2004 United States presidential election
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538 members of theElectoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 60.1%[1]![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Presidential election results map.Reddenotes states won by Bush/Cheney andbluedenotes those won by Kerry/Edwards. Numbers indicateelectoral votescast by each state and the District of Columbia. Faithless elector:John Edwards1 (MN) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The2004 United States presidential electionwas the 55th quadrennialpresidential election,held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004. TheRepublicanticket of incumbentPresidentGeorge W. Bushand his running mate incumbentVice PresidentDick Cheneywere elected to a second term, defeating theDemocraticticket ofJohn Kerry,aUnited States senatorfromMassachusettsand his running mateJohn Edwards,a United States senator fromNorth Carolina.
Bush and Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty. FormerVermontgovernorHoward Deanemerged as the early front-runner in the2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries,but Kerry won the first set of primaries in January and clinched his party's nomination in March after a series of primary victories. Kerry chose Edwards, who was the runner-up in the primaries, to be his running mate.
Foreign policywas the dominant theme throughout the election campaign, particularly Bush's handling of thewar on terrorand the2003 invasion of Iraq.Bush presented himself as a decisive leader and attacked Kerry as a "flip-flopper".Kerry criticized Bush's conduct of theIraq War,despite havingvoted for ithimself. Domestic issues were debated as well, includingthe economyand jobs,health care,abortion,same-sex marriageandembryonic stem cellresearch.
Bush won by a narrow margin of 35electoral votesand took 50.7% of the popular vote. Bush sweptthe Southand theMountain Statesand took the crucialswing statesofOhio,Iowa,andNew Mexico,the latter two flipping Republican. Although Kerry flippedNew Hampshire,Bush won both more electoral votes and states than in 2000. Ohio was thetipping-point state,and was considered to be the state that allowed Bush to win re-election. Some aspects of the election process were subject tocontroversy,but not to the degree seen in the2000 presidential election.As of 2020, this is the most recent presidential election in which the Republican nominee won the popular vote and the only presidential election since1984in which the incumbent Republican president won re-election. Bush also became the only incumbent president to win re-election after previously losing the popular vote.
Since the death of 2000 vice-presidential nomineeJoe Liebermanin 2024, this is the earliest presidential election in which all major-party candidates for president and vice president are still alive.
Background[edit]
George W. Bushwon the presidency in2000after theSupreme Court's decision inBush v. Goreremanded the case to theFlorida Supreme Court,which declared there was not sufficient time to hold a recount without violating theU.S. Constitution.
Just eight months into his presidency, theterrorist attacksof September 11, 2001, suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United Statesentered Afghanistan,which had been shelteringOsama bin Laden,suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. TheTalibanhad been removed by December, although a long reconstruction would follow.
The Bush administration then turned its attention toIraqand argued the need to removeSaddam Husseinfrom power in Iraq had become urgent. Amongthe stated reasonswere that Saddam's regime had tried to acquirenuclear materialand had not properly accounted forbiologicalandchemicalmaterial it was known to have previously possessed. Both the possession of theseweapons of mass destruction(WMD), and the failure to account for them, would violatethe UN sanctions.The assertion about WMD was hotly advanced by the Bush administration from the beginning, but other major powers including China, France, Germany, and Russia remained unconvinced that Iraq was a threat and refused to allow passage of a UN Security Council resolution to authorize the use of force.[2]Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002, who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country.[3]The United States invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, along with a "coalition of the willing"that consisted of additional troops from the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, from Australia and Poland. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and itsarmed forces.However, the U.S. and allied forces failed to find anyweapon of mass destructionin Iraq. Nevertheless, on May 1, George W. Bush landed on the aircraft carrierUSSAbraham Lincoln,in aLockheedS-3 Viking,where he gavea speechannouncing the end of "major combat operations" in theIraq War.
Nominations[edit]
Republican nomination[edit]
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46th Governor of Texas
43rd President of the United States
Policies
Appointments
First term
Second term
Presidential campaigns Post-presidency
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George W. Bush | Dick Cheney | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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43rd President of the United States (2001–2009) |
46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Bush was able to ward off any serious challenge to the Republican nomination. SenatorLincoln Chafeefrom Rhode Island considered challenging Bush on an anti-war platform inNew Hampshire,but decided not to run after the capture ofSaddam Husseinin December 2003.[4]
On March 10, 2004, Bush officially attained the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the2004 Republican National ConventioninNew York City.He accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and retainedVice PresidentDick Cheneyas hisrunning mate.During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes: defending America against terrorism and building anownership society.The ownership society included allowing people to invest some of theirSocial Securityin the stock market, increasing home and stock ownership, and encouraging more people to buy their ownhealth insurance.[5]
Democratic Party nomination[edit]
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John Kerry | John Edwards | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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U.S. Senator fromMassachusetts (1985–2013) |
U.S. Senator fromNorth Carolina (1999–2005) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Withdrawn candidates[edit]
Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote from the primaries | |||||||||||
John Edwards | Howard Dean | Dennis Kucinich | Wesley Clark | Al Sharpton | Joe Lieberman | Carol Moseley Braun |
Dick Gephardt | ||||
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U.S. Senatorfrom North Carolina (1999–2005) |
79th Governor of Vermont (1991–2003) |
U.S. RepresentativefromOhio (1997–2013) |
Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1997–2000) |
Minister and Activist | U.S. Senator fromConnecticut (1989–2013) |
U.S. Senator fromIllinois (1993–1999) |
House Minority Leader (1995–2003) | ||||
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Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | Campaign | ||||
W: March 2 3,162,337votes |
W: Feb 18 903,460votes |
W: July 22 620,242votes |
W: Feb 11 547,369votes |
W: March 15 380,865votes |
W: Feb 3 280,940votes |
W: Jan 15 98,469votes |
W: Jan 20 63,902votes |
Democratic primaries[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kerry02.jpg/220px-Kerry02.jpg)
The2004 Democratic Party presidential primariestook place from January 14 to June 8, 2004 to select theDemocratic Party's nominee for president. Before the primaries, Vermont governorHoward Deanwas a favorite to win the nomination. However, Massachusetts senatorJohn Kerrywon victories in two early races: theIowa caucusesand theNew Hampshire primary.These wins strengthened Kerry's previously weak campaign.[6]By March 11, Kerry had received enough delegates to win the nomination.[7]Other major candidates included North Carolina senatorJohn Edwardsand retired U.S. Army generalWesley Clark.
