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Ulithi

Coordinates:9°58′N139°40′E/ 9.97°N 139.67°E/9.97; 139.67
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9°58′N139°40′E/ 9.97°N 139.67°E/9.97; 139.67

Ulithi is located in Federated States of Micronesia
Ulithi
Ulithi
class=notpageimage|
Location of Ulithi Atoll in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia
Ulithi atoll
Map of Ulithi Atoll

Ulithi(Yapese:Wulthiy,Yulthiy,orWugöy;[1]pronounced roughly as YOU-li-thee[2][needs IPA]) is anatollin theCaroline Islandsof the westernPacific Ocean,about 191 km (103 nmi) east ofYap,withinYap State.

Overview[edit]

Ulithi consists of 40isletstotaling4.5 km2(1+3⁄4sq mi), surrounding alagoonabout 36 km (22 mi) long and up to 24 km (15 mi) wide—at 548 km2(212 sq mi) one of the largest in the world. It is administered by thestate of Yapin theFederated States of Micronesia.Ulithi's population was 773 in 2000. There are four inhabited islands on Ulithi Atoll. They areFalalop(Ulithian:Fl'aalop), Asor(Yasor),Mogmog(Mwagmwog),and Fedarai(Fedraey).Falalop is the most accessible withUlithi Airport,a small resort hotel, store and one of three public high schools in Yap state. Mogmog is the seat of the high chief of Ulithi Atoll though each island has its own chief. Other important islands are Losiap (Ulithian:L'oosiyep), Sorlen(Sohl'oay),and Potangeras(Potoangroas).

The atoll is in the westernmost of the Caroline Islands, 580 km (360 mi) southwest ofGuam,1,370 km (850 mi) east of the Philippines and 2,100 km (1,300 mi) south ofTokyo.It is a typical volcanic atoll, with a coral reef, white sand beaches and palm trees. Ulithi's forty small islands barely rise above the sea, with the largest being only1.3 square kilometers (1⁄2square mile) in area. However the reef runs roughly thirty kilometers (20 miles) north and south, by fifteen kilometers (10 miles) across, enclosing a vast anchorage with an average depth of 20 to 30 meters (80–100 ft).

History[edit]

ThePortuguesenavigatorDiogo da Rochais credited as the first European to find Ulithi in 1525.[3]TheSpanishnavigatorÁlvaro de Saavedraarrived on the shipFloridaon 1 January 1528, claiming the islands forKingPhilipIIunder the nameIslands of the Kings(Spanish:Islas de los Reyes;French:Îles des Rois) after his patron and theThree Wise Menhonored in the approachingCatholicfeastofEpiphany.It was later charted by other Spaniards as theChickpea Islands(Spanish:Islas de los Garbanzos).[4]It was also visited by the Spanish expedition ofRuy López de Villaloboson 26 January 1543.[5][6]

It remained isolated until visited and explored in detail by Captain Don Bernardo de Egoy in 1712, and later visited by SpanishJesuit missionariesled by Juan Antonio Cantova together with a group of 12 Spanish soldiers in 1731.[7]

In 1885, Jesuit missionaries encouraged Germany to extend "protection" over the Carolina Islands to protect their profitable trade.[8]However, the Spanish made similar claims and later that yearPope Leo XIIIdecreed Spain as the ruling power over the islands, granting Germany and theUnited Kingdomtrading rights.[9][10]

In 1889, a significant earthquake hit Yap (and Ulithi),[11]leading the residents to believe that their engagement with outsiders had angered their traditional spirits.[12]

Germanypurchased the islands from Spain in 1899 for $4,500,000, conscripting residents as laborers and soldiers.[13]By the early 1900s, Germany had established a police force, post offices and hospitals on Yap,

During this time, GermanCapuchinfriars began to replace the Jesuits. The friars struggled to convert the citizens to Catholicism.[11]According to a history of the Catholic Church in Micronesia:

Yap had been known as "the child of sorrow" of the Caroline mission right from the start. The people were very slow to accept the new faith and slower still to practice it, the missionaries remarked again and again. There were none of the mass conversions there that had occurred in Pohnpei and other parts of the mission. Converts were made laboriously one by one, with baptisms rarely exceeding 20 or 30 a year throughout the German period. Even those who did receive baptism were all too susceptible to the pagan influences of the social environment, the missionaries thought. The number receiving the sacraments was quite small, even for the modest-sized congregations that the priests had. A pastor would report for a typical year perhaps a single Christian marriage, one or two Christian burials and a few anointing.[11]

