[14]Most ferry and some bus lines were temporarily suspended.[6]The threat of the storm caused 16 flights to be canceled and another 54 delayed atGuangzhou Baiyun International Airport.[6]OnHainanisland, 32 canceled flights stranded about 1,500 travelers.[14]The threat of the storm forced British Prime MinisterTony Blairto shorten a trip to the territory.[15]TheHong Kong Stock Exchangeopened 30 minutes late as a result of the typhoon.[16]On the mainland at Yangjiang, more than 30,000 people evacuated ahead of the storm.[17]

Impact

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Philippines

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Typhoon Imbudo over the Philippines on July 22

Typhoon Imbudo was the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon sinceTyphoon Zebfive years prior,[2]and was the fifth storm in eight weeks to affect the country.[9]The typhoon left widespread areas flooded for several days.[18]Cagayan Valleywas largely isolated after a bridge was damaged inIlocos Norte.[19]Damage was heavy in the region, totaling P2.2 billion (PHP,$40 millionUSD)[nb 5],and over 80,000 people were displaced by the storm.[20]Damage was heaviest in Isabela, where damage was estimated at P1.9 billion (PHP, US$35 million), mostly to crops and killed livestock.[nb 5][10]There, winds and rain knocked down trees and caused a province-wide power outage.[21]Most trees less than three years old fell during the high winds. In Isabela province, the banana crop was almost entirely destroyed, and most of the corn and rice crops were heavily damaged.[10]The high damage caused thegross regional product,or overall economy of the Cagayan Valley, to decrease by 0.3% than what would have happened without the typhoon.[20]

Power outages affectedMetro Manila,and several billboards were damaged in the city, although there was minimal flooding in the capital. Adverse conditions caused theManila Light Rail Transit System Line 1to close for two hours, stranding hundreds. High winds knocked over a 12 m (39 ft) tree that killed five onRomblon Island.The rains brought theMagat Damon Luzon to capacity.[11]Landslides blocked a national highway inNueva Ecijawith debris and fallen trees, which were quickly cleared within a few days.[19]OnMindanao,flash floodingfrom the outer periphery of the storm affected 18 towns, killing 11 people.[22][23]InMaguindanaoin the southern Philippines, flooding washed away 50 houses, forcing over 2,000 people to evacuate.[8]Damage extended as far south as theWestern Visayas.[20]Across the Philippines, Imbudo damaged 62,314 houses, of which about 20% were destroyed. Housing damage was estimated at P1.2 billion (PHP, US$22 million), most of which in the Cagayan Valley.[nb 5][20]Overall damage in the country was estimated at P4.7 billion (PHP, US$86 million).[1][nb 5]Of the total, about P1.9 billion (PHP, US$35 million)[nb 5]was in agriculture damage.[18]Imbudo killed 64 people in the Philippines, mostly in Cagayan Valley, and injured another 154.[1][20]

Elsewhere

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Typhoon Imbudo in theSouth China Seaon July 23

Early in its developmental stages, Imbudo affected portions ofMicronesia,particularlyUlithi.There, a weather station measured a peak wind gust of 85 km/h (53 mph); winds of similar intensity were reported in Yap. Rainfall from Imbudo in Micronesia peaked at 226 mm (8.9 in) over a six-hour period on Yap. The rainfall from the passing tropical cyclone caused $75,000 in property damage and $25,000 in agricultural and crop-related damage.[25]

Before Imbudo struck mainland China, it passed south of Taiwan, dropping heavy rainfall reaching 137 mm (5.4 in) inTaitung County.[2]The outer rainbands reached as far asOkinawa,where 2 mm (0.079 in) was reported.[26]

Peak rainfall in Hong Kong was 53.5 mm (2.11 in) atKwai Chung,[6]only a day afterTropical Storm Konidropped rainfall in the territory,[27]and the higheststorm surgewas 1.13 m (3.7 ft) atTsim Bei Tsui.As the storm passed to the south, Imbudo produced winds of 101 km/h (63 mph) onCheung Chau,the highest in the Hong Kong territory, although a gust of 164 km/h (102 mph) was observed atTai Mo Shan.High winds killed a man after knocking him off a platform. The winds knocked down 83 trees, injuring 11 people. Rough waves injured 34 people traveling by boat nearLantau Island.[6]In the territory, ten boats were damaged or sank, and one fishing pier was damaged.[27]

At its final landfall in Guangdong, Imbudo produced strong winds, with a peak gust of 200 km/h (120 mph) measured atShangchuan Island.At Yangjiang, gusts reached 159 km/h (99 mph),[2]causing eleven boats to sink.[14]There, over 10,000 trees fell due to the strong winds, more than half in the city,[28]and 7,649 homes were damaged or destroyed.[29]InZhanjiang,the storm damaged power lines and water pumps, leaving residents without access to water.[2]Imbudo spawned tornadoes inLuodingand Zhanjiang, damaging dozens of houses and killing 6,000 chickens.[30]Throughout Guangdong, Imbudo destroyed 595,000 houses and caused ¥1.9 billion (CNY, US$230 million).[nb 6]There were at least eight deaths in the province.[2]