Kerry asked Republican senatorJohn McCainto be his running mate, but McCain turned down his offer.[8]On July 6, Kerry selected Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the2004 Democratic National Conventionwas held later that month inBoston.[9]
Democratic National Convention[edit]
Heading into the convention, the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled its new slogan: a promise to make America "stronger at home and more respected in the world."[10]Kerry made hisVietnam Warexperience the convention's prominent theme.[11]
The keynote address at the convention was delivered byIllinoisState Senator and U.S. Senate candidate (as well as future president)Barack Obama;the speech was well received, and it elevated Obama's status within the Democratic Party.[12]
Other nominations[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/David_Cobb_on_fire.jpg/150px-David_Cobb_on_fire.jpg)
There were four other presidential tickets on the ballot in a number of states totaling enough electoral votes to have a theoretical possibility of winning a majority in theElectoral College.They were:
- Michael Badnarik/Richard Campagna,Libertarian Party(campaign). Badnarik was nominated on the third ballot and Campagna on the first ballot at theLibertarian National ConventioninAtlanta, Georgia,held May 28–31, 2004.[13]
- David Cobb/Pat LaMarche,Green Party(campaign). Cobb was nominated on the second ballot at the2004 Green National ConventioninMilwaukee, Wisconsin,held June 23–28, 2004.[14]
- Ralph Nader/Peter Camejo,independent(alsoReform Party,Independent Party(DE), Populist Party (MD), Better Life Party, Cross-endorsements N.Y., Peace and Justice Party, Independence Parties ofNew Yorkand South Carolina, and the Vermont Green Party who chose not to ratify the national party's presidential nominee).[15]
- Michael Peroutka/Chuck Baldwin,Constitution Party(alsoAlaskan Independence Party). Peroutka and Baldwin were unanimously nominated at theConstitution Party National ConventionatValley Forge, Pennsylvania(June 23–26, 2004).[16]
Issues unique to the election[edit]
Electronic voting machines[edit]
Ahead of the 2004 election, some states implementedelectronic votingsystems. Critics raised several issues about voting machines, particularly those made byDiebold Election Systems.Cybersecurity professionals found security vulnerabilities in Diebold machines.[17]Voting machines made by several companies were also criticized for their lack of apaper trail,which would have made results easier to verify.[17]Democrats also criticized various executives atDiebold, Inc.(the parent company of Diebold Election Systems) for their support of Bush's campaign, stating that it constituted aconflict of interest.[17]Following these issues,Californiabanned the use of Diebold's AccuVote TSX voting machines for elections in 2004.[18]
Campaign law changes[edit]
The 2004 election was the first to be affected by thecampaign finance reformsmandated by theBipartisan Campaign Reform Actof 2002. The act created restrictions on fundraising by political parties and candidates. A large number of independent527 groupswere created to bypass these restrictions.[19]Named for a section of theInternal Revenue Code,these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they did not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s includeSwift Boat Veterans for Truth,MoveOn.org,theMedia Fund,andAmerica Coming Together.These groups were active throughout the campaign season, spending a record $556 million for all elections in 2004.[20]
TheStand by Your Ad provisionof the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act required political advertisements on television to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization or campaign responsible for the advertisement. This provision was intended to force campaigns to take responsibility fornegative advertisements.[21]Campaign strategists criticized this requirement, stating that it would waste time and cause voters to be confused.[21]
General election campaign[edit]
Campaign issues[edit]
Bush focused his campaign on national security, presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a "flip-flopper."This strategy was designed to convey to American voters the idea that Bush could be trusted to be tough on terrorism while Kerry would be" uncertain in the face of danger. "[22]In the final months before the election, Kerry's campaign focused on domestic issues such as the economy and health care. Kerry's campaign managers believed that Kerry had an advantage on domestic issues.[23]
Bush's campaign also focused on increasingvoter turnoutamong conservatives.[24]
According to one exit poll, people who voted for Bush cited the issues of terrorism and traditional values as the most important factors in their decision.[25]Kerry supporters cited the war in Iraq, the economy and jobs, and health care.[25]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bush_cropped.jpg/220px-Bush_cropped.jpg)
Economy[edit]
Tax cutswere passed in 2001 and 2003 under the Bush administration with Bush's support. Kerry voted against these tax cuts.[26]During the 2004 campaign, Bush praised these tax cuts, stating that they helped to grow the economy.[27]On the other hand, Kerry attacked Bush for failing to create jobs under his presidency.[28]Kerry stated that he wanted to reduce theUnited States budget deficitby capping government spending while ending varioustax breaksfor businesses.[27]Kerry also supported tax credits for businesses that hire additional workers.[29]Bush attacked Kerry for his economic proposals, stating that they would cause Americans to pay higher taxes. Bush also attacked Kerry for previously supporting tax raises, such as a proposed increase on thefederal gas tax.[26]
Foreign policy[edit]
Bush defended the Iraq War, arguing that it was necessary to stop terrorism. He also said that the United States had made progress stopping terrorism in other nations.[30]Bush attacked Kerry for opposing the Iraq War after voting to authorize it in 2002, characterizing the shift as one of manyflip-flopsby Kerry.[31]Kerry argued that Bush had misled the American public in pursuing the Iraq War, noting that no illegal weapons had been found in Iraq. He said that the Iraq War was a mistake[32]and a diversion from terrorism in other nations such as Afghanistan.[33]
After the election, exit polls found that foreign policy concerns were the most important issues for voters.[34]
Health care[edit]
Health savings accounts(HSAs) were introduced in 2004 as part of theMedicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act,signed by Bush in December 2003.[35]As part of his 2004 campaign, Bush supported the expansion of HSAs. He proposed tax cuts to help Americans purchase their own health insurance. He also proposed a plan that would allow small businesses to purchase health insurance in large groups. Kerry's health care proposals included government subsidies for businesses that provide health insurance and the expansion of government-run health care programs.[36]Health policy experts stated that Bush's proposals would have a more limited impact than Kerry's proposals.[37][38]
Kerry also attacked Bush for his policy onstem cell research.In 2001, the Bush administration restricted embryonic stem cell research to existingstem cell lines.Kerry stated that this restriction was a barrier to conducting important research.[39]
Same-sex marriage[edit]
In July 2004, Bush announced his support fora Constitutional amendmentto bansame-sex marriage,shortly before the Senate voted on the amendment. Although Kerry stated that he opposed same-sex marriage, he also opposed the amendment, saying that the legality of same-sex marriage should be decided by individual states.[40]The Senate vote failed on July 14.[41]
Controversies[edit]
Bush military service controversy[edit]
During the campaign, Bush was accused of failing to fulfill his required service in theTexas Air National Guard.[42]
A scandal occurred atCBS Newsafter they aired a segment on60 Minutes Wednesday,introducing what became known as theKillian documents.These documents were allegedly written by Jerry B. Killian, Bush's squadron commander, and they contained various allegations about Bush's service.[43]Serious doubts about thedocuments' authenticityquickly emerged,[44]leading CBS to appoint a review panel that eventually resulted in the firing of the news producer and other significant staffing changes.[45][46]The Killian documents were eventually concluded to be forgeries.[47]
Kerry military service controversy[edit]
Kerry was accused by theSwift Vets and POWs for Truthof distorting his military service in Vietnam.[48]The group challenged the legitimacy of each of the combat medals awarded to Kerry by theU.S. Navy,and the disposition of his discharge. The organization spent $22.4 million in advertisements against Kerry. After the election, political analysts described their advertising campaign as effective.[20]The termswiftboatingwas used during the campaign to describe the organization's negative advertising, which Democrats saw as unfair. It was also used after the campaign to generally describe a harsh attack by a political opponent that is dishonest, personal and unfair.[49]
Presidential debates[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bush_Kerry_2004.jpg/220px-Bush_Kerry_2004.jpg)
Three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate were organized by theCommission on Presidential Debates,and held in the autumn of 2004.