Good Friday Typhoon[edit]

The "Good Friday Typhoon"hit the atoll in 1907,which killed 473 throughout the Caroline Islands.SMSPlanetwas dispatched by the Germans to Ulithi for emergency food and relief, and eventually evacuated 114 residents to Yap. German authorities were caught unaware of how to respond to the disaster, and received much criticism for handling of the evacuation.[14]

Japanese administration[edit]

The atoll was peacefully occupied in 1914 byJapanat the outset of theFirst World War.Japan was given a mandate to oversee the territory in 1920 by theLeague of Nations.[15]Under the Japanese occupation, businessmen and soldiers eroded the traditional political system in Ulithi, with the authority of local chiefs ignored. This began a steady decline in the customs and individual culture of the people of Ulithi.[16]The presence of the Catholic church was reinforced by the Japanese, who allowed the continued efforts of conversion to go on, further eroding the indigenous culture. By 1941, two-thousand (out of 3,000) residents had been converted to Christianity.[11]

World War II[edit]

Sketch by Walter Allan Finlayson:Officer's Hut on Mog Mog Island, ULITHI, May 1945 WWII[17]
Sorlen Island and the north anchorage of Ulithi atoll, late 1944.

Early in theSecond World War,the Japanese had established aradio and weather stationon Ulithi and had occasionally used the lagoon as an anchorage, but had abandoned it by 1944. As the operations of theUnited States Navy(USN) moved west across the Pacific, the USN required a more forward base for its operations.

Ulithi was ideally positioned to act as a staging area for the USN's western Pacific operations.[18][19]The anchorage was large and well situated for abase,but there were no port facilities to repair ships or resupply the fleet. The US Navy built the very largeNaval Base Ulithithat operated in 1944 and 1945.[20]

U.S. naval forces including carriers in the distance at anchor in Ulithi, March 1945

On 23 September 1944, aregimentof theUnited States Army's81st Divisionlanded unopposed, followed a few days later by abattalionofSeabees.[21]Thesurvey shipUSSSumnerexamined the lagoon and reported it capable of holding 700 vessels—a capacity greater than eitherMajuroorPearl Harbor.

On 1 October 1944, the minesweeper USSYMS-385was sunk by a mine while clearing Zowariau [Zowatabu] Channel.[22]

The USN transferred the local islanders to the island of Fedarai for the duration of the hostilities. On 4 October 1944 the vessels ofService Squadron 10began leaving Eniwetok for Ulithi; Service Squadron 10 was termed by AdmiralNimitzas his "secret weapon".[23]Its commanding officer, Commodore Worrall R. Carter, devised the mobile service force that made it possible for the Navy to convert Ulithi to the secret distant Pacific base used during the major naval operations undertaken late in the war, includingLeyte Gulfand the invasion ofOkinawa.Service Squadron 10 converted the lagoon into a serviceable naval station, creating repair facilities and re-supply facilities thousands of miles away from an actual naval port. Pontoon piers of a new design were built at Ulithi, each consisting of the 4-by-12-pontoon sections, filled with sand and gravel, and then sunk. The pontoons were anchored in place by guy ropes to deadmen on shore, and by iron rods driven into the coral. Connecting tie pieces ran across the tops of the pontoons to hold them together into a pier. Despite extremely heavy weather on several occasions these pontoon piers stood up remarkably well. They gave extensive service, with little requirement for repairs. Piers of this type were also installed by the 51st Battalion to be used as aviation-gasoline mooring piers near the main airfield on Falalop.[20]

USSIowaat a floating drydock at Manus Is

Within a month of the occupation of Ulithi, a complete floating base was in operation. Six thousand ship fitters, artificers, welders, carpenters and electricians arrived aboardrepair ships,destroyer tenders,and floatingdry docks.USSAjaxhad an air-conditioned optical shop and a metal fabrication shop with a supply of base metals from which she could make any alloy to form any part needed.USSAbatan,which looked like a big tanker, distilled fresh water and baked bread and pies. Theice cream bargemade 1,900 L (500 US gal) a shift.[20]The dry docks towed to Ulithi were large enough to lift dry a 45,000-tonbattleship.[23]

