United States Secretary of Defense

United States Secretary of Defense
Seal of the department
Flag of the secretary
Incumbent Lloyd Austin since January 22, 2021
United States Department of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense
Style	Mr. Secretary (informal) The Honorable(formal)
Abbreviation	SecDef
Member of	Cabinet National Security Council
Reports to	President of the United States
Seat	The Pentagon,Arlington County,Virginia
Appointer	ThePresident withSenateadvice and consent
Term length	No fixed term
Constituting instrument	10 U.S.C.§ 113
Precursor	Secretary of War Secretary of the Navy
Formation	September 17, 1947(1947-09-17)
First holder	James Forrestal
Succession	Sixth
Deputy	Deputy Secretary of Defense
Salary	Executive Schedule, level I
Website	defense.gov

TheUnited States secretary of defense(SecDef) is the head of theUnited States Department of Defense,theexecutive departmentof theU.S. Armed Forces,and is a high-ranking member of thefederal cabinet.The secretary of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of thepresident of the United States,who is thecommander-in-chief.This position corresponds to what is generally known as adefense ministerin many other countries.The secretary of defense is appointed by the president with theadvice and consentof theSenate,and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of theNational Security Council.

To ensurecivilian control of the military,U.S. law provides that the secretary of defense cannot have served as an active-dutycommissioned officerin the military in the preceding seven years except forgeneralsandadmirals,who cannot have served on active duty within ten years. Congress can grant waivers in such cases.

Subject only to the orders of the president, the secretary of defense is in thechain of commandand exercisescommand and control,for both operational and administrative purposes, over all service branches administered by the Department of Defense – theArmy,Marine Corps,Navy,Air Force,andSpace Force– as well as theCoast Guardwhen its command and control is transferred to the Department of Defense.Only the secretary of defense (or the president or Congress) can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three military departments (Department of the Army,the Navy,andthe Air Force) and the elevenUnified Combatant Commands.Because the secretary of defense is vested with legal powers that exceed those of anycommissioned officer,and is second only to the president in the military hierarchy, its incumbent has sometimes unofficially been referred to as "deputycommander-in-chief".Thechairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffis the principal military adviser to the secretary of defense and the president; while the chairman may assist the secretary and president in their command functions, the chairman is not in the chain of command.

Thesecretary of state,thesecretary of the treasury,the secretary of defense, and theattorney generalare generally regarded as the four most important (and are officially the four most senior and oldest) cabinet officials because of the size and importance of their respective departments.

The current secretary of defense is retiredgeneralLloyd Austin,who is the firstAfrican Americanto serve in the position.

History

Seal of theNational Military Establishment(1947–1949)

An Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with theAmerican Revolution.TheWar Department,headed by thesecretary of war,was created byAct of Congressin 1789 and was responsible for both the Army and Navy until the founding of a separateDepartment of the Navyin 1798.

Donald Rumsfeldis sworn in as Secretary of Defense byAssociate Supreme Court JusticePotter StewartasU.S. PresidentGerald R. FordandChairman of The Joint Chiefs of StaffGeneralGeorge S. Brownwatch atThe Pentagonon November 20, 1975.

Based on the experiences ofWorld War II,proposals were soon made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization and the status quo. The resultingNational Security Act of 1947was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. It renamed theDepartment of WartheDepartment of the Army,and added both it and theDepartment of the Navyto a newly establishedNational Military Establishment(NME). The Act also separated theArmy Air Forcesfrom the Army to become its own branch of service, theUnited States Air Force.

A new title was coined by the Act for the head of the NME: Secretary of Defense. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained cabinet status. The first secretary of defense,James Forrestal,who in his previous capacity as thesecretary of the Navyhad opposed the creation of the new position, found it difficult to exercise authority over the other branches with the limited powers his office had at the time. To address this and other problems, the National Security Act was amended in 1949 to further consolidate the national defense structure in order to reduceinterservice rivalry,directly subordinate thesecretaries of the Army,the Navy and theAir Forceto the secretary of defense in the chain of command, and rename the National Military Establishment as the Department of Defense, making it oneExecutive Department.The position of thedeputy secretary of defense,the number two position in the department, was also created at this time.

The general trend since 1949 has been to further centralize management in the Department of Defense, elevating the status and authorities of civilianOSDappointees and defense-wide organizations at the expense of the military departments and the services within them. The last major revision of the statutory framework concerning the position was done in theGoldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986.In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made.