No. | Date | Host | City | Moderators | Participants | Viewship
(Millions) |
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P1 | Thursday, September 30, 2004 | University of Miami | Coral Gables, Florida | Jim Lehrer | President George W. Bush Senator John Kerry |
62.4[50] |
VP | Tuesday, October 5, 2004 | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland, Ohio | Gwen Ifill | Vice President Dick Cheney Senator John Edwards |
43.5[50] |
P2 | Friday, October 8, 2004 | Washington University in St. Louis | St. Louis, Missouri | Charles Gibson | President George W. Bush Senator John Kerry |
46.7[50] |
P3 | Wednesday, October 13, 2004 | Arizona State University | Tempe, Arizona | Bob Schieffer | President George W. Bush Senator John Kerry |
51.1 |
- The first debate was held on September 30, slated to focus on foreign policy. A consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign.[51]
- On October 5, the vice presidential debate between Cheney and Edwards. An initial poll byABCindicated a victory for Cheney, while polls byCNNandMSNBCgave it to Edwards.[52][53][54][55]
- The second presidential debate was conducted in a town meeting format, less formal than the first presidential debate. This debate saw Bush and Kerry taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience.[56]
- Bush and Kerry met for the third and final debate on October 13.[57]51 million viewers watched the debate. After Kerry, responding to a question about gay rights, reminded the audience thatVice President Cheney's daughterwas alesbian,Cheney responded with a statement calling himself "a pretty angry father" due to Kerry using Cheney's daughter's sexual orientation for his political purposes.[58]Polls taken by Gallup in found that Kerry pulled ahead in October, but showed a tight race as the election drew to a close.[59]
Osama bin Laden videotape[edit]
On October 29, four days before the election, excerpts of a video ofOsama bin Ladenaddressing the American people were broadcast onal Jazeera.In his remarks, bin Laden mentions theSeptember 11, 2001 attacksand taunted Bush over his response to them. In the days following the video's release, Bush's lead over Kerry increased by several points.[60]
Results[edit]
Source (Electoral and Popular Vote):Federal Elections Commission Electoral and Popular Vote Summary Voting age population:215,664,000
Percent of voting age population casting a vote for president:56.70%
(a)Onefaithless electorfromMinnesotacast an electoral vote for John Edwards (written as John Ewards) for president.[61]
(b)In Montana, Karen Sanchirico was listed on the ballot as Nader's running mate, not Camejo. In Alabama, Jan D. Pierce was Nader's running mate. In New York, Nader appeared on two distinct tickets, one with Camejo and one with Pierce.[62]
(c)BecauseArrin Hawkins,then aged 28, wasconstitutionallyineligible to serve as vice president,Margaret Trowereplaced her on the ballot in some states.James Harrisreplaced Calero on certain other states' ballots.
Results by state[edit]
Of the 3,154 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, Bush won the most popular votes in 2,568 (81.42%) while Kerry carried 586 (18.58%).
The following table records the official vote tallies for each state as reported by theofficial Federal Election Commission report.The column labeled "Margin" shows Bush's margin of victory over Kerry (the margin is negative for states and districts won by Kerry).
States/districts won byKerry/Edwards | |
States/districts won byBush/Cheney | |
† | At-large results (for states that split electoral votes) |
George W. Bush Republican |
John Kerry Democratic |
Ralph Nader Independent / Reform |
Michael Badnarik Libertarian |
Michael Peroutka Constitution |
David Cobb Green |
Others | Margin | State Total | ||||||||||||||||||
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State | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | EV | # | % | # | |
Alabama | 9 | 1,176,394 | 62.46% | 9 | 693,933 | 36.84% | – | 6,701 | 0.36% | – | 3,529 | 0.19% | – | 1,994 | 0.11% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 898 | 0.05% | – | 482,461 | 25.62% | 1,883,449 | AL |
Alaska | 3 | 190,889 | 61.07% | 3 | 111,025 | 35.52% | – | 5,069 | 1.62% | – | 1,675 | 0.54% | – | 2,092 | 0.67% | – | 1,058 | 0.34% | – | 790 | 0.25% | – | 79,864 | 25.55% | 312,598 | AK |
Arizona | 10 | 1,104,294 | 54.87% | 10 | 893,524 | 44.40% | – | 2,773 | 0.14% | – | 11,856 | 0.59% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 138 | 0.01% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 210,770 | 10.47% | 2,012,585 | AZ |
Arkansas | 6 | 572,898 | 54.31% | 6 | 469,953 | 44.55% | – | 6,171 | 0.58% | – | 2,352 | 0.22% | – | 2,083 | 0.20% | – | 1,488 | 0.14% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 102,945 | 9.76% | 1,054,945 | AR |
California | 55 | 5,509,826 | 44.36% | – | 6,745,485 | 54.31% | 55 | 20,714 | 0.17% | – | 50,165 | 0.40% | – | 26,645 | 0.21% | – | 40,771 | 0.33% | – | 27,747 | 0.22% | – | −1,235,659 | −9.95% | 12,421,353 | CA |
Colorado | 9 | 1,101,255 | 51.69% | 9 | 1,001,732 | 47.02% | – | 12,718 | 0.60% | – | 7,664 | 0.36% | – | 2,562 | 0.12% | – | 1,591 | 0.07% | – | 2,808 | 0.13% | – | 99,523 | 4.67% | 2,130,330 | CO |
Connecticut | 7 | 693,826 | 43.95% | – | 857,488 | 54.31% | 7 | 12,969 | 0.82% | – | 3,367 | 0.21% | – | 1,543 | 0.10% | – | 9,564 | 0.61% | – | 12 | 0.00% | – | −163,662 | −10.37% | 1,578,769 | CT |