In Hainan island to the south of the storm track, rainfall reached 230 mm (9.1 in) inDing'an County.[2]Imbudo caused flooding in the capitalHaikou,and several houses were wrecked.[31]The typhoon affected most of the population, causing an estimated ¥55.35 million (CNY,US$6.7 million) in damage.[nb 6][2]Heavy rainfall spread across southern China, peaking at 343 mm (13.5 in) at Hepu County inGuangxiprovince,[2]which increased water levels in 45 reservoirs to warning levels.[32]The Nanliu River inBobai Countyrose to 50.21 m (164.7 ft), or 0.71 m (2.3 ft) above flood stage.[33]In Guangxi, 12 people died from storm damage or drowning, and at least 130 livestock were killed. Imbudo destroyed 4,950 houses,[2]3,170 of which in the city ofYulin,[34]causing ¥499.6 million (CNY, US$60.3 million) in damage in the province.[nb 6][2]Across southern China, the typhoon damaged over 10 millionhectares(25 millionacres) of crop fields.[6]

Aftermath

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Immediately after the storm, thePhilippine Air Forcewere mobilized to help deliver supplies and aid in search and rescue missions.[11]On July 24, PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyodeclared that the National Disaster Coordinating Council would provide assistance to citizens affected by the typhoon. The president requested P134 million (PHP, US$2.5 million)[nb 5]for farmers to buy new seeds,[19]and P35 million (PHP, US$650,000)[nb 5]to rebuild the hard-hit Cagayan Valley, where Arroyo visited days after the storm struck.[18]The government ultimately spent about P24 million (PHP, US$435,000)[nb 5]in emergency aid for relocating storm victims, search and rescue operations, and assistance.[20]In Mindanao, officials prepared 800 bags of rice and various other food supplies due to the storm.[23]Power and water outages persisted across Luzon for up to three weeks, causing many factories otherwise undamaged to close.[20]In Isabela province, 25Tzu Chivolunteers provided supplies to 2,873 houses.[21]The Philippine government provided rice, sardines, and coffee to many affected houses. Damaged houses were supposed to receive 1,000 pesos, although few received the monetary aid. In the town of San Mariano in Isabela province, most farmers incurred more debt and continued their same general farming practice, despite sustaining heavy losses from the storm.[10]

Retirement

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See also:List of retired Pacific typhoon names