Fleet oilerssortied from Ulithi to meet the task forces at sea, refueling the warships a short distance from their combat operational areas. The result was something never seen before: a vast floating service station enabling the entire Pacific fleet to operate indefinitely at unprecedented distances from its mainland bases. Ulithi was as far away from the US naval base atSan Franciscoas San Francisco was fromLondon,England. The Japanese had considered that the vastness of the Pacific Ocean would make it very difficult for the US to sustain operations in the western Pacific. With the Ulithi naval base to refit, repair and resupply, many ships were able to deploy and operate in the western Pacific for a year or more without returning to the naval base at Pearl Harbor.[24]

The Japanese had built anairstrip on Falalop.It was expanded and resurfaced, the runway running the full width of the island. The east end of the strip was extended approximately six meters (20 feet) past the natural shoreline.[25]During the operations, 4,500 sacks of mail, 262,000 pounds (119,000 kg) of air freight and 1,200 passengers would utilize this airstrip.[26]A number of small strips for light aircraft were built on several of the smaller islands. The Seabees completed a fleet recreation center at Mog Mog island that could accommodate 8,000 men and 1,000 officers daily. A 1,200-seat theatre, including an 8-by-12-meter (25 by 40 ft) stage with aQuonset hutroof was completed in 20 days.[27]At the same time, a 500-seat chapel was built. A number of the larger islands were used both as bases to support naval vessels and facilities within the lagoon.[28]

The Japanese still held Yap. Early after the US occupation they mounted a number of attacks but caused no damage to the Seabees working on the islands.

On 20 November 1944 the Ulithi harbor was attacked by Japanesekaitenmannedtorpedoeslaunched from two nearbysubmarines.ThedestroyerUSSCaserammed one in the early morning hours. At 5:47 the fleet oilerUSSMississinewa,at anchor in the harbor, was struck and sunk. Destroyers began droppingdepth chargesthroughout the anchorage. After the war Japanese naval officers said that two tender submarines, each carrying four manned torpedoes, had been sent to attack the fleet at Ulithi. Three of thekaitenwere unable to launch due to mechanical problems and anotherran agroundon the reef. Two did make it into the lagoon, one of which sank USSMississinewa.A secondkaitenattack in January 1945 was foiled whenI-48was sunk by thedestroyer escortUSSConklin.None of the 122 men aboard the Japanese submarine survived.[29]

On 11 March 1945, in a mission known asOperation Tan No. 2,several long range aircraft flying from southern Japan attempted a nighttimekamikazeattack on the naval base.[30]One struck theEssex-classaircraft carrierUSSRandolph,which had left a cargo light on despite the black out. The plane struck over the stern starboard quarter, damaging theflight deckand killing a number of crewmen.[31]Another crashed on Sorlen Island, having perhaps mistaken a signal tower there for thesuperstructureof an aircraft carrier.[32]

By 13 March there were 647 ships at anchor at Ulithi, and with the arrival of amphibious forces staging for the invasion of Okinawa the number of ships at anchor peaked at 722.

In late June 1945, the Japanese aircraft-launchingsuper submarinesI-400andI-401were diverted from their planned attack on thePanama Canalto attack Ulithi Atoll. However, their mission was interrupted by thedestruction of Nagasaki and Hiroshima,followed by theJapanese surrender.

After theLeyte Gulf was secured,the Pacific Fleet moved its forward staging area to Leyte, and Ulithi was all but abandoned. In the end, few US civilians ever heard of Ulithi. By the time naval security cleared release of the name, there were no longer reasons to print stories about it. The war had moved on, but for seven months in late 1944 and early 1945, the large lagoon of the Ulithi atoll was the largest and most active anchorage in the world.[20]

  • USS Randolph undergoing repairs following a kamikaze attack at Ulithi
    USSRandolphundergoing repairs following akamikazeattack at Ulithi
  • The first mail call in almost three months for Marine Aircraft Group 45., 1944
    The first mail call in almost three months for Marine Aircraft Group 45., 1944
  • The musical group "Tune Toppers" performs on Ulithi, 1944.
    The musical group "Tune Toppers" performs on Ulithi, 1944.