Delaware | 3 | 171,660 | 45.75% | – | 200,152 | 53.35% | 3 | 2,153 | 0.57% | – | 586 | 0.16% | – | 289 | 0.08% | – | 250 | 0.07% | – | 100 | 0.03% | – | −28,492 | −7.59% | 375,190 | DE |
District of Columbia | 3 | 21,256 | 9.34% | – | 202,970 | 89.18% | 3 | 1,485 | 0.65% | – | 502 | 0.22% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 737 | 0.32% | – | 636 | 0.28% | – | −181,714 | −79.84% | 227,586 | DC |
Florida | 27 | 3,964,522 | 52.10% | 27 | 3,583,544 | 47.09% | – | 32,971 | 0.43% | – | 11,996 | 0.16% | – | 6,626 | 0.09% | – | 3,917 | 0.05% | – | 6,234 | 0.08% | – | 380,978 | 5.01% | 7,609,810 | FL |
Georgia | 15 | 1,914,254 | 57.97% | 15 | 1,366,149 | 41.37% | – | 2,231 | 0.07% | – | 18,387 | 0.56% | – | 580 | 0.02% | – | 228 | 0.01% | – | 46 | 0.00% | – | 548,105 | 16.60% | 3,301,875 | GA |
Hawaii | 4 | 194,191 | 45.26% | – | 231,708 | 54.01% | 4 | 0 | 0.00% | – | 1,377 | 0.32% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 1,737 | 0.40% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | −37,517 | −8.74% | 429,013 | HI |
Idaho | 4 | 409,235 | 68.38% | 4 | 181,098 | 30.26% | – | 1,115 | 0.19% | – | 3,844 | 0.64% | – | 3,084 | 0.52% | – | 58 | 0.01% | – | 13 | 0.00% | – | 228,137 | 38.12% | 598,447 | ID |
Illinois | 21 | 2,345,946 | 44.48% | – | 2,891,550 | 54.82% | 21 | 3,571 | 0.07% | – | 32,442 | 0.62% | – | 440 | 0.01% | – | 241 | 0.00% | – | 132 | 0.00% | – | −545,604 | −10.34% | 5,274,322 | IL |
Indiana | 11 | 1,479,438 | 59.94% | 11 | 969,011 | 39.26% | – | 1,328 | 0.05% | – | 18,058 | 0.73% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 102 | 0.00% | – | 65 | 0.00% | – | 510,427 | 20.68% | 2,468,002 | IN |
Iowa | 7 | 751,957 | 49.90% | 7 | 741,898 | 49.23% | – | 5,973 | 0.40% | – | 2,992 | 0.20% | – | 1,304 | 0.09% | – | 1,141 | 0.08% | – | 1,643 | 0.11% | – | 10,059 | 0.67% | 1,506,908 | IA |
Kansas | 6 | 736,456 | 62.00% | 6 | 434,993 | 36.62% | – | 9,348 | 0.79% | – | 4,013 | 0.34% | – | 2,899 | 0.24% | – | 33 | 0.00% | – | 14 | 0.00% | – | 301,463 | 25.38% | 1,187,756 | KS |
Kentucky | 8 | 1,069,439 | 59.55% | 8 | 712,733 | 39.69% | – | 8,856 | 0.49% | – | 2,619 | 0.15% | – | 2,213 | 0.12% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 22 | 0.00% | – | 356,706 | 19.86% | 1,795,882 | KY |
Louisiana | 9 | 1,102,169 | 56.72% | 9 | 820,299 | 42.22% | – | 7,032 | 0.36% | – | 2,781 | 0.14% | – | 5,203 | 0.27% | – | 1,276 | 0.07% | – | 4,346 | 0.22% | – | 281,870 | 14.51% | 1,943,106 | LA |
Maine† | 2 | 330,201 | 44.58% | – | 396,842 | 53.57% | 2 | 8,069 | 1.09% | – | 1,965 | 0.27% | – | 735 | 0.10% | – | 2,936 | 0.40% | – | 4 | 0.00% | – | −66,641 | −9.00% | 740,752 | ME |
Maine-1 | 1 | 165,824 | 43.14% | – | 211,703 | 55.07% | 1 | 4,004 | 1.04% | – | 1,047 | 0.27% | – | 346 | 0.09% | – | 1,468 | 0.38% | – | – | – | – | −45,879 | −11.94% | 384,392 | ME1 |
Maine-2 | 1 | 164,377 | 46.13% | – | 185,139 | 51.95% | 1 | 4,065 | 1.14% | – | 918 | 0.26% | – | 389 | 0.11% | – | 1,468 | 0.41% | – | – | – | – | −20,762 | −5.83% | 356,356 | ME2 |
Maryland | 10 | 1,024,703 | 42.93% | – | 1,334,493 | 55.91% | 10 | 11,854 | 0.50% | – | 6,094 | 0.26% | – | 3,421 | 0.14% | – | 3,632 | 0.15% | – | 2,481 | 0.10% | – | −309,790 | −12.98% | 2,386,678 | MD |
Massachusetts | 12 | 1,071,109 | 36.78% | – | 1,803,800 | 61.94% | 12 | 4,806 | 0.17% | – | 15,022 | 0.52% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 10,623 | 0.36% | – | 7,028 | 0.24% | – | −732,691 | −25.16% | 2,912,388 | MA |
Michigan | 17 | 2,313,746 | 47.81% | – | 2,479,183 | 51.23% | 17 | 24,035 | 0.50% | – | 10,552 | 0.22% | – | 4,980 | 0.10% | – | 5,325 | 0.11% | – | 1,431 | 0.03% | – | −165,437 | −3.42% | 4,839,252 | MI |
Minnesota | 10 | 1,346,695 | 47.61% | – | 1,445,014 | 51.09% | 9 | 18,683 | 0.66% | – | 4,639 | 0.16% | – | 3,074 | 0.11% | – | 4,408 | 0.16% | – | 5,874 | 0.21% | – | −98,319 | −3.48% | 2,828,387 | MN |
Mississippi | 6 | 684,981 | 59.45% | 6 | 458,094 | 39.76% | – | 3,177 | 0.28% | – | 1,793 | 0.16% | – | 1,759 | 0.15% | – | 1,073 | 0.09% | – | 1,268 | 0.11% | – | 226,887 | 19.69% | 1,152,145 | MS |
Missouri | 11 | 1,455,713 | 53.30% | 11 | 1,259,171 | 46.10% | – | 1,294 | 0.05% | – | 9,831 | 0.36% | – | 5,355 | 0.20% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 196,542 | 7.20% | 2,731,364 | MO |
Montana | 3 | 266,063 | 59.07% | 3 | 173,710 | 38.56% | – | 6,168 | 1.37% | – | 1,733 | 0.38% | – | 1,764 | 0.39% | – | 996 | 0.22% | – | 11 | 0.00% | – | 92,353 | 20.50% | 450,445 | MT |
Nebraska† | 2 | 512,814 | 65.90% | 2 | 254,328 | 32.68% | – | 5,698 | 0.73% | – | 2,041 | 0.26% | – | 1,314 | 0.17% | – | 978 | 0.13% | – | 1,013 | 0.13% | – | 258,486 | 33.22% | 778,186 | NE |
Nebraska-1 | 1 | 169,888 | 62.97% | 1 | 96,314 | 35.70% | – | 2,025 | 0.75% | – | 656 | 0.24% | – | 405 | 0.15% | – | 453 | 0.17% | – | 30 | 0.01% | – | 73,574 | 27.27% | 269,771 | NE1 |
Nebraska-2 | 1 | 153,041 | 60.24% | 1 | 97,858 | 38.52% | – | 1,731 | 0.68% | – | 813 | 0.32% | – | 305 | 0.12% | – | 261 | 0.10% | – | 23 | 0.01% | – | 55,183 | 21.72% | 254,032 | NE2 |
Nebraska-3 | 1 | 189,885 | 74.92% | 1 | 60,156 | 23.73% | – | 1,942 | 0.77% | – | 572 | 0.23% | – | 604 | 0.24% | – | 264 | 0.10% | – | 29 | 0.01% | – | 129,729 | 51.18% | 253,452 | NE3 |
Nevada | 5 | 418,690 | 50.47% | 5 | 397,190 | 47.88% | – | 4,838 | 0.58% | – | 3,176 | 0.38% | – | 1,152 | 0.14% | – | 853 | 0.10% | – | 3,688 | 0.44% | – | 21,500 | 2.59% | 829,587 | NV |