In 2004, theWorld Meteorological Organizationretiredthe name Imbudo and replaced it withMolave.[35]The PAGASA name Harurot was replaced with Hanna for the2007 season.[36]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The nameImbudowas contributed by Philippines, which means funnel or downspout in Filipino.
  2. ^All damage totals are in 2003 values of their respective currencies.
  3. ^The Japan Meteorological Agency is the officialRegional Specialized Meteorological Centerfor the western Pacific Ocean.[3]
  4. ^The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a jointUnited States Navy–United States Air Forcetask force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions.[4]
  5. ^abcdefghThe total was originally reported inPhilippine pesos.Total converted via theOanda Corporationwebsite.[24]
  6. ^abcThe total was originally reported inChinese yuan.Total converted via theOanda Corporationwebsite.[24]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdSuper Typhoon "Harurot" (19 to 23 July 2003)(Report). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived fromthe originalon 14 October 2013.Retrieved2013-10-05.
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrsKevin Boyle."Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary July 2003".Gary Padgett.Retrieved2013-10-05.
  3. ^abcdefghijAnnual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2003(PDF)(Report).Japan Meteorological Agency.8.Retrieved2013-10-05.
  4. ^"Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement".Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-26.Retrieved2012-07-25.
  5. ^abcdJoint Typhoon Warning Center.Typhoon (STY) 09W (Imbudo)(PDF)(Report). United States Navy.Retrieved2013-01-29.
  6. ^abcdefghTyphoon Imbudo (0307): 17-25 July 2003(PDF)(Report). Hong Kong Observatory. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-10-15.Retrieved2013-10-06.
  7. ^Qingqing Li; Gang Fu; Jingtian Guo; Yuqiang Yang; Yihong Duan (October 30, 2005). "An observational study of typhoon Imbudo in 2003".Journal of Ocean University of China.4(4): 391–397.Bibcode:2005JOUC....4..391L.doi:10.1007/s11802-005-0061-z.S2CID84497884.
  8. ^abc"Six dead as Typhoon Imbudo slams into northern Philippines".ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 2003-07-22.Retrieved2013-10-07.
  9. ^abAction by Churches Together International (2003-07-23).ACT Alert 1/2003: Philippines 1/2003 Super typhoon hits the Philippines.ReliefWeb(Report).Retrieved2016-08-31.
  10. ^abcdMarco G.A. Huigen; Isabella C. Jens (2006)."Socio-Economic Impact of Super Typhoon Harurot in San Mariano, Isabela, the Philippines"(PDF).World Development.34(12): 2116–2136.doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.03.006.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-10-14.Retrieved2013-10-08.
  11. ^abc"Typhoon Harurot Leaves 6 Dead".The Philippine Star.2003-07-23.Retrieved2013-10-08.
  12. ^Raissa Robles (2003-07-24). "Police probe alleged anti-Arroyo plot; Estrada backers and communist groups are under watch, but officer accuses a 'third group' of fanning coup rumours".South China Morning Post.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  13. ^Nikko Dizon (2013-07-27)."Oakwood mutiny: Wrong, right".Philippine Daily Inquirer.Retrieved2013-10-11.
  14. ^abcJoe McDonald (2003-07-24). "Typhoon Imbudo slams into China after daring rescue of stranded sailors off Hong Kong coast; Philippines toll rises to 10". Associated Press.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  15. ^"Typhoon Imbudo heads to south China after battering Philippines, Hong Kong".ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 2003-07-24.Retrieved2013-10-11.
  16. ^"Hong Kong shares close lower on light turnover". Xinhua. 2003-07-24.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  17. ^Chow Chung-yan; Cathy Li (2003-07-25). "30,000 evacuated as typhoon destroys 4,500 homes in Yangjiang". South China Morning Post.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  18. ^abc"Harurot Exits, Leaves 21 Dead".The Philippine Star.2003-07-24.Retrieved2013-10-08.
  19. ^abc"Typhoon Harurot Dead Toll Now 17".The Philippine Star.2003-07-23.Retrieved2013-10-08.
  20. ^abcdefgAssessing the Socio-Economic Impacts of Typhoon "Haruruot", Cagayan Valley, July 2003. UNESCAP-NDCC Project(PDF)(Report). World Bank Institute. 2005. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-10-14.Retrieved2013-10-10.
  21. ^abTzu Chi Foundation (2003-07-27).Philippines: Relief efforts for typhoon-damaged province of Isabela(Report). ReliefWeb.Retrieved2013-10-07.
  22. ^Action by Churches Together International (2003-07-30).ACT Appeal Philippines: Assistance to Typhoon survivors ASPH32(Report). ReliefWeb.Retrieved2013-10-07.
  23. ^abUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2003-07-24).Philippines - Typhoon Imbudo OCHA Situation Report No. 1(Report). ReliefWeb.Retrieved2013-10-07.
  24. ^ab"Historical Exchange Rates".Oanda Corporation. 2013.Retrieved2013-10-05.
  25. ^Angel, William; Hinson, Stuart; Mooring, Rhonda, eds. (July 2003)."Storm Data for July 2003"(PDF).Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena.45(7): 361. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 October 2013.Retrieved27 October2013.
  26. ^Digital Typhoon.Typhoon 200307 (Imbudo)(Report).Retrieved2013-10-06.
  27. ^abTropical Cyclone Statistics and Tables(PDF)(Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 84.Retrieved2013-10-06.
  28. ^Stephanie Hoo (2003-07-25). "Seven deaths reported from Typhoon Imbudo in southern China, thousands of homes wrecked". Associated Press.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  29. ^"China mops up in aftermath of destructive typhoon".ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. 2003-07-25.Retrieved2013-10-07.
  30. ^"Tornadoes and hail kill three people, 6,000 chickens in southern China". Agence France-Presse. 2003-07-24.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  31. ^Martin Parry (2003-07-25). "China mops up in aftermath of destructive typhoon as toll rises". Agence France-Presse.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  32. ^Typhoon Imbudo death toll rises to 20 in south China(Report). ReliefWeb. 2003-07-26.Retrieved2013-10-07.{{cite report}}:Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help)
  33. ^"Typhoon Imbudo causes floods, high tides in south China". Xinhua. 2003-07-25.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  34. ^"Typhoon Imbudo kills 6 in southern China". Xinhua. 2003-07-25.– via Lexis Nexis(subscription required)
  35. ^The Typhoon Committee.Appendix 1C: List of Names for Tropical Cyclones Adopted by the Typhoon Committee for the Western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea(PDF)(Typhoon Committee Operational Manual 2012 Edition). World Meteorological Organization. p. 31.Retrieved2012-08-02.
  36. ^Rudy A. Fernandez (2007-08-10)."Typhoon names? No shortage here".The Philippine Star.Retrieved2013-10-10.
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