Postwar[edit]

TheLORAN(long-range navigation) station established on Potangeras during the naval occupation on the island continued to be operated by theUnited States Coast Guardpost-war. The station was moved from Potangeras to Falalop Island in 1952. According to an August 1950 "HQ Party Inspection" memo, the move was predicated on the distance between Falalop and Potangeras, requiring a "four hourDUKW[amphibious transport] ride... ". The memo goes on to state"...the use of DUKW is dangerous and will eventually lead to disaster. In addition considerable maintenance is required to keep the DUKW in an operating condition ".[33]

A 1956 USCG survey indicated that the station consisted of a BOQ and office, galley and meeting area, laundry building, barracks, signal-power building, recreation building and a "jumbo Quonset". All of the buildings, with the exception of the signal-power, were Quonset structures. The report discusses the daily life and routine at the station as follows:

General life on the station is relaxed and fairly routine. Life here can be boring, or very interesting, depending upon how much the individual desires to do. There are practically unlimited recreational facilities, but it is easy to neglect these and fall into a rather lethargic rut. The working hours...are 7AM to 1PM, six days a week. Afternoons and evenings are free...Loran watch standers average about four hours on watch, ten off...their off watch time is their own, and no daywork is expected from them. The uniform to be worn is chosen for coolness and health with shorts and sandals permissible and the rule rather than the exception. Dress blues are not needed here at all.

The Station is completely isolated, and there is no opportunity for liberty or leave. Of course, there is no use for cars here, and dependents are not allowed. All supplies and mail come from Guam...flights averaging one every week or ten days. Every three months heavy supplies and fuel are delivered...and once a year,USCGCKukuimakes a stop here.

The cost of living for personnel here is very cheap, with little opportunity to spend money. Necessary items such as soap, cigarettes, toothpaste are stocked and beer and soda are on sale during non-working hours. Native handicraft is limited to canoe models, small statutes and grass skirts, which seldom run more than five or six dollars. Once a month a shopping list is sent to Guam...men can order anything that can be purchased on Guam...there is alwaysSears and RoebuckorMontgomery Ward.Officers are charged for three meals a day, regardless whether they eat them or not...about $50.00 a month.

As mentioned before, the recreational facilities are numerous and varied, and include: Swimming...spear fishing...fishing...shelling...photography...leather craft...Ham radio...volleyball..tennis..pool...horse shoes...movies...baseball & softball...boat trips...shooting.

In conclusion...this station has many advantages and few disadvantages, as compared with other Loran Stations. The weather and climate are close to ideal, the station and equipment are in excellent repair, recreational facilities are many and varied, supplies and mail are better than average, and the natives are interesting, sincere honest people. The only disadvantage...is the isolation. All in all, this is a pretty wonderful place.[34]

The station remained in operation until 1965, when they were again relocated to Yap.

A detailed census in 1949 reported that there were 421 inhabitants, mostly elderly. A follow-up census in 1960 showed a rise to 514, with the ratio of men to women having shifted to a small preponderance of males.[35]

Typhoon Ophelia[edit]

Typhoon Opheliastruck the atoll on November 30, 1960, and caused significant damage both physically and socially.

The Coast Guard on the island of Falalop was first notified of a possible tropical disturbance two days prior to the actual typhoon. No action was taken at that time by the personnel other than to observe on a chart of the area the progress of the storm. The next day the station was notified from Guam that it was to take certain safeguarding precautions. While the personnel was engaged in this activity, the winds picked up so noticeably that the local commanding officer notified the Coast Guard section on Guam it was going to move...equipment, personal gear, and emergency rations to a concrete bunker.

Contemporary Ulithi[edit]

USSMississinewaburns while sinking following an attack by Japanesekaiten.

As a major staging area for theUnited States Navyin the final year of theSecond World War,several sunken warships rest at the bottom of the Ulithi lagoon, includingUSSMississinewa,afleet oilerwhich sank fully loaded.[36][15]In April 2001, sport divers located the wreckage, and four months later oil was observed leaking from the tanks. Several surveys were completed in 2001 and 2002 to determine the status of the wreckage and the leaks. Between January and February 2003, Navy and subcontractors successfully emptied the fuel and oil, with 99% that remained in the wreckage removed.[37]

Occasional diving and adventure tours visit Ulithi from Yap. Given permission from the local community, the atoll offers good diving.[38]

Censusrecords can be misleading because population can fluctuate during the year because it is common for Ulithians to leave for work or school abroad and to return. This is particularly true during festive times like the Outer Island High School graduation ceremony, when the population can increase considerably. Additionally, during events likeweddingsandfunerals,community populations may double.