New Hampshire | 4 | 331,237 | 48.87% | – | 340,511 | 50.24% | 4 | 4,479 | 0.66% | – | 372 | 0.05% | – | 161 | 0.02% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 978 | 0.14% | – | −9,274 | −1.37% | 677,738 | NH |
New Jersey | 15 | 1,670,003 | 46.24% | – | 1,911,430 | 52.92% | 15 | 19,418 | 0.54% | – | 4,514 | 0.12% | – | 2,750 | 0.08% | – | 1,807 | 0.05% | – | 1,769 | 0.05% | – | −241,427 | −6.68% | 3,611,691 | NJ |
New Mexico | 5 | 376,930 | 49.84% | 5 | 370,942 | 49.05% | – | 4,053 | 0.54% | – | 2,382 | 0.31% | – | 771 | 0.10% | – | 1,226 | 0.16% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 5,988 | 0.79% | 756,304 | NM |
New York | 31 | 2,962,567 | 40.08% | – | 4,314,280 | 58.37% | 31 | 99,873 | 1.35% | – | 11,607 | 0.16% | – | 207 | 0.00% | – | 87 | 0.00% | – | 2,415 | 0.03% | – | −1,351,713 | −18.29% | 7,391,036 | NY |
North Carolina | 15 | 1,961,166 | 56.02% | 15 | 1,525,849 | 43.58% | – | 1,805 | 0.05% | – | 11,731 | 0.34% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 108 | 0.00% | – | 348 | 0.01% | – | 435,317 | 12.43% | 3,501,007 | NC |
North Dakota | 3 | 196,651 | 62.86% | 3 | 111,052 | 35.50% | – | 3,756 | 1.20% | – | 851 | 0.27% | – | 514 | 0.16% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 9 | 0.00% | – | 85,599 | 27.36% | 312,833 | ND |
Ohio | 20 | 2,859,768 | 50.81% | 20 | 2,741,167 | 48.71% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 14,676 | 0.26% | – | 11,939 | 0.21% | – | 192 | 0.00% | – | 166 | 0.00% | – | 118,601 | 2.11% | 5,627,908 | OH |
Oklahoma | 7 | 959,792 | 65.57% | 7 | 503,966 | 34.43% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 455,826 | 31.14% | 1,463,758 | OK |
Oregon | 7 | 866,831 | 47.19% | – | 943,163 | 51.35% | 7 | 0 | 0.00% | – | 7,260 | 0.40% | – | 5,257 | 0.29% | – | 5,315 | 0.29% | – | 8,956 | 0.49% | – | −76,332 | −4.16% | 1,836,782 | OR |
Pennsylvania | 21 | 2,793,847 | 48.42% | – | 2,938,095 | 50.92% | 21 | 2,656 | 0.05% | – | 21,185 | 0.37% | – | 6,318 | 0.11% | – | 6,319 | 0.11% | – | 1,170 | 0.02% | – | −144,248 | −2.50% | 5,769,590 | PA |
Rhode Island | 4 | 169,046 | 38.67% | – | 259,765 | 59.42% | 4 | 4,651 | 1.06% | – | 907 | 0.21% | – | 339 | 0.08% | – | 1,333 | 0.30% | – | 1,093 | 0.25% | – | −90,719 | −20.75% | 437,134 | RI |
South Carolina | 8 | 937,974 | 57.98% | 8 | 661,699 | 40.90% | – | 5,520 | 0.34% | – | 3,608 | 0.22% | – | 5,317 | 0.33% | – | 1,488 | 0.09% | – | 2,124 | 0.13% | – | 276,275 | 17.08% | 1,617,730 | SC |
South Dakota | 3 | 232,584 | 59.91% | 3 | 149,244 | 38.44% | – | 4,320 | 1.11% | – | 964 | 0.25% | – | 1,103 | 0.28% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 83,340 | 21.47% | 388,215 | SD |
Tennessee | 11 | 1,384,375 | 56.80% | 11 | 1,036,477 | 42.53% | – | 8,992 | 0.37% | – | 4,866 | 0.20% | – | 2,570 | 0.11% | – | 33 | 0.00% | – | 6 | 0.00% | – | 347,898 | 14.27% | 2,437,319 | TN |
Texas | 34 | 4,526,917 | 61.09% | 34 | 2,832,704 | 38.22% | – | 9,159 | 0.12% | – | 38,787 | 0.52% | – | 1,636 | 0.02% | – | 1,014 | 0.01% | – | 548 | 0.01% | – | 1,694,213 | 22.86% | 7,410,765 | TX |
Utah | 5 | 663,742 | 71.54% | 5 | 241,199 | 26.00% | – | 11,305 | 1.22% | – | 3,375 | 0.36% | – | 6,841 | 0.74% | – | 39 | 0.00% | – | 1,343 | 0.14% | – | 422,543 | 45.54% | 927,844 | UT |
Vermont | 3 | 121,180 | 38.80% | – | 184,067 | 58.94% | 3 | 4,494 | 1.44% | – | 1,102 | 0.35% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 1,466 | 0.47% | – | −62,887 | −20.14% | 312,309 | VT |
Virginia | 13 | 1,716,959 | 53.68% | 13 | 1,454,742 | 45.48% | – | 2,393 | 0.07% | – | 11,032 | 0.34% | – | 10,161 | 0.32% | – | 104 | 0.00% | – | 2,976 | 0.09% | – | 262,217 | 8.20% | 3,198,367 | VA |
Washington | 11 | 1,304,894 | 45.64% | – | 1,510,201 | 52.82% | 11 | 23,283 | 0.81% | – | 11,955 | 0.42% | – | 3,922 | 0.14% | – | 2,974 | 0.10% | – | 1,855 | 0.06% | – | −205,307 | −7.18% | 2,859,084 | WA |
West Virginia | 5 | 423,778 | 56.06% | 5 | 326,541 | 43.20% | – | 4,063 | 0.54% | – | 1,405 | 0.19% | – | 82 | 0.01% | – | 5 | 0.00% | – | 13 | 0.00% | – | 97,237 | 12.86% | 755,887 | WV |
Wisconsin | 10 | 1,478,120 | 49.32% | – | 1,489,504 | 49.70% | 10 | 16,390 | 0.55% | – | 6,464 | 0.22% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 2,661 | 0.09% | – | 3,868 | 0.13% | – | −11,384 | −0.38% | 2,997,007 | WI |
Wyoming | 3 | 167,629 | 68.86% | 3 | 70,776 | 29.07% | – | 2,741 | 1.13% | – | 1,171 | 0.48% | – | 631 | 0.26% | – | 0 | 0.00% | – | 480 | 0.20% | – | 96,853 | 39.79% | 243,428 | WY |
U.S Total | 538 | 62,040,610 | 50.73% | 286 | 59,028,444 | 48.27% | 251 | 465,151 | 0.38% | – | 397,265 | 0.32% | – | 143,630 | 0.12% | – | 119,859 | 0.10% | – | 99,887 | 0.08% | – | 3,012,166 | 2.46% | 122,294,846 | US |
AlthoughGuamhas no votes in the Electoral College, they have held a straw poll for their presidential preferences since 1980. In 2004, the results were Bush 21,490 (64.1%), Kerry 11,781 (35.1%), Nader 196 (0.58%) and Badnarik 67 (0.2%).[63]
Maine and Nebraska each allowed for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In both states, two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote was awarded to the winner of each congressional district. [64][65]
States that flipped Democratic to Republican[edit]
States that flipped Republican to Democratic[edit]
Close states[edit]
Red font color denotes those won by Republican President George W. Bush; blue denotes states won by Democrat John Kerry.