As the secretary of defense is a civilian position intended to be independent of the active-duty leadership, a secretary is required to have been retired from service for at least seven (originally ten) years unless a waiver is approved by Congress.Since the creation of the position in 1947, such a waiver has been approved only three times, for Army generalGeorge Marshallin 1950, Marine Corps GeneralJim Mattisin 2017, and retired Army generalLloyd Austinin 2021.

Powers and functions

Main article:Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense

Department of Defense organizational chart (December 2013)

The secretary of defense, appointed by thepresidentwith the advice and consent of theSenate,is by federal law (10 U.S.C.§ 113) the head of the Department of Defense, "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense", and has "authority, direction and control over the Department of Defense". Because theConstitutionvests all military authority inCongressand the president, the statutory authority of the secretary of defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Since it is impractical for either Congress or the president to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs, the secretary of defense and the secretary's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority.

As the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are "under" the secretary of defense. Some of those high-ranking officials, civil and military (outside of OSD and the Joint Staff) are: thesecretary of the Army,secretary of the Navy,andsecretary of the Air Force,Army chief of staff,commandant of the Marine Corps,chief of naval operations,Air Force chief of staff,chief of space operations,andchief of the National Guard Bureauand the combatant commanders of theCombatant Commands.All these high-ranking positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation.

The Department of Defense is composed of theOffice of the Secretary of Defense(OSD), theJoint Chiefs of Staff(JCS) and theJoint Staff(JS),Office of the Inspector General(DODIG), theCombatant Commands,the Military Departments (Department of the Army(DA),Department of the Navy(DON) &Department of the Air Force(DAF)), theDefense Agencies and DoD Field Activities,theNational Guard Bureau(NGB), and such other offices, agencies, activities, organizations, and commands established or designated by law, or by the president or by the secretary of defense.

Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the department and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the department. The latest version, signed by former secretary of defenseRobert Gatesin December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987.

Office of the Secretary of Defense

Main article:Office of the Secretary of Defense

The secretary's principally civilian staff element is called theOffice of the Secretary of Defense(OSD) and is composed of thedeputy secretary of defense(DEPSECDEF) and six under secretaries of defense in the fields ofacquisition & sustainment,research & engineering,comptroller/chief financial officer,intelligence,personnel & readiness,andpolicy;severalassistant secretaries of defense;other directors and the staffs under them.

The name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is theJoint Staff(JS).

Awards and decorations

TheDefense Distinguished Service Medal(DDSM), theDefense Superior Service Medal(DSSM), theDefense Meritorious Service Medal(DMSM), theJoint Service Commendation Medal(JSCM) and theJoint Service Achievement Medal(JSAM) are awarded, to military personnel for service in joint duty assignments, in the name of the secretary of defense. In addition, there is theJoint Meritorious Unit Award(JMUA), which is the only ribbon (as in non-medal) and unit award issued to joint DoD activities, also issued in the name of the secretary of defense.

The DDSM is analogous to the distinguished services medals issued by the military departments (i.e.Army Distinguished Service Medal,Navy Distinguished Service Medal&Air Force Distinguished Service Medal), the DSSM corresponds to theLegion of Merit,the DMSM to theMeritorious Service Medal,the JSCM to the service commendation medals, and the JSAM to the achievement medals issued by the services. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials: the DDSM can be awarded only by the secretary of defense.

Recommendations for theMedal of Honor(MOH), formally endorsed in writing by the secretary of the military department concerned and thechairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,are processed through theunder secretary of defense for personnel and readiness,and such recommendations be must approved by the secretary of defense before it can be handed over to the president, who is the final approval authority for the MOH, although it is awarded in the name ofCongress.

The secretary of defense, with the concurrence of thesecretary of state,is the approval authority for the acceptance and wear ofNATOmedals issued by thesecretary general of NATOand offered to theU.S. permanent representative to NATOin recognition of U.S. servicemembers who meet the eligibility criteria specified by NATO.

Congressional committees

As the head of the department, the secretary of defense is the chief witness for the congressional committees with oversight responsibilities over the Department of Defense. The most important committees, with respect to the entire department, are the two authorizing committees, theSenate Armed Services Committee(SASC) and theHouse Armed Services Committee(HASC), and the two appropriations committees, theSenate Appropriations Committeeand theHouse Appropriations Committee.

For the DoD intelligence programs theSenate Select Committee on Intelligenceand theHouse Permanent Select Committee on Intelligencehave the principal oversight role.

National Security Council

The secretary of defense is a statutory member of theNational Security Council.As one of the principals, the secretary along with thevice president,secretary of state and theassistant to the president for national security affairsparticipates in biweekly Principals Committee (PC) meetings, preparing and coordinating issues before they are brought before full NSC sessions chaired by the president.