In 2009, with funding from theEuropean Union(EU) and theSecretariat of the Pacific Community(SPC) partnership installed 215 solarphotovoltaic(PV) system in Ulithi, with a 28kWp(kilowatt peak) solar plant. Inverters with a capacity of 20kWsupply 240V / 60 Hz AC into an underground, ostensibly typhoon-proof grid.[39]

Typhoon Maysak[edit]

Reef damage fromTyphoon Maysakin 2015 is still visible in places, but the reefs have largely recovered. Maysak also caused significant damage to the PV electrical grid system on the atoll.[40]

Conservation[edit]

Since 2018, the Island Conservation[41]group has led an effort with the local community to help stop invasive species from overtaking nativegreen sea turtlesand seabirds.[42]One of the non-native species they are attempting to eradicate is the monitor lizard, first introduced during the Japanese occupation to rid the islands of rats.[35]

In 2019, the US Navy submarine tenderUSSEmory S. Landvisited the atoll, as part of the research for US plans for establishing a logistics network across the Pacific, with a Naval press release noting Ulithi "could again represent a logistical hub capable of supporting the fleet".[43]

Transportation[edit]

Located on Falalop Island, theUlithi Civil Airfield(IATAcode ULI, FAA Identifier TT02) serves as the main air link with the rest of Federated States of Micronesia. With no regularly scheduled flights, service is provided byPacific Missionary Aviation.[44]

Transport between the smaller closely located islands Ulithi is typically undertaken by motorboat. The ship Halipmohol operates as a Field Trip Ship, transiting on a semi-regular basis throughout the Yap outer islands.[45]According to the Pacific Worlds website, it is customary to request permission from the Chief of Ulithi to visit the atoll.[46]

Culture[edit]

Traditionally, Ulithi culture was based on matriarchal lineages. Each lineage had a male chief by seniority. Each village had a village council to help with everyday issues, as well as questions concerning the entire atoll. Land was owned by the lineages and parceled out for different uses. Women typically handle the agricultural duties, while men fished. Religion waspagan-based, spirits and ancestral ghosts. Magic was also incorporated into the everyday life, prevalent in disease/medicine, navigation, weather and fishing. Sociological studies showed that by 1960, after decades of influence by outsiders, the traditional religion had all but vanished, to be replaced byChristianity.[35]

Language[edit]

In an annual report released in early 2010, theHabelecharity announced plans to develop and distribute native-language materials for educators and students in the outer islands of Yap State, Micronesia. The first project was a Ulithian-to-English dictionary.[47]This was the first rigorous documentation of theUlithian language,and copies were provided to educators and students throughout Ulithi andFais.[48]The authors' stated aim was to create a consistent and intuitiveLatin alphabetuseful for both native Ulithian and native English speakers.

Education[edit]

Public schools:[49]

Climate[edit]

Ulithi has atropical rainforest climate(Af) with heavy rainfall year-round.

Climate data for Ulithi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.6
(87.1) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.2
(88.1) 		31.3
(88.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.1
(87.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.3
(88.4) 		30.8
(87.5) 		31.0
(87.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.4
(81.4) 		27.3
(81.2) 		27.6
(81.6) 		27.9
(82.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.7
(81.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.3
(81.2) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.7
(81.8) 		27.6
(81.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.3
(75.7) 		24.1
(75.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.9
(76.9) 		24.3
(75.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.9
(75.1) 		23.9
(75.1) 		24.2
(75.5) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.6
(76.2) 		24.3
(75.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 153.2
(6.030) 		113.3
(4.460) 		134.4
(5.290) 		127.0
(5.000) 		167.6
(6.600) 		257.6
(10.140) 		306.8
(12.080) 		393.7
(15.500) 		320.0
(12.600) 		251.2
(9.890) 		228.6
(9.000) 		196.1
(7.720) 		2,649.5
(104.31)
Source:[50]

References[edit]

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  49. ^WRCC[dead link]

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