States where margin of victory was under 1% (22 electoral votes):
- Wisconsin 0.38% (11,384 votes)
- Iowa 0.67% (10,059 votes)
- New Mexico 0.79% (5,988 votes)
States where margin of victory was more than 1% but less than 5% (93 electoral votes):
- New Hampshire 1.37% (9,274 votes)
- Ohio 2.11% (118,601 votes)(tipping point state)
- Pennsylvania 2.50% (144,248 votes)
- Nevada 2.59% (21,500 votes)
- Michigan 3.42% (165,437 votes)
- Minnesota 3.48% (98,319 votes)
- Oregon 4.16% (76,332 votes)
- Colorado 4.67% (99,523 votes)
States where margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10% (149 electoral votes):
- Florida 5.01% (380,978 votes)
- Maine's 2nd Congressional District 5.82% (20,762 votes)
- New Jersey 6.68% (241,427 votes)
- Washington 7.18% (205,307 votes)
- Missouri 7.20% (196,542 votes)
- Delaware 7.59% (28,492 votes)
- Virginia 8.20% (262,217 votes)
- Hawaii 8.74% (37,517 votes)
- Maine 9.00% (66,641 votes)
- Arkansas 9.76% (102,945 votes)
- California 9.95% (1,235,659 votes)
Statistics[edit]
Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican)
- Ochiltree County, Texas91.97%
- Madison County, Idaho91.89%
- Glasscock County, Texas91.56%
- Roberts County, Texas90.93%
- Arthur County, Nebraska90.23%
Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic)
- Washington, D.C.89.18%
- Shannon County, South Dakota84.62%
- City and County of San Francisco, California83.02%
- Macon County, Alabama82.92%
- Bronx County, New York82.80%
Finance[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2004CampaignAttention.png/450px-2004CampaignAttention.png)
- George W. Bush(R) $367,227,801
- John Kerry(D) $326,236,288
- Ralph Nader(I) $4,566,037
- Michael Badnarik(L) $1,093,013
- Michael Peroutka(C) $729,087
- David Cobb(G) $493,723
- Walt Brown(SPUSA) $2,060
- (money spent)
Source: FEC[67]
Ballot access[edit]
Presidential ticket | Party | Ballot access |
---|---|---|
Bush / Cheney | Republican | 50+DC |
Kerry / Edwards | Democratic | 50+DC |
Badnarik / Campagna | Libertarian | 48+DC |
Peroutka / Baldwin | Constitution | 36 |
Nader / Camejo | Independent, Reform | 34+DC |
Cobb / LaMarche | Green | 27+DC |
2004 United States Electoral College[edit]
Faithless elector in Minnesota[edit]
One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of "John Ewards" [sic] written on it.[68]The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president).[69]This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president.
Electoral balloting in Minnesota was performed by secret ballot, and none of the electors admitted to casting the Edwards vote for president, so it may never be known who thefaithless electorwas. It is not even known whether the vote for Edwards was deliberate or unintentional; the Republican Secretary of State and several of the Democratic electors have expressed the opinion that this was an accident.[70]
Statistical analysis[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/CheneyatWJ2004.jpg/220px-CheneyatWJ2004.jpg)
During the campaign and as the results came in on the night of the election there was much focus onOhio,Pennsylvania,andFlorida.These threeswingstates were seen as evenly divided, and with each casting 20 electoral votes or more, they had the power to decide the election. As the final results came in, Kerry took Pennsylvania and then Bush took Florida, focusing all attention on Ohio.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bush_Oval_Office_phone_call.jpg/220px-Bush_Oval_Office_phone_call.jpg)
The morning after the election, the winner was still undetermined. The result in Ohio would decide the winner, although the results inNew MexicoandIowawere also undetermined. Bush led in Ohio, but the state was still counting provisional ballots. In the afternoon of the day after the election, Ohio's Secretary of State,Ken Blackwell,announced that there were roughly 135,000 provisional ballots remaining. Kerry's campaign believed that it was statistically impossible to erase Bush's lead. Faced with this announcement, Kerry conceded defeat.[72]
Bush became the first Republican to ever win without carrying New Hampshire, and the first to win the popular vote without Vermont and Illinois. This was the last time a president was re-elected with a higher share of the electoral vote. Bush carried Colorado despite the state being Kerry's birth state. Bush simultaneously lost his own birth state of Connecticut, making this the only election since 1864 where neither candidate carried their birth state. This election was the first and only time since 1976 that New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, Illinois, New Mexico, Michigan, and California voted for the losing candidate in the popular vote, as well as the first since 1980 that Maryland did so, and the first since 1948 that Delaware did so. Bush's 2.4% popular vote margin is the smallest ever for a re-elected president surpassing the 1812 election.
Bush won 4 states that have not voted Republican since: Virginia, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico. In contrast, this is the last election in which the losing candidate won any of the following states: Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. This is also the last time a Republican was elected without carrying Maine's 2nd congressional district. This election is the only time in history that every Northeastern state voted Democratic, and every former Confederate state voted Republican. Thus, Bush is the only Republican to win without carrying any Northeastern electoral votes. Furthermore, this was the last election where both major party tickets consisted entirely of white men. This is also the last election where both parties flipped states.