Role in the military justice system

The secretary is one of only five or six civilians – the others being the president, the three "service secretaries" (thesecretary of the Army,secretary of the Navy,andsecretary of the Air Force), and thesecretary of homeland security(when theUnited States Coast Guardis under theUnited States Department of Homeland Securityand has not been transferred to theDepartment of the Navyunder the Department of Defense) – authorized to act asconvening authorityin themilitary justice systemforGeneral Courts-Martial(10 U.S.C.§ 822:article 22,UCMJ), Special Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C.§ 823:article 23, UCMJ), and Summary Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C.§ 824:article 24 UCMJ).

Salary

Secretary of Defense is aLevel I position in the Executive Schedule,thus earning a salary ofUS$221,400, as of January 2021.

List of secretaries of defense

The longest-serving secretary of defense isRobert McNamara,who served for a total of 7years, 39 days. Combining his two non-sequential services as the secretary of defense, the second-longest serving isDonald Rumsfeld,who served just ten days fewer than McNamara. The second-longest unbroken tenure was Caspar Weinberger's, at 6years, 306 days.

The shortest-serving secretary of defense isElliot Richardson,who served 114 days and then was appointedU.S. attorney generalamid theresignationsof theWatergate Scandal.(This is not countingdeputy secretaries of defenseWilliam P. ClementsandWilliam Howard Taft IV,who each served a few weeks as temporary/acting secretary of defense).

For precursors to this position prior to the establishment of the Department of Defense, see the lists ofsecretaries of the Navyandsecretaries of warprior to 1947.