As of2020,this is the only presidential election since1988in which the Republican nominee won the popular vote (as well as the last time the Democratic nominee lost the popular vote) and the only presidential election since1984in which the incumbent Republican president won re-election. Bush also became the only incumbent president to win re-election after previously losing the popular vote. The 2004 election had the highest turnout rate among eligible voters since1968.[73][74]
-
Presidential electoral votes by state. Red is Republican; blue is Democratic.
-
Presidential popular votes by county.
-
Presidential popular votes by county as a scale from red/Republican to blue/Democratic.
-
Presidential popular votescartogram,in which the sizes of counties have been rescaled according to their population.
-
Cartogram in which each square represents one electoral vote.
-
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote.
-
County swing from 2000 to 2004
-
Results by congressional district.
Voter demographics[edit]
2004 presidential vote by demographic subgroup | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic subgroup | Kerry | Bush | Other | % of total vote | |||
Total vote | 48 | 51 | 1 | 100 | |||
Ideology | |||||||
Liberals | 86 | 13 | 1 | 21 | |||
Moderates | 54 | 45 | 1 | 45 | |||
Conservatives | 15 | 84 | 1 | 34 | |||
Party | |||||||
Democrats | 89 | 11 | 0 | 37 | |||
Republicans | 6 | 93 | 1 | 37 | |||
Independents | 49 | 48 | 3 | 26 | |||
Gender | |||||||
Men | 44 | 55 | 1 | 46 | |||
Women | 51 | 48 | 1 | 54 | |||
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 42 | 57 | 1 | 63 | |||
Non-married | 58 | 40 | 2 | 37 | |||
Race | |||||||
White | 41 | 58 | 1 | 77 | |||
Black | 88 | 11 | 1 | 11 | |||
Asian | 56 | 43 | 1 | 2 | |||
Other | 56 | 40 | 4 | 2 | |||
Hispanic | 54 | 44 | 2 | 8 | |||
Religion | |||||||
Protestant | 40 | 59 | 1 | 54 | |||
Catholic | 47 | 52 | 1 | 27 | |||
Jewish | 74 | 25 | 1 | 3 | |||
Other | 74 | 23 | 3 | 7 | |||
None | 67 | 31 | 2 | 10 | |||
Religious service attendance | |||||||
More than weekly | 35 | 64 | 1 | 16 | |||
Weekly | 41 | 58 | 1 | 26 | |||
Monthly | 49 | 50 | 1 | 14 | |||
A few times a year | 54 | 45 | 1 | 28 | |||
Never | 62 | 36 | 2 | 15 | |||
White evangelical or born-again Christian? | |||||||
White evangelical or born-again Christian | 21 | 78 | 1 | 23 | |||
Everyone else | 56 | 43 | 1 | 77 | |||
Age | |||||||
18–29 years old | 54 | 45 | 1 | 17 | |||
30–44 years old | 46 | 53 | 1 | 29 | |||
45–59 years old | 48 | 51 | 1 | 30 | |||
60 and older | 46 | 54 | 0 | 24 | |||
First time voter? | |||||||
First time voter | 53 | 46 | 1 | 11 | |||
Everyone else | 48 | 51 | 1 | 89 | |||
Sexual orientation | |||||||
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual | 77 | 22 | 1 | 4 | |||
Heterosexual | 46 | 53 | 1 | 96 | |||
Education | |||||||
Not ahigh schoolgraduate | 50 | 49 | 1 | 4 | |||
High school graduate | 47 | 52 | 1 | 22 | |||
Somecollegeeducation | 46 | 54 | 0 | 32 | |||
College graduate | 46 | 52 | 2 | 26 | |||
Postgraduate education | 55 | 44 | 1 | 16 | |||
Family income | |||||||
Under $15,000 | 63 | 36 | 1 | 8 | |||
$15,000–30,000 | 57 | 42 | 1 | 15 | |||
$30,000–50,000 | 50 | 49 | 1 | 22 | |||
$50,000–75,000 | 43 | 56 | 1 | 23 | |||
$75,000–100,000 | 45 | 55 | 0 | 14 | |||
$100,000–150,000 | 42 | 57 | 1 | 11 | |||
$150,000–200,000 | 42 | 58 | 0 | 4 | |||
Over $200,000 | 35 | 63 | 2 | 3 | |||
Union households | |||||||
Union | 59 | 40 | 1 | 24 | |||
Non-union | 44 | 55 | 1 | 76 | |||
Military service | |||||||
Veterans | 41 | 57 | 2 | 18 | |||
Non-veterans | 50 | 49 | 1 | 82 | |||
Issue regarded as most important | |||||||
Moral values | 18 | 80 | 2 | 22 | |||
Economy | 80 | 18 | 2 | 20 | |||
Terrorism | 14 | 86 | 0 | 19 | |||
Iraq | 73 | 26 | 1 | 15 | |||
Health care | 77 | 23 | 0 | 8 | |||
Taxes | 43 | 57 | 0 | 5 | |||
Education | 73 | 26 | 1 | 4 | |||
Region | |||||||
Northeast | 56 | 43 | 1 | 22 | |||
Midwest | 48 | 51 | 1 | 26 | |||
South | 42 | 58 | 0 | 32 | |||
West | 50 | 49 | 1 | 20 | |||
Community size | |||||||
Urban | 54 | 45 | 1 | 30 | |||
Suburban | 47 | 52 | 1 | 46 | |||
Rural | 42 | 57 | 1 | 25 |
Source:CNNexit poll (13,660 surveyed)[75]
Aftermath[edit]
Voting problems in Ohio[edit]
After the election, activists and election scholars criticized various issues with the election in Ohio. Long lines at polling places over seven hours were reported. An electronic voting machine erroneously gave thousands of extra votes to Bush.[76]ProfessorEdward B. Foleystated that Ohio's voting problems did not affect the outcome.[77]
Objections and conspiracy theories[edit]
![]() | This sectionmay presentfringe theories,without givingappropriate weightto the mainstream viewand explaining the responses to the fringe theories.(January 2021) |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/2004ElectionControversyMap.jpg/300px-2004ElectionControversyMap.jpg)
After the election, many blogs published false rumors claiming to show evidence that voter fraud had prevented Kerry from winning.[78][79]
Although the overall result of the election was not challenged by the Kerry campaign, Green Party presidential candidateDavid Cobband Libertarian Party presidential candidateMichael Badnarikobtained a recount inOhio.This recount was completed December 28, 2004, although on January 24, 2007, a jury convicted two Ohio elections officials of selecting precincts to recount where they already knew the hand total would match the machine total, thereby avoiding having to perform a full recount.[80]Independent candidateRalph Naderobtained a recount in 11 New Hampshire precincts that used Accuvote voting machines.[81]
At the official counting of the electoral votes on January 6, an objection was made under theElectoral Count Act(now3 U.S.C.§ 15) to Ohio's electoral votes. Because the motion was supported by at least one member of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the law required that the two houses separate to debate and vote on the objection. In the House of Representatives, the objection was supported by 31 Democrats. It was opposed by 178 Republicans, 88 Democrats and one independent. Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats.[82]Four people elected to the House had not yet taken office, and one seat was vacant. In the Senate, it was supported only by its maker,Barbara Boxer,with 74 senators opposed and 25 not voting. During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote. Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but "to cast the light of truth on a flawed system which must be fixed now.".[83][84]
Kerry would later state that "the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters." In the same article,Democratic National CommitteeChairmanHoward Deansaid "I'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided... We know that there was substantial voter suppression, and the machines were not reliable. It should not be a surprise that the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections. That's what we suspect has happened."[85]
Points of controversy[edit]
- The Ohio Secretary of State,Ken Blackwell,who simultaneously served as co-chair of the 2004 Republican presidential campaign, came under fire for failing to uphold his legal obligation to investigate potential voter fraud, manipulation, and irregularities, in a100-page report by Democrats on the staff of the House Judiciary Committee.
See also[edit]
- Timeline of the 2004 United States presidential election
- Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns
- Jesusland map
- Newspaper endorsements in the 2004 United States presidential election
- History of the United States (1991–2008)
- Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy
- Second inauguration of George W. Bush
- White House shakeup (2004)
- 2004 Colorado Amendment 36
Other elections[edit]
- 2004 United States gubernatorial elections
- 2004 United States House of Representatives elections
- 2004 United States Senate elections
Notes[edit]
- ^One Minnesota elector voted for Edwards for both president and vice president.
References[edit]
- ^"National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present".United States Election Project.CQ Press.
- ^Tagliabue, John (March 5, 2003)."France, Germany and Russia Vow to Stop Use of Force Against Iraq".The New York Times.
- ^"U.S advises weapons inspectors to leave Iraq".USA Today.March 17, 2003.
- ^Lincoln Chafee,Against the Tide(2007), pp. 119–20
- ^Gongloff, Mark."Bush to push ownership society".CNN.RetrievedNovember 16,2017.
- ^Nagourney, Adam (January 28, 2004)."Kerry Defeats Dean in New Hampshire".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedFebruary 23,2024.
- ^"PRIMARY RESULTS: Delegate Scorecard".www.cnn.com.RetrievedFebruary 23,2024.
- ^"McCain Spurning Kerry On VP Slot? - CBS News".www.cbsnews.com.June 12, 2004.RetrievedApril 11,2024.
- ^"Kerry names Edwards his running mate".www.cnn.com.RetrievedFebruary 23,2024.
- ^Newman, Maria (July 13, 2004)."Democratic Convention to Focus on Kerry's Military Service".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedFebruary 24,2024.
- ^"Kerry casts Bush as unfit to lead frayed military".NBC News.July 24, 2004.RetrievedFebruary 24,2024.
- ^Bernstein, David (June 2007)."The Speech".Chicago Magazine.RetrievedApril 13,2008.
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Sources[edit]
- Official Federal Election Commission Report,a PDF file, with the latest, most final, and complete vote totals available.
- "Presidential Results by Congressional District".Polidata.Washington, D.C.: Polidata.RetrievedJuly 29,2005.
- Barone, Michael J.The Almanac of American Politics: 2006(2005)
- Daclon, Corrado Maria,US elections and war on terrorism(2004), Analisi Difesa, no. 50
- Evan Thomas, Eleanor Clift, and Staff of Newsweek.Election 2004(2005)
Books[edit]
- Ceaser, James W. and Andrew E. Busch.Red Over Blue: The 2004 Elections and American Politics(2005), narrative history.
- Freeman, Steven F. and Joel Bleifuss, Foreword by U.S. Representative John Conyers, Jr.Was the 2004 Presidential Election Stolen? Exit Polls, Election Fraud, and the Official Count(Seven Stories Press, 2006)
- Greene, John C. and Mark J. Rozell, eds.The Values Campaign?: The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections(2006)
- Miller, Mark Crispin.Fooled Again: How the Right Stole the 2004 Election(2005) –
- Sabato, Larry J.Divided States of America: The Slash And Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election(2005)
- Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds.The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote(2 vol. 2015)
Further reading[edit]
- Nordhaus, William (July 2006). "Electoral victory and statistical defeat? Economics, politics, and the 2004 Presidential election".Quarterly Journal of Political Science.1(3): 313–322.doi:10.1561/100.00000014.
- Baum, Matthew A.; Gussin, Phil (March 2008)."In the eye of the beholder: how information shortcuts shape individual perceptions of bias in the media"(PDF).Quarterly Journal of Political Science.3(1): 1–31.doi:10.1561/100.00007010.S2CID144067126.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 8, 2020.
External links[edit]
Official candidate websites[edit]
- Michael Badnarik (Libertarian)(archived version from the U.S.Library of CongressUnited States Election 2004 Web Archive)
- George W. Bush (Republican)(archived version from the U.S.Library of CongressUnited States Election 2004 Web Archive)
- David Cobb (Green)(archived version from the U.S.Library of CongressUnited States Election 2004 Web Archive)
- John Kerry (Democrat)(archived version from the U.S.Library of CongressUnited States Election 2004 Web Archive)
- Ralph Nader (Independent)(archived version from the U.S.Library of CongressUnited States Election 2004 Web Archive)
- "Michael Peroutka (Constitution)".Archived fromthe originalon November 1, 2004.RetrievedSeptember 25,2007.
Election maps and analysis[edit]
- Maps of proportion shift, counties more Republican, counties more Democratic, compared to 2000 election.
- NYTimes.com 2004 Election Results Interactive Graphic
- PBS.org Interactive Electoral College Map
- Maps and cartograms of the 2004 U.S. presidential election results– Michael Gastner,Cosma Shalizi,and Mark Newman, University of Michigan
- Election 2004 Results– Robert J. Vanderbei, Princeton University
- Interactive Atlas of the 2004 Presidential Election Results– Dave Liep
- Alternate views of the electoral results map
- Assessing the Vote and the Roots of American Political Divide
State-by-state forecasts of electoral vote outcome[edit]
- Probability analysis of Electoral College based on latest poll results by state
- Electoral Vote Predictor 2004
- Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball
- "Race 2004".Archived fromthe originalon November 2, 2004.RetrievedJune 7,2012.
- USA Todaypolls
Controversies[edit]
- About.com, Democracy & Voting Rights – Ohio 2004 Election as Lesson in What Can Go Wrong
- "The Whoppers of 2004".FactCheck.Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. October 31, 2004. Archived fromthe originalon November 1, 2004.