Parties

Democratic Republican Independent/ Unknown

Status

Denotes anActingSecretary of Defense

No.	Portrait	Secretary of Defense	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Party	State of residence	President serving under	Ref.
1		Forrestal, JamesJames Forrestal (1892–1949)	September 17, 1947	March 28, 1949	1 year, 192 days	Democratic	New York	Truman, HarryHarry S. Truman(D)
2		Johnson, LouisLouis A. Johnson (1891–1966)	March 28, 1949	September 19, 1950	1 year, 175 days	Democratic	West Virginia	Truman, HarryHarry S. Truman(D)
3		Marshall, GeorgeGeorge C. Marshall (1880–1959)	September 21, 1950	September 12, 1951	356 days	Independent	Pennsylvania	Truman, HarryHarry S. Truman(D)
4		Lovett, RobertRobert A. Lovett (1895–1986)	September 17, 1951	January 20, 1953	1 year, 125 days	Republican	New York	Truman, HarryHarry S. Truman(D)
5		Wilson, CharlesCharles Erwin Wilson (1890–1961)	January 28, 1953	October 8, 1957	4 years, 253 days	Republican	Michigan	Eisenhower, DwightDwight D. Eisenhower(R)
6		McElroy, NeilNeil H. McElroy (1904–1972)	October 9, 1957	December 1, 1959	2 years, 53 days	Republican	Ohio	Eisenhower, DwightDwight D. Eisenhower(R)
7		Gates, ThomasThomas S. Gates Jr. (1906–1983)	December 2, 1959	January 20, 1961	1 year, 49 days	Republican	Pennsylvania	Eisenhower, DwightDwight D. Eisenhower(R)
8		McNamara, RobertRobert McNamara (1916–2009)	January 21, 1961	February 29, 1968	7 years, 39 days	Republican	Michigan	Kennedy, JohnJohn F. Kennedy(D) Lyndon B. Johnson(D)
9		Clifford, ClarkClark Clifford (1906–1998)	March 1, 1968	January 20, 1969	325 days	Democratic	Maryland	Johnson, LyndonLyndon B. Johnson(D)
10		Laird, MelvinMelvin R. Laird (1922–2016)	January 22, 1969	January 29, 1973	4 years, 7 days	Republican	Wisconsin	Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon(R)
11		Richardson, ElliotElliot Richardson (1920–1999)	January 30, 1973	May 24, 1973	114 days	Republican	Massachusetts	Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon(R)
–		Clements, BillBill Clements (1917–2011) Acting	May 24, 1973	July 2, 1973	39 days	Republican	Texas	Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon(R)
12		Schlesinger, JamesJames R. Schlesinger (1929–2014)	July 2, 1973	November 19, 1975	2 years, 140 days	Republican	Virginia	Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon(R) Gerald Ford(R)
13		Rumsfeld, DonaldDonald Rumsfeld (1932–2021)	November 20, 1975	January 20, 1977	1 year, 61 days	Republican	Illinois	Ford, GeraldGerald Ford(R)
14		Brown, HaroldHarold Brown (1927–2019)	January 20, 1977	January 20, 1981	4 years, 0 days	Democratic	California	Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter(D)
15		Weinberger, CasparCaspar Weinberger (1917–2006)	January 21, 1981	November 23, 1987	6 years, 306 days	Republican	California	Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan(R)
16		Carlucci, FrankFrank Carlucci (1930–2018)	November 23, 1987	January 20, 1989	1 year, 58 days	Republican	Virginia	Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan(R)
–		Taft, WilliamWilliam Howard Taft IV (born 1945) Acting	January 20, 1989	March 21, 1989	60 days	Republican	Ohio	Bush, GeorgeGeorge H. W. Bush(R)
17		Cheney, DickDick Cheney (born 1941)	March 21, 1989	January 20, 1993	3 years, 305 days	Republican	Wyoming	Bush, GeorgeGeorge H. W. Bush(R)
18		Aspin, LesLeslie Aspin (1938–1995)	January 20, 1993	February 3, 1994	1 year, 14 days	Democratic	Wisconsin	Clinton, BillBill Clinton(D)
19		Perry, WilliamWilliam Perry (born 1927)	February 3, 1994	January 23, 1997/ January 24, 1997	2 years, 356 days	Democratic	Pennsylvania	Clinton, BillBill Clinton(D)	.
20		Cohen, WilliamWilliam Cohen (born 1940)	January 24, 1997	January 20, 2001	3 years, 362 days	Republican	Maine	Clinton, BillBill Clinton(D)
21		Rumsfeld, DonaldDonald Rumsfeld (1932–2021)	January 20, 2001	December 18, 2006	5 years, 332 days (7 years, 29 days total)	Republican	Illinois	Bush, George W.George W. Bush(R)
22		Gates, RobertRobert Gates (born 1943)	December 18, 2006	June 30, 2011/ July 1, 2011	4 years, 194 days	Republican	Texas	Bush, George W.George W. Bush(R) Barack Obama(D)	.
23		Panetta, LeonLeon Panetta (born 1938)	July 1, 2011	February 26, 2013	1 year, 240 days	Democratic	California	Obama, BarackBarack Obama(D)
24		Hagel, ChuckChuck Hagel (born 1946)	February 27, 2013	February 17, 2015	1 year, 355 days	Republican	Nebraska	Obama, BarackBarack Obama(D)
25		Carter, AshAsh Carter (1954–2022)	February 17, 2015	January 20, 2017	1 year, 338 days	Democratic	Massachusetts	Obama, BarackBarack Obama(D)
26		Mattis, JimJim Mattis (born 1950)	January 20, 2017	January 1, 2019	1 year, 345 days	Independent	Washington	Trump, DonaldDonald Trump(R)
–		Shanahan, PatrickPatrick M. Shanahan (born 1962) Acting	January 1, 2019	June 23, 2019	173 days	Independent	Washington	Trump, DonaldDonald Trump(R)
–		Esper, MarkMark Esper (born 1964) Acting	June 24, 2019	July 15, 2019	21 days	Republican	Virginia	Trump, DonaldDonald Trump(R)
–		Esper, MarkRichard V. Spencer (born 1954) Acting	July 15, 2019	July 23, 2019	8 days	Republican	Wyoming	Trump, DonaldDonald Trump(R)
27		Esper, MarkMark Esper (born 1964)	July 23, 2019	November 9, 2020	1 year, 109 days	Republican	Virginia	Trump, DonaldDonald Trump(R)
–		Miller, Christopher C.Christopher C. Miller (born 1965) Acting	November 9, 2020	January 20, 2021	72 days	Republican	Iowa	Trump, DonaldDonald Trump(R)
–		Norquist, David L.David Norquist (born 1966) Acting	January 20, 2021	January 22, 2021	2 days	Republican	Massachusetts	Biden, JoeJoe Biden(D)
28		Austin, LloydLloyd Austin (born 1953)	January 22, 2021	Incumbent	3 years, 256 days	Independent	Georgia	Biden, JoeJoe Biden(D)

Succession

Presidential succession

The secretary of defense is sixth in thepresidential line of succession,following thesecretary of the treasuryand preceding theattorney general.

Secretary succession

On December 10, 2020, President Donald Trump modified the order of succession for the office of Secretary of Defense in Executive Order 13963. The order of succession is:

#	Office
1	Deputy Secretary of Defense
2*	Secretary of the Army Secretary of the Navy Secretary of the Air Force
3	Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
4	Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security
-	Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense**
5	Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment
6	Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
7	Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)
8	Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness
9	Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
10	Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security;
11	Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment;
12	Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
13	Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)
14	Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness
15*	General Counsel of the Department of Defense Assistant Secretaries of Defense Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation Director of Operational Test and Evaluation Chief Information Officer of the Department of Defense
16*	Under Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Air Force
17*	Assistant Secretaries of the Army Assistant Secretaries of the Navy Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force General Counsel of the Army General Counsel of the Navy General Counsel of the Air Force
	*Order of Succession is determined by the seniority of officials in their role.
	**Office dissolved on January 1, 2021.

See also

• Base Realignment and Closure Commission
• Boeing E-4
• Challenge coin
• Combat Exclusion Policy
• Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States
• Continuity of Operations Plan
• CONPLAN 8022-02
• Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee
• Defense Support of Civil authorities
• Department of Defense Directive 2310
• Designated survivor
• Emergency Action Message
• Global Command and Control System
• Gold Codes
• Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
• Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
• Key West Agreement
• McCarran Internal Security Act
• Military Commissions Act of 2006
• Military operation plan
• National Command Authority (United States)
• National Industrial Security Program
• National Security Strategy (United States)
• Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge
• Packard Commission
• Permissive Action Link
• Presidential Successor Support System
• Quadrennial Defense Review
• Rules of engagement
• Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award
• Single Integrated Operational Plan
• State secrets privilege
• Stop-loss policy
• Two-man rule
• Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)
• United States Foreign Military Financing
• US Commission on National Security/21st Century

References

General sources

Federal law

• Title 10 of the United States Code
• Title 50 of the United States Code

Directives, regulations and manuals

• Department of Defense Directive 5100.1: Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components(PDF).Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Defense.December 21, 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 25, 2017.RetrievedAugust 30,2011.
• Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, Volume 1: Manual of Military Decorations and Awards: General Information, Medal of Honor, and Defense/Joint Decorations and Awards(PDF).Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Defense.March 7, 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 22, 2011.
• Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, Volume 2: Manual of Military Decorations and Awards: General Information, Medal of Honor, and Defense/Joint Decorations and Awards(PDF).Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Defense.May 31, 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 22, 2011.
• Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, Volume 3: Manual of Military Decorations and Awards: General Information, Medal of Honor, and Defense/Joint Decorations and Awards(PDF).Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Defense.November 23, 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 26, 2013.RetrievedJune 14,2013.
• Joint Publication 1 – Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States(PDF).Joint Publications. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Defense.March 25, 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 27, 2011.
• Joint Publication 1-04 – Legal Support to Military Operations(PDF).Joint Publications. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Defense.August 17, 2011. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 13, 2013.RetrievedJune 14,2013.

Further reading

• Cohen, Eliot A.(2003).Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen and Leadership in Wartime.New York:Anchor Books.ISBN978-1-4000-3404-8.
• Cole, Alice C.; Goldberg, Alfred; Tucker, Samuel A.; et al., eds. (1978).The Department of Defense: Documents on Establishment and Organization 1944–1978(PDF).Washington, D.C.: Historical Office,Office of the Secretary of Defense/U.S. Government Printing Office.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 14, 2014.
• Department of Defense Key Officials September 1947 – February 2019(PDF).Washington, D.C.: Historical Office,Office of the Secretary of Defense.January 30, 2019.
• Huntington, Samuel P.(1957).The Soldier and the State.Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.ISBN0-674-81736-2.
• King, Archibald (1960) [1949].Command of the Army(PDF).Military Affairs. Charlottesville, Virginia:The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army.Archived(PDF)from the original on July 31, 2008.
• Mahan, Erin R., and Jeffrey A. Larsen, eds. (2012)."Evolution of the Secretary of Defense in the Era of Massive Retaliation: Charles Wilson, Neil McElroy, and Thomas Gates, 1953–1961",Cold War Foreign Policy Series: Special Study3 (September 2012), vii–41.
• Stevenson, Charles A. (2006).SECDEF: The Nearly Impossible Job of Secretary of Defense.Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.ISBN1-57488-794-7.
• Trask, Roger R.; Goldberg, Alfred (1997).The Department of Defense 1997–1947: Organization and Leaders(PDF).Washington, D.C.: Historical Office,Office of the Secretary of Defense/U.S. Government Printing Office.ISBN0-16-049163-0.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on July 14, 2014.

Primary historical sources

• Cheney, Dick;Cheney, Liz(2011).In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir.New York:Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-1-4391-7619-1.
• Rumsfeld, Donald(2011).Known and Unknown: A Memoir.New York:Sentinel.ISBN978-1-59523-067-6.

Online sources

• "Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components".Office of the Secretary Defense, Director of Administration and Management, Directorate for Organizational & Management Planning. Archived fromthe originalon May 7, 2013.RetrievedJune 13,2013.

External links

• Official website